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CEU eTD Collection Keywords: Neorealism, Neoliberalism, Cooperation, situation. and the cooperation for wasfactor main that Union Soviet the against perception r threat original thesis the The was it cooperate. that to conclusion countries the pushed accession EU possible a from argue to tries thesis the neoliberalism, co three original the in stronger much was Union Soviet the from perception threat Romania and and Bulgaria the why between understand emerged to seeks thesis grouping this neoliberalism, and such neorealism of lenses No the Using Romania. 1994. in States Baltic the between The untries than it was in Bulgaria, while nevertheless present in Romania. With regards to to regards With Romania. in present nevertheless while Bulgaria, in was it than untries Visegrád Vis

egrád , despite the similarities between the two groups. The thesis argues that the the that argues thesis The groups. two the between similarities the despite ,

group was launched on February 15, 1991. A similar grouping was created created was grouping similar A 1991. 15, February on launched was group

group came to be and why such a group did not emerge between Bulgaria between emerge not did group a such why and be to came group that neoliberalism has neoliberalism that that Abstract the common desire for absolute economic gains economic absolute for desire common the

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CEU eTD Collection Bibliography Conclusion Chapter 2 Chapter 1 Introduction Table of Con Acknowledgements Abstract Section 1.2 Section 1.1 Perspective Section 2.3 Section 2.2 Section 2.1 Perspective Section 1.3

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by Bulgaria and Romania, thus completing the fifth enlargement of the EU the of enlargement fifth the completing thus Romania, and Bulgaria by as the Union well, join withCroatia on to already actually set Introduction a 1 May ih h oiia tras f h Cl Wr ial gn, co gone, finally War Cold the of threats original the With , to the search for security against otherto thesecurity searchagainst powers. for

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(accessed May 26, 2013). May26, (accessed group as one group of countries and the Baltic States as States Baltic the and countries of group one as group and did not engage in a similar form similar a in engage not did and ,

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CEU eTD Collection 1997 Press, University Camebridge in variables," neo internat for relevance theoretical of debate great the and Romania and Bulgaria between we can the see institution. international an of existence the imply not do regimes effects. its control and behaviour regularise that procedures and norms rules, of networks include that arrangements Joseph impleme and making for practices prevailing action. for proscriptions or prescriptions specific are Rules obligations. and rights of terms in defined behaviour of standards are Norms rectitude. relations international of actor which around makingprocedures decision regime a defines Krasner Stephen paper this in understood cooperation of Romania. and Bulgaria fortrue is this and cooperation of form some in involved is. cooperation such of lack the and Europe Central cooperation in cooperation such of emergence the question ieaim xli itrainl relations international explain liberalism n eoliberalism Nye 5 4 3 2 understa To course Of . Andreas Andreas . Robert . p. 2. Ibid., . . Stephen D. Krasner, "Structural Causes and Regime Consequences: Regimes as intervening intervening as Regimes Consequences: Regime and Causes "Structural Krasner, Stephen D. International Regimes International

also share a similar understanding of regimes which represent sets of government of sets represent whichregimes ofunderstanding similar a share also in South Eastern Europe. Eastern in South Visegrád

Keohane and Joseph Nye. Joseph and Keohane fe all After Hasenclever, Peter Mayer and Volker Rittberger, Rittberger, Volker and Mayer Peter Hasenclever, , .

before moving forward, it is important to define what our understanding of understanding our what define to important is it forward, moving before

F nd the emergence of the the of emergence the nd rom a traditional point of doing research, this question can be reduced to reduced be can question this research, doing of point traditional a rom

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, edited by Stephen D. Krasner. Cornell University Press, 1983 Press, CornellUniversity Krasner. by D. Stephen edited ,

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this thesis will rely on the explanatory powers of powers explanatory the on rely will thesis this

as Power and Interdependence. and Power

is that of an institutionalised cooperation, a regime. regime. a cooperation, institutionalised an of that is “ and tosee seek reasoningfor emergence. its xlct r implicit or explicit ,

nting collective choice.” collective nting better Visegrád n t se psil ciiim international criticism, possible stem to and s’

expectations converge in a givenissue a convergein expectations . ional relations today relations ional

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ru ad h lc o sc a group a such of lack the and group Theories Decision “

eif o fc, asto, and causation, fact, of beliefs 3rd. Longman, 3rd. 2001. rnils nrs rls and rules, norms, principles,

of international regimes. international of , 5

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h ata qetos this questions actual the aig rcdrs are procedures making Under those definitions, those Under 3

Robert Keohane and Keohane Robert –

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to - area be 3

CEU eTD Collection Quarterly Research as far as engaged, therefore and Union Soviet the of dissolution the to prior independentwere variance ofcooperation exists. the why seek to try to used be to need cases similar Instead outcomes. different their explain choic personal a large in analysis than research study case in extent greater much a to intertwined and cases those studying for agenda an out sets also one cases choosing in argue, correctly Gerring and Seawright As war. of brink the on be to tend relations countries Caucasus’ the like cases, some in and lacking others The Europe. entice hopefully will thesis the Romania, and Bulgaria to regards with relevant more much factor another. one towards policies countrie other for useful the both that fact the and cooperation to lead that factors the Exploring integration. European seeking r remains thesis the perspective, applicability relations. international in debates theoretical the to contribute to seek also not will thesis between Bulgaria and Romania and Bulgaria between , interest in the two regions.interest thetwo in

6 The in regions micro other about asked be can question this that recognised be to has It are just a few examples few a just are . . Jason Jason . ” Visegrád 6

seek The case selection takes into account this consideration and is not simply on based takescase accountconsideration selection isnot The this into and Visegrád Baltic Seawright, and John Gerring, "Case Selection Techniques in Case Study Research," Research," Case Study in Techniques Selection "Case Gerring, John and Seawright,

to address is why is address to 61, no. 2 (2008) 2 no. 61, . hr wud e ite au i loig t w dfeet ae t ty to try to cases different two at looking in value little be would There e.

and Baltic countries acceded quicker than Bulgaria and Romania, can be can Romania, and Bulgaria than quicker acceded countries Baltic and States, the countries that currently form the European Neighbourhood and Neighbourhood European the form currently that countries the States,

countries, countries,

i te ein nml te etr Blas t rcnie their reconsider to Balkans, Western the namely region, the in s

Furthermore , p. 294. ,

Bul therefore where cooperation cooperation where

? cooperation garia

Using the lenses of neorealism and neoliberalism, it will it neoliberalism, and neorealism of lenses the Using

and Romania and

, because

considering that the region is under is region the that considering lvn fr te gop o cutis ht are that countries of groups other for elevant

emerge

“ to the level of the of level the to ae eeto ad ae nlss are analysis case and selection case d have a l a have

between th between ot of similarities. Both groups groups Both similarities. of ot e Visegrád Visegrád

