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Anatomy of Cerebral Hemispheres

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Anatomy of Cerebral Hemispheres Neuroanatomy block-Anatomy-Lecture Editing file Objectives At the end of the lecture, students should be able to: 01 List the parts of the cerebral hemisphere (cortex, medulla, basal nuclei, lateral ventricle). 02 Describe the subdivision of a cerebral hemisphere into lobes. 03 List the important sulci and gyri of each lobe. 04 Describe different types of fibers in cerebral medulla (association, projection and commissural) and give example of each type. Color guide ● Only in boys slides in Green ● Only in girls slides in Purple ● important in Red ● Notes in Grey Cerebrum ➔ Largest part of the forebrain. ➔ Divided into two halves, the right & left cerebral hemispheres, which are separated by a deep median longitudinal fissure which lodges the falx cerebri. ➔ In the depth of the fissure, the hemispheres are connected by a bundle of fibers called the corpus callosum. structure of cerebral hemispheres : Cerebral cortex Basal ganglia Superficial layer of grey matter. Number of nuclear masses buried within the white matter. Medulla (White matter) Lateral ventricle Deeper to the cortex, contains axons run to and from the cells of the The cavity of hemisphere. cortex. 3 Surfaces of Cerebrum : Inferior(tentorial) Superolateral Medial ( the inferior is subdivided into orbital and tentorium) 1 2 3 Lobes of Cerebrum : ➔ The superficial layer of grey matter is highly convoluted to form a complex pattern of ridges (gyri) and grooves (sulci). ➔ This arrangement maximize the surface area of the cerebral cortex (about 70% is hidden within the depths of sulci). ● Three sulci, consistent in their Sulci ● Each hemisphere is divided into FOUR position and used to divide each lobes (named after overlying bones): hemisphere into lobes. these sulci 1- Frontal. 2- Parietal. named: 3- Temporal. 4- Occipital. 1- central. ● Functionally each hemisphere contains 2- lateral (sylvian). a “limbic lobe”* on the medial surface. 3- parieto- occipital. Lobes *From crossman “The cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus and hippocampus are sometimes referred to as the limbic lobe. 4 Function of Lobes: Frontal lobe Parietal lobe 1-motor function 1-reception and evaluation 2-motivation of sensory information 3-aggression 4-smell 5-mood Temporal lobe Occipital lobe 1-smell 1- visual processing 2-hearing 3-memory 4-abstract thought Limbic lobe 1- emotional 2-memory storage 3-Linking conscious intellectual functions with the unconscious autonomic functions 5 Important Gyri and sulci of the cerebrum : Frontal lobe Parietal lobe Temporal lobe Medial Surface Precentral gyrus. (contain motor Postcentral gyrus.(Contain - Cingulate gyrus Gyrus cortex) somatosensory cortex) Parahippocampal gyrus Superior & inferior frontal sulci divide Intraparietal sulcus dividing the Superior & inferior temporal sulci giving 1. Parieto-occipital the lobe into: lobe into: rise to: sulcus 1. superior frontal gyrus 1. superior parietal lobule 1. superior temporal gyrus 2. Calcarine sulcus 2. middle frontal gyrus 2. inferior parietal lobule 2. middle temporal gyrus 3. Cingulate sulcus Sulcus 3. inferior frontal gyrus 3. inferior temporal gyrus 4. Insula: the gyrus in the depth of lateral sulcus, covered by parts of frontal, parietal & temporal lobes called the opercula Picture (MAIN GYRI IN SUPEROLATERAL SURFACE) 6 Brodmann’s Map : ● Brodmann produced a numbered, cytological map of cerebral cortex based upon its regional, histological characteristics. ● Subdivisions with similar cellular and laminar structure are called 'areas' ● Brodmann's numbering of these cortical locations has become one of the standard ways to identify brain areas. 7 Functional Areas of the Cerebral Cortex: Frontal Lobe 1- Primary motor cortex: ● Located in precentral gyrus. ● Brodmann’s area 4. ● Injury will lead to Hemiplegia 2- Premotor Cortex: ● Located in the region immediately anterior to the precentral gyrus ● Brodmann’s area 6. 3- Prefrontal Cortex: ● Extensive region of the frontal lobe anterior to premotor area. 4- Broca’s(motor speech) area: ● Located in the inferior frontal gyrus of the dominant hemisphere, usually Left. ● Brodmann’s area 44 & 45. 5- Frontal eye field: ● Located in the middle frontal gyrus immediately in front of motor cortex. ● Brodmann’s area 8. 8 Parietal Lobe 1- Primary somatosensory cortex: ● Located in postcentral gyrus. ● Brodmann’s area 1, 2, 3. 