From a wider wider a From -

- cross N countries researched, a researched,

countries is countries Political Political - case case but 4

CEU eTD Collection threat a of lack the count two the of one least that at in perception namely condition, falsifiable its stressing elaborated, further Romania, and Bulgaria between cooperation of lack the Considering the pushed west the by guarantees security history, recent so threat the that state shapes that variable behaviour important an as perception threat identify will It neorealism. chap the discrepancy. the for account can that countries of groups both in existed that perceptions threat the at look will it so do to order In Romania. and Bulgaria between the shaped have that factors asdomination theother countries. system. communist afte war into descended region the that fact the to due complicated to time of amount ec market a to and democracy the ofcollapse the to prior statehood historyof a institutions European Western the within integration sought all They economy. market to return a and Furthermore dominance. regi communist a namely experience, dissolution. the to prior policy foreign a into possible, Visegrád The thesis will be organised in two chapters. The first chapter will focus on on focus will chapter first The chapters. two in organised be will thesis The ter will give a literature review of the realist school of thought and it will focus on on focus will it and thought of school realist the of review literature a give will ter

n alw fr cooperation for allows and

after the collapse of the communist system. communist the of collapse the after

onre ad ugra n Rmna ee ae b a obe trans double a by faced were Romania and Bulgaria and Countries perceptions of the Soviet Union fuelled to a large extend large a to fuelled Union Soviet the of perceptions and that that and

s ae building. tate utemr, uolva a nvr ely ne te ae Soviet same the under really never was Yugoslavia Furthermore, ,

both groups of countries embarked on a policy of democratisation of policy a on embarked countries of groups both hfig euiy ocrs n te nta rlcac t expand to reluctance initial the and concerns security shifting emergence of the of emergence onomy. While the Baltic States Baltic the While onomy.

okn a Ygsai and Yugoslavia at Looking . The e n a osrce svriny ne Soviet under sovereignty constricted a and me ries will preclude a push towards cooperation. towards push a preclude will ries erait hypothesis neorealist Communism. In that sense, it can be argued that that argued becan it sense, In that Communism. Visegrád Visegrád

Unlike the Baltic States, they all had had all they States, Baltic the Unlike

group and the lack of such a group a such of lack the and group

hy l sae smlr historical similar a share all They onre t coeae together. cooperate to countries had to dedicate a significant a dedicate to had

t scesr tts s also is states successor its

that

the hypothesis will be will hypothesis the

r the collapse of the the of collapse the r il be will by the recent and not and recent the by

The first section of section first The f ormulated ition ition n eorealist

– The The

to is 5

CEU eTD Collection five covers conducted. been also have 1989 after people with interviews of number A literature. wider the in available sources secondary with complemented further be will sources primary primary on rely sourcesas i such to try will thesis The limitations. the as well as explained, be will cases answered. an emerge not did/did cooperation why questions, two the to answer clear a and discussed and summarised be will chapter previous wou which countries, two the between trust mutual of existence the and/or gains absolute pursue to which in interest common a indentify not did countries two the that namely conditions, chapter neorealist the them th between and cooperation subsequent their trust for pushed of lack the and institutions western the joining from gains absolute formulated: those, Applying trust. and gainsabsolute in interest common branch. neoliberal the from taken be will insights neoliberalism. on Bulgariaand Romania respectively. the within perception threat the at look sections two subsequent ld nullify theneed tocreate a B the from findings main the where conclusion, the be will thesis the of chapter last The is approach similar A efore proceeding with the next chapter, the methods used to build up the respective the up build to used methods the chapter, next the with proceeding efore

,

now six countries, research is somewhat hindered by the fact that each of those those of each that fact the by hindered somewhat is research countries, six now the common interest between the three countries, in the search of the same same the of search the in countries, three the between interest common the nterviews, newspaper articles, memoires nterviews,

A literature review of the liberal school is offered is school liberal the of review literature A ,

the the hypothesis is further elaborated with the inclusion of its falsifiable falsifiable its of inclusion the with elaborated further is hypothesis undertaken regime

At the same time it should be noted that since the thesis the since that noted be should it time same the At d which theory best explains this emergence will be will emergence this explains best theory which d .

in the second chapter of the thesis, but with but thesis, the of chapter second the in e creation of the of creation e who

The key variables that are indentified are that variables key The

have witnessed have , asdocuments well as public

the following the Visegrád Visegrád

, the events immediately events the

showing that the main the that showing

group. Similarly to to Similarly group.

hypothesis will will hypothesis group and within within and group . Those a focus a are be 6 ,

CEU eTD Collection doesit offer needed the background toc conclusions its that sources. and translations English on languag own its has countries are to some extent limited by the by limited extent some to are

e. Due to the author’s poor language sk language poor author’s the to Due e.

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inaccessibility

of ills ills sources. Nevertheless sources.

the thesis will rely will thesis the 7

CEU eTD Collection Relations International Journal of European ideology. choices are influenced Their by fear, vulnerability, butalsohubris. automatons war states and between conflict of cause main the is nature human that argues thought of school realist recent more much and Machiavelli, Thucydides, of work the consider can we such As theories. of series of understanding the that surprised be not are relativegains concerned about their states as unlikely highly but impossible, not is states among Cooperation survival. achieve to gains The unitary. and rational are states Furthermore, matter. actually that ones only the really and system the in actors The behaviour. state enforce to authority central no is there is that anarchic, is system international The assumptions. fundamental core very events the chronicling was who Thucydides, of time the to back traced be can origins Its relations. Section 1.1 . Lastly . of 9 8 7 Considering international on thought of schools major and oldest two the of one is Realism . Ibid. . p. 57. Ibid., . Jonathan .

the Peloponnesian War between the great city states of Athens and Sparta. Sparta. and Athens of states city great the between War Peloponnesian the n cmo truh t vros hoeia strands theoretical various its through common and . – ” y ta o Hn Mreta ad .. ar as Carr H.E. and Morgenthau Hans of that ly, , 8

Neorealist state

For classical realists state behaviour is shaped by the lessons of history, ideas, history, of lessons the by shaped is behaviour state realists classical For . 7

Kirshner, "The tragedy of offensive r tragedyoffensive of "The Kirshner, nie erait, lsia rait d nt e sae a “hyper as states see not do realists classical neorealists, Unlike s

’ primary concern is concern primary’ it s

more than two than more Chapter 1

ir T

heoreticalFramework actions are motivated by self interest and are sensitive to relative to sensitive are and interest self by motivated are actions

– 18, no. no. (2010). 1 18,

- A Neorealist Perspective thousand five hundred year long history, one should should one history, long year hundred five thousand

vis survival and they seek to expand their military power militarypower their expand to they seek and survival s - tates present in the syst the in present tates à - r vis ealism have evolved and been regrouped in a a in regrouped been and evolved have ealism

ealism: Classical realism and the rise of China," China," ofrise the and realism Classical ealism: other states. other

lsia raim Te classical The realism. classical , the realist school has four four has school realist the , em are the most important most the are em

9

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CEU eTD Collection Security of statement a find cannot one yet And it. is theory power of balance politics, international d concept, states and theoffence relativeachieved securitybethrough can himself Waltz Walt, war. tradition to return a to lead will War Cold the of end the and main the of one was Mearsheimer maximisation. power through this achieving states sees he but survival, with concerned to befurtheralong offensive divided and thelinesof realism. defensive Mearsheimer. John and Grieco, Joseph Walt, Stephen Jervis, Robert survival system international the in rank their guard jealously thus dilemma. prisoners’ perpetual behaviour. state anarchy the system, international the of structure the is state of cause main the natureas human on focus its from away moves theory the that is realism classical from departure major The realism. structural (1979). Politics International of

The counter to offensive realism is defensive realism advanced by authors like Stephen like authors by advanced realism defensive is realism offensive to counter The h ale o tdy a b te nme o tmro. Furthermore tomorrow. of enemies the be can today of allies the

15, no. 1 no. (1990) 15, 13 12 11 10 in analysis our Rooting Mearsheimer, John by advanced realism, offensive Under work seminal his in Waltz Kenneth from came realism of revision major The , 12 . Kenneth N. KennethN. . . Ibid. . Ibid. .

espite the fact that as Waltz said, “[i said, Waltz as that fact the espite John John -

th

Mearsh blne f power. of balance e 10

h itrainl ytm s osdrd zero a considered is system international The . Waltz, Waltz,

eimer, and Stephen Walt Stephen and

Theory of International Politics. International of Theory "Back

11

State to the Future: Instability in Europe after the Cold War afterthe Cold Europe in to theInstability Future: His reconceptualisation of reconceptualisation His n oels’ defensive eorealism’s scholars scholars

s can not be certain be not can s rmnn mmes f the of members Prominent , who all who , advocat ]f there is any distinctively political theory of of theory political distinctively any is there ]f

stress ing

McGraw

i a es de o hi prut for pursuit their to due sense a in , that the collapse of the Soviet Un Soviet the of collapse the that , that survival that

of that is the major factor that shapes that factor major the is that behaviour. Instead behaviour. strand r other states future intentions, intentions, future states other ealism gave rise to rise gave ealism - al Hill, 1979 Hill, -

defence balance. power politics in Europe and Europe in politics power

n te aac o power of balance the and erait col include school neorealist -

tts r sil primar still are states The The a in locked game, sum

is the main concern of of concern main the is .

n , eorealists also tend also eorealists

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, he argues that it it arguesthat he " International International n

eo realism Theory and ion

i or ly ly 13 9

CEU eTD Collection (1988). 2 no. 42, Organiastion International (1988). 2 no. 42, Organiastion International (1986). sometimes that assume to illogical not is it and cause, their to contribute to anything lack they since bandwagon to but choice no have often states weakest the however, time, same the At aggressive. becomes state powerful the event the bandwagoning. than rather balancing in trust ana in and more likelytodisintegrate.” amass to easier both be will empires and work, to likely more are intimidation and Threats does fear that so credibility their maintain to strive must behaviour. bellicose on embarking avoid should statesmen and opposition strong a face will aggressors of it. instead against state, balancing stronger the with bandwagon will states sometimes that stresses which t that it. balance thus and capability state’s first the match to together work will states other peers, its than princip fundamental accepted”, generally is that theory the . ” he concept of balancing has been expanded to include the possibility of bandwagoning, of possibility the include to expanded been has balancing of concept he

19 cy norg blnig eaiu. Bandw behaviour. balancing encourage rchy 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 Therefore

Empirical research on the matter seems to suggest that states are engaged primarily engaged are states that suggest to seems matter the on research Empirical . Ibid. . Asia," oftheSouthwest case formation: ofalliance Theories "Testing Walt, Stephen . M. Harrison . . . Stephen M. Walt, "Testing Theories of alliance ofalliance Theories "Testing Walt, Stephen . M. . p. 278 Ibid., . 15 17 Ibid., p. 279 p. 279 Ibid., Waltz,

For the sake of being thorough in our literature discussion, it should be moti be should it discussion, literature our in thorough being of sake the For peoiat bandwagonin predominant A

Theory of International Politics International of Theory ,

Wagner, "The Theory of Games and the Balance of Power," ofPower," Balance the and Games Theory of "The Wagner, “according to structural balance of power theory, the uncertainties inherent inherent uncertainties the theory, power of balance structural to “according les of the theory stress that whenever a state accumulates more power power more accumulates state a whenever that stress theory the of les

16

hs n tef mle ta i blnig s the is balancing if that implies itself in This

18

14 20

the

This implies that is safer to join the weaker the join to safer is that implies This , g

1979, p. p. 117. 1979,

strategy concept formation: the case of Southwest Asia," Asia," oftheSouthwest case formation:

remains quite relevant to this day. The day. this to relevant quite remains implies, a

oig s ik bcue t requires it because risky is goning a state m state

not lead their allies to realign. realign. to allies their lead not

however ay be forced to bandwagon, to forced be ay World Politics World ,

ht []et powers “[g]reat that oiat strategy, dominant

38, no. 4 4 no. 38,

side, in side, oned 10

CEU eTD Collection Actorness," conclude Section 1.2 seek toe the regular thecapacity spectrum with coerce” power deterand and reward, “will topersuade, withinoperate “must they that conclusion a reaches he it In states/powers. small of behaviour To Asle of work the through such. as qualify would here covered countries Walt focus be will research intentions perceived variable one only just others. among is power calculations, states’ the in role a play does power while and threats, balance state that argues and theory the refines Walt predicament, this overcome ultimatel was it that given opposition, widespread such attracted “Germany why explain properly not can it defeated; was Germany Germany against coalition the why explain can theory power stronger much were example, for Germany against first their not choice. is bandwagoning that fact the despite unavailable, are options other when ’s

21 26 25 24 23 22 21 framework theoretical our from Therefore, created alliances the that considering problems, creates thought of line this Yet and Waltz and nlist otherpowerstooffsetpowernlist inequality their relative

. Ibid., p. p. 280 Ibid., . . . . Asle . . . that the threat perception of the Soviet Union Soviet the perceptionthreatof the that Journal of Europ of Journal Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. –

The The 24

Toje, "The European Union as a Small Power, or Conceptualizing Europe's Strategic Strategic Conceptualizing Europe's or Power, Union European Small as a "The Toje,

The ’s Emergence the of

, work is focused on Great Powers and for good or bad bad or good for and Powers Great on focused is work

25 other variables include geographic proximity, offensive capabilities, andcapabilities, offensive proximity, geographic include variables other ed

rooted in past experience. past in rooted . Nevertheless . ean Integration ean

e wo in who je,

30, no. 2 2 no. (2010). 30, Visegr ,

wae ta te olto i fought it coalition the than weaker y a last factor must be accounted for, namely that both that namely for, accounted be must factor last a

his á

d Group d ok n the on work

As such i such As R

and realist literature overview literature realist and cniig hs rbe cn e gleaned be can problem this econciling than Germany itself. Germany than , fuelled to a large extend byrecent large the a extend to fuelled ,

fromPerspective aNeorealist t is in the balance of threat that our that threatof balance the in is t EU