2- Parietal association Cortex: ● located posterior to primary somatosensory cortex Occipital Lobe 1-Primary visual cortex: ● located on the medial surface of the hemisphere, in the gyri surrounding the calcarine sulcus. ● Brodmann’s area 17. 2-visual association cortex: ● located around the primary visual cortex. ● Brodmann’s area 19. 9 Temporal Lobe Language Areas 1- Primary auditory cortex: ● ● located in the superior surface of the superior temporal Organized around the lateral sulcus. gyrus. ● Brodmann’s area 41&42. 1- Broca’s area: 2- Auditory association cortex: ● concerned with expressive aspects of language. ● located immediately around the primary auditory cortex. ● also includes Wernicke's area. (Brodmann’s area 22,39,40) 2- Wernicke's area: ● responsible for comprehension of the spoken words. 3- Parahippocampal gyrus: ● located in the inferomedial part of temporal lobe. Deep to this gyrus lies the hippocampus and the amygdala, 3- angular gyrus & supramarginal gyrus: which are parts of limbic system. ● nearby regions of temporal lobe and parietal lobe of the inferior parietal lobule. ● are important in naming, reading, writing, and calculation. 10 only in boys slide Hemispheric Dominance ● the localization of Speech centers & Mathematical ability is the criterion for defining the dominant cerebral hemisphere. ● In 96% of normal right-handed individuals and 70% of normal left handed individuals, the Left hemisphere contains the language centers. These are Left Hemisphere Dominant. ● Cerebral dominance becomes established during the first few years after birth. 11 White Matter Association fibers Underlies the cortex. Commissural fibers Contain: Projection Nerve fibers Neuroglia cells Blood vessels fibers ● Unite different parts of the same hemisphere. The nerve fibers originate, ● are of two types: long & short terminate or sometimes ● Examples: both, within the cortex Association ● Arcuate fibers (short), they interconnect gyri within the same lobe fibers ● Longitudinal fibers (long): connect the frontal lobe with other lobes ● Connect the corresponding regions of the two Depending on their origin Commissural hemispheres & termination, these nerve fibers ● Examples: Corpus Callosum and Anterior White Commissure fibers are classified into three types: Consist of: Projection ● Afferent fibers conveying impulses to the cerebral cortex. fibers ● Efferent fibers conveying impulses away from the cortex. ● Example: Internal Capsule 12 Practice Q5: which of the following will connect non identical areas of the same hemisphere? Q1: which of the following is not part of the cerebral hemispheres? A. Association fibers A. Basal nuclei. B. Commissural fibers B. Medulla. C.projection fibers C. Fourth ventricle. D. None of above D. Lateral ventricle. Q6: which of the following will Connect the corresponding regions of the two Q2: Damaging which of the following lobes will affect the motor function? hemispheres? A. Frontal lobe. A. Long association fibers B. Occipital lobe. B. Short association fibers C. Parietal lobe. C. All of above D. Temporal lobe. D. None of above Q3: the Cingulate gyrus found in? Q7: Which of the following is Brodmann’s area of Primary auditory cortex? A. Parietal lobe. A. 41 & 42 B. Lateral surface of cerebrum. B. 19 C. Frontal lobe. C. 17 D. Medial surface of cerebrum. D. 8 Q4: Brodman's area 4 is related to? Q8 : Deeper to the cortex, these fibers are arranged radially as the corona radiata?. A. Primary motor cortex. A. Association fibers B. Primary somatosensory cortex. B. Commissural fibers C. Primary auditory cortex. C.projection fibers D. Primary visual cortex. D. None of above Answers: Q1(C) Q2(A) Q3(D) Q4(A) Q5(A) Q6(D) Q7(A) Q8(C) 13 Members board Team leaders ● Abdulrahman Shadid ● Ateen Almutairi Girls team : Boys team: ● Ajeed Al Rashoud ● Mohammed Al-huqbani ● Taif Alotaibi ● Salman Alagla ● Noura Al Turki ● Ziyad Al-jofan ● Amirah Al-Zahrani ● Ali Aldawood ● Alhanouf Al-haluli ● Khalid Nagshabandi ● Sara Al-Abdulkarem ● Omar Alammari ● Renad Al Haqbani ● Sameh nuser ● Nouf Al Humaidhi ● Abdullah Basamh ● Jude Al Khalifah ● Alwaleed Alsaleh ● Nouf Al Hussaini ● Mohaned Makkawi ● Rahaf Al Shabri ● Abdullah Alghamdi ● Danah Al Halees ● Rema Al Mutawa ● Amirah Al Dakhilallah ● Maha Al Nahdi Contact us: ● Razan Al zohaifi ● Ghalia Alnufaei Editing file most probably you don't need this .
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