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CEU eTD Collection Past “Visegrad: Jeszensky, threats. other by posed constraint action serious very a had case and inone different with approaches todeal for opted they present, but indeed perception was beforecooperating. of choice the that suggestion implicit the has It 1991) (February summit the puzzle. further a and indomitable, tonote that.” Gorbachev thefirst was are they united weak; are countries European Central the “Separately, unwi the of alliance that from salvaged be could association “democratized” looser, a that hoped still leadership Pact Warsaw imm the recalls aptly 1994, until the free independence, of restoration successful their Union, Soviet the towards mistrust of degree a shared all Poland and Hungary Czechoslovakia, that denying process straightforward a like seem might this first the pushed west the byguarantees security history, recent so not and

initial breakdown of the Bratislava summit (April 1990) and the quite successfulquite the and 1990) (April summit Bratislavathe breakdownof initial C old 29 28 27 g the on reality The W

. Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung on the formation of the Visegrads, February 15, 1991, inquoted 1991, 15, February the Visegrads, of formation Zeitungthe on Allgemeine Frankfurter . p. 1. Ibid., . . action for the three countries and instead they had to deal with other constraints other with deal to had they instead and countries three the for action Géza Jeszenszky, "Visegrád: Past and Future" Future" and Past "Visegrád: Jeszenszky, Géza ar. Furthermore, as Géza Jeszenszky, the Hungarian Foreign Minister from 1990 from Minister Foreign Hungarian the Jeszenszky, Géza as Furthermore, ar. . 27 a

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- 1996. Press, University Manchester president Visegrád http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1991 Longworth, "Nato Turns Away Czechoslovakia`s Bid To Join Alliance," Join To Bid Czechoslovakia`s Away Turns "Nato Longworth, e nta plc o te onr see t rn oneitiie o realist to counterintuitive run to seemed country the of policy initial he -

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127 countries could easily be traced to January 25 January to traced be easily could countries Group Studies, University of Oslo, 2005. Oslo, of University Studies,

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Daig ih h ise head issue the with Dealing . á Kramer, "The European Community's Response to the 'New Eastern Europe'," Europe'," 'New Eastern the Responseto EuropeanCommunity's "The Kramer, zs, who zs, 131

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CEU eTD Collection Germany and Europe Between Mitteleuropa: Studies, 1993. Strategic National for Institute EC/EU. the fromjoining prevent thecountry to westerncreation thea group whoconsidered Czechoslovakia, of president formed Klaus, inremained and an institutionalised fully never was Germany and othe the on and countries western the with links traditional of reestablishment the hand one the place. first the in group the o was it that agreeing authors with countries, three the of policy foreign the in role important an played Europe to return would h integration. actual for substitute a as them upon pushed being was it fears to due group, the of decline subsequent of position the between another.” one with cooperate could they that demonstrate to things, Community the in membership Associate Visegrád communicationsitsto the clear in it made “TheEuropean Communityhad different direction. alone. for lobby effective more much a be would countries views ignore. on of size the of country a represented they r the integration of the country within the West European and Transatlantic structures. Transatlantic and European West the within country the of integration the r . 135

134 A 139 138 137 136 135 134 the nodenyingthat thereis thin, quite availability the primaryseems of sources While ave integrate harder been to with theWest.

s Valerie Bunce summarises, the assumption of the time was that together the three three the together that was time the of assumption the summarises, Bunce Valerie s This view to aggregate together was also implied by the EC, although in a slightly a in although EC, the by implied also was together aggregate to view This

states that their future mem future their that states Jiri Dienstbier, the Former Czechoslovak Foreign Minister has also expressed such expressed also has Minister Foreign Czechoslovak Former the Dienstbier, Jiri . Wtodek Wtodek . Jeffrey . group whythe oftheone reasons were fears that, such mentioned also Balazs InPeter that . sense Ibid. . Valerie . Ibid. . , edited by Peter Katzensteing, Berghahn Books, 1997. Books, Berghahn byedited Katzensteing, , Peter

Simon, Simon, Bunce, "Visegrad Group: Cooperation and Integration," In Integration," and Cooperation Group: "Visegrad Bunce, Aniot, Timothy A. Byrnes, and Elena A. Iankova, "Poland: Returning to Europe," In Europe," to Returning "Poland: A. Iankova, Elena and A.Byrnes, Aniot, Timothy

137

the Member States and the Community that seems to have fuel have to seems that Community the and States Member the Czechoslovakia's "Velvet Divorce," Visegrad Co Visegrad Divorce," "Velvet Czechoslovakia's

rm h aoe e a aray e ta eprc sget ht it that suggest empirics that see already can we above the From 138 ne of the most important features that pushed for the creation of creation the for pushed that features important most the of ne

For Poland, as well as others as well as Poland, For bership in the Community the in bership , edited by Peter Katzenstein, Berghahn Book Berghahn Katzenstein, by ,Peter edited

informal structure. Similar fear s were echoed by echoed Vaclav were fears Similar structure. informal e of e –

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and the preliminary stage of preliminarystage the and

Mitteleuropa: Between Europe Europe Between Mitteleuropa: 136 ates,

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CEU eTD Collection Paper, Polish. at available googletranslate, via translated in Polish, 1997. Poland, Iankova, Byrnes and m to ideas those of failure subsequent The present. be would superpowers both as alliances, antagonistic two the for need the reduce would and states member the all by managed be will security collective Cze the nutshell, a In framework. neoliberal our from explain better be can failure subsequent the and Dienstbier and Havel pan a into CSCE reform to Czechoslovakia 1991. of end the until continued that policy a west, the and east the between role bridging a fulfilling Budapest, and Warsaw with cooperation to importancegreat placed Dienstbier policy. foreign country’s Dienstbier, Jiri minister foreign its by also but Former was President to Poland. of President Former the Walesa, Lech by explored further also is integration European the to attached Poland that importance The Hungary. and Czechoslovakia both to applicable also something path the on country the keep helps importantly, very and counterparts western its and it between exists that gap the bridge security, of sense prosperity economic importance great of is West the with Poland of integration the explained, Skubiszewski Krzysztof Affairs Foreign of Minister then the As

Vol. 12. The Centre for European Security Studies, 2000. Studies, Security European Centrefor 12. The Vol. 146 145 144 143 142 141 140 Havel, Vaclav by spearheaded only not was notion the Czechoslovakia, of case the In . See previous section on the initial position position initial the on section previous See . 1993 “VelvetDivorce”, Simon, . Karel . Jean the Pope, since was Vatican, the to abroad trip first that his noted shouldbe It . Jerzego . 1997. Poland, Iankova, Byrnes and Aniot, . to referred ofPoland, Affairs ofForeign Minister Former Krzysztof Skubiszewski, . Tesar, "Security, Diplomacy and Policy Making in Post Cold in Post Policy Making and Diplomacy "Security, Tesar, Eislera, Eislera, aterialise is embodied in the remarks of Havel who Havel of remarks the in embodied is aterialise . 142 140

It should be see be should It Visegrád h dsr o te onr t rtr t Erp hls t nrae its increase it helps Europe to return to country the of desire The 145 Roads to Freedom to Roads

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it as a core element to theto element core a as it War Prague," Prague," War Lech Walessa Institute, 2008, 2008, LechInstitute, Walessa its . ,

national security and and security national when explaining why explaining when 146

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CEU eTD Collection Constellation emerge regimes that presupposes neoliberalism other. each of heard had least at or dissidents their from other each knew either countries three the in authorities democratic new co the successof the of part that stresses also Ananicz, Turkey,Andrzej to Ambassador Polish Former The group. the of downs and ups subsequent nuance, the considering of level a adds it governments, three the between trust of existence the disprove parliament. the in representation reasonable a held country the in movement dissidents’ the represented that Hungary in Democrats Free the that mentions also did that dissidents Poland, and Czechoslovakia of case the in that explain to careful very is she work her In Bunce. by disputed somewhat is minister foreign Czechoslovakian the of recollection soon and Czechoslovakia, and assumed Hungary, in Poland afterward in first members, whose movements dissident the between contacts personal of years the by us for easier made was however, cooperation, an other each knew other, each with contact in were countries the of movements underground the days, communist the during in thegroup. creation of the the that something existed, still that trust of lack and animosity the to attributed be can proposal the of failure the such, As day. a in overcome rep then.” of thought we than history of paths the along turns and twists feasible not were country, the by advanced ideas, the resent the yeas of distrust that have existed between the two sides that can not be be not can that sides two the between existed have that distrust of yeas the resent 149 148 147 even that recalls Dienstbier group, the of creation the discussing when sense, that In know each other did come to power, unlike power, to come did other each know . . R.C. . , by Andrzej Jagodziński, International Visegrad Fund, 200 Visegrad Jagodziński, International Andrzej by , Bunce, "Visegrad Group”, 1997. Group”, "Visegrad Bunce, "Visegrad Dienstbier, Jiří Longworth, "Nato Turns Away Czechoslovakia Away Turns "Nato Longworth,

political power.” political -

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This ,teeoe ul trust built therefore, d,

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to realise a common interest due to a lack of lack a to due interest common a realise to Visegrád 148 The Visegrad Group Group Visegrad The ,

creates a problem for our hypothesis, as as hypothesis, our for problem a creates in Interestingly, it should be noted that the that noted be should it Interestingly, the case of Hungary. Nevertheless she Nevertheless Hungary. of case the , ,

March 22, 1991, p. 1 1991, 22, March acknowledged that “there are more more are “there that acknowledged

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CEU eTD Collection 1989 since Politics Europe and Germany Between Mitteleuropa: even already onthetable, was arguing he for it. was agreement associate an of possibility the before even that, find also can one interviews w as cooperation transatlantic pursuing from it not detract will country the of perspective European strong the that position his in apparent also is outlook European strong The premiership. his during occasions numerous on reiterated facing Minister Prime as nomination his after 1990, in importance. strategic of was alliances of system the in Hungary of integration the that opinion structures. q was EC Europe. to return the of importance the stressed democracy, to country the of transition the about talks table round the in opposition Europe. to return to need country the that argumentation the used wholeheartedly parties political like Just Europe. towards Hungary prisoners’missing dilemma was between the From dilemma. prisoners’ a overcoming thus trust,

the country the 156 155 154 153 152 151 150 setback, this Despite 150 uite present and even more popular than the idea of acceding to the transatlantic the to acceding of idea the than popular more even and present uite 152

. Ibid. . Ibid. . . . Ibid. . Andras . Peter . Géza Adenauer" Konrad Antall and "József Entz, Géza s Andr As

n ht es Atl, h te Hnain rm Minister Prime Hungarian then the Antall, sense that In

, edited by Sabrina Ramet, Camebridge University Press, 2010 Press, University Camebridge Ramet, Sabrina by edited ,

J Gedeon, "Hungary: German and European Influences on the Post Socialist Transition," In Transition," Socialist theon Post Influences European and "Hungary:Gedeon, German eszenszky, Bozoki and Es and Bozoki at the time time the at á s

ooi n Es and Bozoki

Selected Speeches and Interviews (1989 (1989 Interviews and Speeches Selected

zter Simon, "Hungary sicne 1989," In 1989," sicne "Hungary Simon, zter h ls apc ta sol b mentioned be should that aspect last the is the accession to the European commu European the to accession the is in , edited by Peter Katzenstein, Berghahn Books, 1997. Books, Berghahn Katzenstein, , byedited Peter

151 h cs o Pln ad zcolvka Hungarian Czechoslovakia, and Poland of case the z

e Smn xli, h priiat, aey the namely participants, the explain, Simon ter From the beginning the idea of membership to the to membership of idea the beginning the From Visegrád 156 153 , he ,

EC

In his speech to the Hungarian ParliamentHungarian the to speech his In

Hungarian Review Hungarian stressed that one of the main objectives objectives main the of one that stressed

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n te ceso t te transatlanti the to accession the and countries. ell. 155 -

1993), Central and Southeast European European Southeast and Central From his various speeches and speeches various his From

József Antall Foundation, 2008 Antall Foundation, József

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CEU eTD Collection previously. mentioned already that also again considering Furthermore, were this for logic and similarities The group. a of creation the and cooperation subsequent their for allowed shared they trust the and countries same the remains use we hypothesis the chapter, Perspective Section 2.3 collective theEuropean integration into Community. group the of principle founding the stress and reiterate both year, group the unnecessary However d these All extent. lesser slightly a to Hungary for also but Poland, and Czechoslovakia for true particularly was This other. each between trust of sense a built had and system communist the of collapse o governments elected democratically the in are things itself. Community the to accession eventual an to round practice countrie the that pressure suggestive of form a exerting enough apply to the for able lobbying be not probably would they own their on and open fully not were th realise to forced soon were theysame the At interest. common their as seen be can which west, the with integrating for preference their expressed have Poland and Hungary Czechoslovakia, countries, three All hypothesis. neoliberal original our with Similarly, as with the previous subsection on Bulgaria and Romania in the neorealist the in Romania and Bulgaria on subsection previous the with as Similarly, developments The , ,

the trust they shared shared they trust the coupled – . The The .

line with our understanding the next findings are more problematic. We problematic. more arefindings next the understanding our with line

The The EC Visegrád lack of aGroup betweenlack of

with the subsequent Krakow declaration a few months later in the same same the in later months few a declaration Krakow subsequent the with vlpet show evelopments

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CEU eTD Collection 1993. Studies, Strategic National for Institute The D.C.: Washington west Bulgaria of principles basic the announced who Zhelev, Zhelyu President new the of advent the with party. Communist the of members with staffed was government vision Gorbachevian the share to continued and much lack of pre the gauge to seek terms. relative in more gain would country other the for integration western towards interest chapter. previous the in established already was that something materialise, to longer took countries two the of this Romania and Bulgaria sin of time, of period longer a case cover to expanded be the can timeframe In timeframe. short a into research the forces the of emergence quick the neoliberalism, to regards with time same the coun of group the between zone buffer a left and disbanded which Union, Sovietthe wascountriesgroups of both forperception threat possible primaryneorealism,the at. looked be to needed be would timeframe longer the and countries two the covering sections previous the in unlike that, noted be should It group. cooperation a create to need the nullify would which absol pursue to indentify not did countries two the that namely conditions, formed was 158

institu 158 157 change not did beginning the at Bulgaria of position initial the outlined, already As o urne is uue development. future its guarantee to ’s foreign policy foreign ’s . . Oscar W. Clyatt, "Bulgaria's Quest for Security after The Cold War," War," Cold The after Security for Quest Clyatt, "Bulgaria's W. Oscar Policy "From Bechev, ,

the hypothesis should be further elaborated with the inclusion of its falsifiable its of inclusion the with elaborated further be should hypothesis the tionalised cooperation ute gains and/or the existence of mutual trust between the two countries, countries, two the between trust mutual of existence the and/or gains ute

The section will look to see whether the two countries expressed the same same the expressed countries two the whether see to look will section The - existence of trust between the two countries that could account for the for account could that countries two the between trust of existence

, finally breaking with the past the with breaking finally ,

- Takers to Policy to Takers .

absolute economic absolute - Makers?”, 2009. Makers?”, h plce o te onr satd seeking started country the of policies The

At the same time the section will also also will section the time same the At 157

h r The

and Visegrád

and the very first post first very the and gains that gains with

opening up the country to country the up opening ao fr hs s ht under that is this for eason

The first real shifts emerged shifts real first The a common interest in which in interest common a ce the western reorientation western the ce

group, in this situat this in group,

McNair Papers No. 1 No. McNairPapers is regardless of whether whether of regardless is tries and itself. At itself. and tries Visegrád - communist

5, group ion a ion

the 41

CEU eTD Collection Post the democracy, to communism th wanted government Romanian already new “The mentioned. five other the namely countries, European Eastern other than slowly more much chaos. into country the bring to not as so manner, deliberate and gradual in this achieve to seeking was it Poland, bandwagon to return change. controlled Front Salvation National e regards tothe Nevertheless importance. to reorientation boost to capital of development. need economic the to due integration, western pursuing also was government ( Lukanov after Minister Lukanov. Andrej Minister Prime Poland. treat be and a group to grade relegated be second to not pushing was it policy reshaped country’s the of stages early the structures. security and economic European the within integration and markets capital, ven slower than the reorientation in Bulgaria. As Linden portrays, after the advent the after portrays, Linden As Bulgaria. in reorientation the than slower ven - Communist Region After 1989, Region Communist 164 163 162 161 160 159 160 With regardsWith cou thereorientation ofthe toRomania,

. Ibid. . . . . Ibid. . Ibid. . The country’s quest for the return to Europe has been also emphasised by the then the by emphasised also been has Europe to return the for quest country’s The Linden, "A Foreign Policy of Bounded Change," Bounded of Policy Foreign Linden,"A AnetaSpendzharova, Curry, Leftwich Jane L.and Wolchik Sharon Visegrád

wards wards

163 164

Europe t that denying no is there While

While the g the While Rowman & Littlefield, 2011 RowmanLittlefield, &

h ws ad h ne t catch to need the and west the group has emerged 162

1991 an o oe, h mi oinain f h rgm ws lw or slow, was regime the of orientation main the power, to fe te ubln ery post early turbulent the After , for the same reasons as Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary and and Hungary Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, as reasons same the for ,

Whe initial lag in reorienting the country towards towards country the reorienting in lag initial – 161

n Does the Law Rule? The Politics of Banking Sector Legal Reform in Reformin Legal Sector Politics Banking The of Rule? Law the Does n ProQuest, 2007. ProQuest, 92, nt Sedhrv informs Spendzharova Aneta 1992), overnment was looking for western support, it was doing it doing was it support, western for looking was overnment d n h sm gop s zcolvka Hnay and Hungary Czechoslovakia, as group same the in ed

In a private interview with Filip Dimitrov who was Prime was who Dimitrov Filip with interview private a In .

Central and East European politics: from from politics: European East and Central

1992. he new regime was also jumping on the on jumping also was regime new he e

investment and the loans and trade, trade, and loans the and investment p ih t has it with up - omns years, communist ntry wa s also slow and cautious,also and slow s us

that been of primary primary of been

the west with with west the h country’s the the Dimitrov

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42 of In

CEU eTD Collection being of mid the ideain that true While progress. accession the in the Romania with together bundled with dissatisfaction public more much showed Bulgaria that argue to thi to resentment their show opportunity every to they possible both used accession,NATO and EU progresstowards their association. possible a of precondition a as encouraged different difficult initiative tandem any rendered Brussels to way the on contest’ beauty 1990. in back itself Community European the by setup inadvertently countries two the between existed has mistrust development two countries meetings had regular revolutions before the the of dissidents that information no be to seems There prevailed.have must mistrust original the parties, communist old their of members from staffed primarily were countries two the go early the that fact the Considering Bulgaria. including allies, Pact Warsaw its towards mistrust of deal great a expressed country the that stressed and communism during for theeconomicof integration country withthe west. t by emphasised assistance. economic western through achieved best be can security economic that well, as realise, to came soon Romania argues, th at not but course, of 168 167 166 165 to path Europe to return the in interested were countries both that see can We Romania of policy foreign historical the outlined section previous the Furthermore, from . Ion . . p. 215. Ibid., . Bechev, Dimitar. "From Policy "From Dimitar. Bechev, 199 fromBucharest," Jr., as Seen "Security Bacon .

osdrn te itrcl akrud n ter nta transition initial their and background historical the Considering Iliescu, he then President Ion Iliescu, who Iliescu, Ion President then he h iiil iuto of situation initial the Romania in Europe and in the world, the in and Europe in Romania

e price of moving more quickly than it felt prudent.” felt it than quickly more moving of price e

s notion. Nevertheless, in the interest of fairness it would be safe be would it fairness of interest the in Nevertheless, notion. s

- Takers to Polic to Takers 166

the

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Bucharest, 1994 Bucharest, 2

ms a pattern of noncooperation was was noncooperation of pattern a ms

As both countries were working on working were countries both As 167 countries, where cooperation was was cooperation where countries, like inthe

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emphasised the need the emphasised 165

countries.

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This is This

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CEU eTD Collection Nato. EU, joining 2005 University Press, Oxford transition economic Bulgariawa and consolidation democratic of terms in both that given north, the neighbourto its category sameas the in considerinternational wantorganizationsit to not did argues Barany As progress. its down slowing was Romania that Bulgaria in attitude the Reflecting performance and merits own country’s each on based judged be should NATO and EU the s policy, of change a to amounts also it and announced (SDS) Forces Democratic of Union The parties. opposition the by denounced quickly was agreement the parliament, Bulgarian the t in them achieve and goals those pursuing in other each assist both talks the During 2001. will priority.They top their is organisations westernled the to accession that agreedcountries of August in Bulgaria to Nastase Adrian Minister, Prime international in Romania with talks category same the in put be should Bulgaria that notion restructuring economic in 1997, after and, democratization an on negotiations started Bulgaria association agreement before itafter Romania, butconcluded Romania. that fact the to attributed be best can problem The reversed quickly situation the separately countries both at Bulgaria, looking for lead hawkish the taking in Bulgaria with afterwards crisis economic deep the to due together, Roma was . ” 171 , “ , 173 172 171 170 169 “ Since the early 1990s Bulgarian politicians politicians Bulgarian 1990s early the Since

Romania has […] been […] has Romania A pointing example of this disapproval would be the state visit by th by visit state the be would disapproval this of example pointing A nia wh nia . . . . . Barany, Zoltan. Zoltan. Barany, BTA. Zoltan. Barany, Vachudova, Milada Ibid. s far aheads far

Newsline, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, 2001 Europe/Radio Free Radio Newsline,

Romanian Premier in Bulgaria, as Bulgarian Opposition Criticizes link with Romania on on Romania with Opposition Criticizes link Bulgarian as Bulgaria, in Premier Romanian ich

was more upset with the fact that both countries were always looked at at looked always were countries both that fact the with upset more was . ” 173

The Future of NATO Expansion of Expansion NATO Future The of Expansion NATO Future The .

Europe Undivided:Democracy, Leverage, and Integration After CommunismAfter Integration and Leverage, Undivided:Democracy, Europe

irked by the repeated declarations from Sofia that Bulgaria Bulgaria that Sofia from declarations repeated the by irked ince the SDS has always maintained that access to to access that maintained always has SDS the ince (2003), p. p. 141 (2003), p. 188 (2003), that –

pointing to Sofia’s superior record in in record superior Sofia’s to pointing this plan is against national interests national against is plan this

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have pushed hard to dispel any any dispel to hard pushed have andem. Yet at the same time in time same the at Yet andem.

170

e Romanian e . . 169 172 44

CEU eTD Collection between four the or Bulgaria comparedto West, to East from reorientation gradual much a policyof Romanian tandem almost an had original the While transition. their in created was that disparity original countries. two the between emerged in dilemma security the overcome to understandings. neoliberal our under regime cooperation a created have should trust apreferred retu a to structures, western the in integration the to interest strong attributed countries both While cooperation. of emergence of lack the for explanation From the information presented so far, we can see some troubles with the neoliberal the with troubles some see can we far, so presented information the From the two countries the two Visegrád ‘ go it alone goit

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like switch, the disparity between Bulgaria and Romania, and the the and Romania, and Bulgaria between disparity the switch, like approach to cooperation. The mutual interest and the seeming lack of lack seeming the and interest mutual The cooperation. to approach .

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rn to Europe, they nevertheless they Europe, to rn Visegrád

countries That is, That 45

CEU eTD Collection die. and fester will cooperation gone, is cooperation th stresses which neorealism, of powers explanatory the to adds further Polish the after position of change rapid the fact, In Sovi the of support tacit the with Germany against balance to was Poland of position immediate interests own its seeking rankedGermanyfirst, were Poland of perception threats the revision, a for push not will they allies its or Germany possibl a Polish implications the of fear The country. the of past experience country the Poland, of case the found immediately was Union the to regards With Romania. the within Union Soviet the towards perception pushed cooperation. forfrom or pulled have that variables intervening the as trust and institutions Western the with integration and Union, Soviet the towards perception threat relations. international of schools liberal and realist the Romania. and Bulgaria between emerge not did cooperation such why and 1989 surrounding events the et Union. et - German border. The thesis s thesis The border. German In the chapter on on chapter the In thesis The

y Furthermore

eiins Gray Culd ih h lc o imdae suacs from assurances immediate of lack the with Coupled Germany. revisionist

This is perfectly in line with our neorealist understandings of state behavio state of understandings neorealist our with line in perfectly is This Conclusion looked Soviet Union second. What is most interestingtheSoviet Union is most Unionsecond. isthat What Soviet ,

the thesis also wanted to offer its its offer to wanted also thesis the , n

at why the why at eorealis was ready to back Poland against German pretences. As such the such As pretences. German against Poland back to ready was

– . Nevertheless .

Discussion and Concluding Remarks Visegrád t explanation t howed the country exhibited considerable concerns considerable exhibited country the howed Visegrád

countries, a threat perception towards the Soviet Soviet the towards perception threat a countries, d

the seeking of absolute gain absolute of seeking the , two overarching threat, linked to the historical the to linked threat, overarching two

coope s group emerged in the immediate aftermath of aftermath immediate the in emerged group ,

Visegrád the thesis the

of - This reality is further exemplified exemplified further is reality This aindd o eeg tagt away. straight emerge not did ration German border concerns were rectified, were concerns border German

a

The thesis identified the variables of of variables the identified thesis The u

contribution to the debate between between debate the to contribution iid emn wl hv fr the for have will Germany nified countries and within Bulgaria and and Bulgaria within and countries looked

at the existence of a threat a of existence the at at after the need of need the after at s from cooperation from s

by about

the the

u 46 In r. ,

CEU eTD Collection rectified. quickly was that behaviour anomalistic an was it that credibility lends failed plan the that scope. its broaden to framework the of revision a require would research Future CSCE Nevertheless powers western security of realm the in gains absolute Relations International of understanding neoliberal influence. indep are power great rules curb to Formal encouraged actively organizations. international for support and in participation of degree high generally a to leads This actors. other with efforts concerted in engaging by policies i and policy foreign conducting of costs the minimize to seek Toje: by explored as powers small of behaviour the with line in is Nevertheless powers. small considered be can thesis this in covered countries great rather powers realist with a todeal predominance school has itself poses into embed to sought it Instead either. Union Soviet the against balance overtly to choose immediately not did Hungary and Poland. remove and Pact Warsaw the dismantle to countries the with cooperation through Union Soviet the against balancing to switch rapid , that while neoliberal while that , 174 apparentalsowas perception threatthe Czechoslovakia, of case Inthe

” . 174 challenge Toje, "The EU as a Small Power, (2010). Small as a Power, EU "The Toje, ,

t hud e oe ta wt rgrs o h oiia pooas o eom the reform to proposals original the to regards with that noted be should it hrfr, h oiia dcso of decision original the Therefore, ,

oee, is however,

to a pan a

our neorealist understandings.

- ism can explain it, it, explain can ism European security system security European

etr understood better

hog cooperation. through

our endence and increase their own power and and power own their increase and endence

ih eraim hn ih neoliberalism with than neorealism with neoliberal Czechoslovakia wee sae re t mxms its maximise to tries state a where ,

through a reform of the CSCE the of reform a through

This is in a way due tothe fact inawayThis is that due oit ros rm Czechoslovakia, from Troops Soviet theoretical framework does not does framework theoretical

ncrease the weight behind its its behind weight the ncrease h rfsl n eaf f the of behalf on refusal The than “ A small power will often will power small A is

small ones, and small more ,

,

yet the countryyet the in this behaviour this

Still, the fact the Still,

ie ih a with line Visegrád .

This in This all the the the 47 . .

CEU eTD Collection second. close very a being integration western with Union, Soviet the against balance to hence region, the within Influence Soviet the of dismantling the was sections, cooperation. for preferences the ranking cooperation. for requirements the of one is absol for desire bewill neoliberalism wrong basistrust.After ofthe simply todismiss existence onthe all, t emerge. fact the more in dismantled) gone is threat our with line in partially the country’sforeign immediate policy. s economic and political new a to and government new a to transition the after However fear. to much not been have would there free. breaking from them possible the by part in fuelled was countries three all would country illogical. seemed have would balanc overtly thus and faction Communist the by represented still was country the stages early the in that fact the to due was position its in ambivalence initial Visegrád technically With that in mind, however, when exploring neoliberal reasons for the emergence of emergence the for reasons neoliberal exploring when however, mind, in that With Nevertheless in also was perception threat Hungary’s

line withneoliberalism, which pre Such regimes emerge to solve a prisoner’s dilemma type situation. situation. type dilemma prisoner’s a solve to emerge regimes Such coeain usqety declined subsequently cooperation ,

group ,

cooperation will disappear. Yet while this did happen did this while Yet disappear. will cooperation not ute gains through western integration was present in all three countries, which countries, three all in present was integration western through gains ute otaitr t ne to contradictory have had much to fear. The threat perception against the Soviet Union in Union Soviet the against perception threat The fear. to much had have

, we saw that saw we

it should be stressed that the subsequent decline of the group is only only is group the of decline subsequent the that stressed be should it

As such, since Hungary had not broken fully free in the early days days early the in free fully broken not had Hungary since such, As n eorealist understandings eorealist

Moreover, until the actual switch of a new government, the the government, new a of switch actual the until Moreover, that the existence of trust of existence the that lbrl nesadns f why of understandings oliberal ystem, the threat perception assumed its role to guide to role its assumed perception threat the ystem,

The primary goal, as we have seen in the empiri the in seen have we as goal, primary The dicts that regimes do not tend to die out. regimes tendto dicts that donot h noiea idcmn ral cms from comes really indictment neoliberal The .

T ie ih u epcain. However expectations. our with line . Neorealism . e fact he reprisal the Union might take against take might Union the reprisal , while a secondary variable secondary a while , that

t i nt ul dsper is disappear fully not did it would predict that after the after that predict would

(the Soviet Union was was Union Soviet (the n te oit Union Soviet the ing cooperation Nevertheless, it it Nevertheless,

Trust in fact is fact in Trust

regimes regimes

is in is ,

cal 48 its its he

CEU eTD Collection 175 it in down former the slow would cooperation with. deal to able seem not the ‘suggested’ EC the as cooperate, to ability their showed also and integration for West the on pressure the to integration. western through the like Just countries. two thattime, ofHungary thatof theSoviet Union. and Romania to regards cooperat no predict still would neorealism Union, Soviet the against threat strong a feel did Romania if even threat, no felt Bulgaria that considering Romania of perc threat formulating in role important an play experiences Historical that this. for reason show main the be would to Union Russia/Soviet countryand Bulgaria between relationship the of background historical a formulated thesis the unlike threat, a as Union Soviet the conceive not did country neoliberalism. than powers explanatory better pr Union Soviet the to regards with perception threat the was it that argued be countries. the between trust of existence the with as neorealism for helpful imary catalyst cooperation. for . Hasenclever, Mayer and Rittberger, Rittberger, and Mayer Hasenclever, Visegrád N BulgariaRomania, and in developments the Lookingat eoliberalism seems most deficient at explain at deficient most seems eoliberalism

did not really happen is the perception of the two countries that the other one other the that countries two the of perception the is happen really not did h tra preto i mr abvln, u nntees present. nonetheless but ambivalent, more is perception threat the Visegrád

ru, oprto wud ae allowed have would cooperation group, ,

that, just like Poland, the country was balancing two threats at the same the at threats two balancing was country the Poland, like just that, 175

As such As countries should do. should countries Visegrád

From a neoliberal perspective and from the from and perspective neoliberal a From

The only logical logical only The

,

s quest for western integration, which would have resulted resulted have would which integration, western for quest s Theories of international regimes, international of Theories in the case of the emergence of the of emergence the of case the in

countries, Bulgaria and Romania sought Romania and Bulgaria countries,

This causes a problem that neoliberalism does neoliberalism that problem a causes This In the case of Bulgaria, it was found that the that found was it Bulgaria, of case the In explanation that can be advanced for why why for advanced be can that explanation

ing

eue te f the reduces the lack of cooperati of lack the ion. the

1997. neorealism seems to seems neorealism

w cutis o xr more exert to countries two h tei as fud with found, also thesis The

Visegrád a fr eaie gains relative for ear eptions. Visegrád findings with regard with findings

on count absolute gains absolute

h historical the

With the case the With

ht a the was that group it can it group between the between

also ries.

have The The Yet 49

CEU eTD Collection of and Romania. regimeemerging in Bulgariait a precluded such between emergence the for reasonoverarching the po explanatory bigger a had nevertheless it happened, that everything for account to able fully not was neorealism variable the of some for account to neorealism of support the requires Romania the of emergence the of one for takes neorealism fundamental but behaviour, irrational as dismisses neoliberalism gains relative with concerned more actually were outcome. inefficient pareto a in

initial cooperationinitial have to seems precluded cooperation inthe future. Overall the thesis would conclude that neorealism offers a better explanation for the the for explanation better a offers neorealism that conclude would thesis the Overall .

This is not to say that neo that say to not is This logics behilogics Visegrád wer. nd state behaviour.nd

As such the thesis would conclude that the threat perception was perception threat the that conclude would thesis the such As

ru ad h lc o sc a ru bten ugra and Bulgaria between group a such of lack the and group

However, this line of logic suggests that the two countries two the that suggests logic of line this However, liberalism Visegrád

is inept at providing an explanation. Instead it it Instead explanation. an providing at inept is

group, while the lack of such a perception perception a such of lack the while group, vis - a - vis

n another one

Furthermore discrepancies . Something that that Something . , the lack thelack , .

While While 50

CEU eTD Collection Andrew."The Cottey, A. Bernard Cook, War." Cold The after Security for Quest "Bulgaria's W. Oscar Clyatt, Unity." German on Reservations New Voices the Gorbachev East; in "Upheaval X. Fracis Clines, Checkel, Reunification." ofGerman Fears "Polish Agency. CentralIntelligence " Valerie. Bunce, BTA. In 1989." sicne "Hungary Simon. Andras,Eszter and Bozoki, author. by interview Bisserka, Benisheva, Policy "From Dimitar. Bechev, Zoltan. Barany, interview Author. byPéter, Balázs, In fromBucharest." as Seen "Security Walter. Jr., Bacon In Europe." to Returning "Poland: A. Iankova. Elena and A.Byrnes, Timothy Wtodek, Aniot, Anti the Andrzej. "From Ananicz, J. Allen,Debra Bulgaria Turkey, with Relations "Russia’s Soare. Simona and Kyril Drezov, Ulchenko, Natalia Aktürk,Şener, Romanian Premier in Bulgaria, as Bulgarian Opposition Criticizes link with Romania on joining EU, EU, joining on Romania with Criticizeslink Opposition Bulgarian as Bulgaria, in Premier Romanian Cooperation in the Newin Europe Cooperation Institut The voices Times. 2005. ofOslo, University 2013). May (accessed 15, http://chnm.gmu.edu/1989/items/show/324 Germany Nato. 1989 Bulgaria of Former Director Ireland, to Bulgaria 210 (2009): Accession." AfterEU and policyBefore Policy Regional for Commissioner European 1992. Press, Westview Germany and Europe Between Constelation Centraleuropean 2003. Group, Publishing Romania." and Jeffrey T. "Constructivist approaches to European integration." Centre for European Studies, Studies, CentreEuropean for integration." European to approaches "Constructivist T. Jeffrey ,Ramet,204 by Sabrina

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