DOCSLIB.ORG

FIRE MANAGEMENT PLAN Environmental Assessment

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
FIRE MANAGEMENT PLAN Environmental Assessment National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior ZION NATIONAL PARK UTAH FIRE MANAGEMENT PLAN Environmental Assessment/Assessment of Effect November 2004 This page intentionally left blank ii Fire Management Plan and Environmental Assessment ZION NATIONAL PARK Summary The National Park Service (NPS) proposes to develop a new Fire Management Plan for Zion National Park, Utah. The plan would guide the wildland fire program by providing management direction that would support the accomplishment of resource management and protection objectives. Fuel loadings and vegetation densities have increased in some areas beyond their range of natural variability. Some park developed areas and adjacent private lands are now at risk. Additional management intervention is required to reduce fuels that, under severe burning conditions, could threaten life and property, and to restore the role of fire as a natural disturbance across the Zion landscape. The current 1992 fire plan and the 2001 Zion Wildland Urban Interface Environmental Assessment/Finding of No Significant Impact contain objectives that allow for wildland fires in certain areas to be managed for resource benefits, limited prescribed fires to meet resource objectives, and limited manual hazard fuels treatments involving cutting and thinning to establish defensible space around values to be protected. Unwanted wildland fires are currently suppressed. The revised Fire Management Plan would provide strategies that include suppression of unwanted wildland fires, expanding opportunities for increasing the use of prescribed fire to meet resource objectives and improving fuel reduction treatments (mechanical fuel reduction and prescribed burning) that would enhance defensibility around structures. Two alternatives, a no-action and a proposed action/preferred alternative, were identified based on program goals and objectives; internal and external scoping; guidance from existing park plans; policy guidance from the NPS; the 2001 Federal Fire Policy and the National Fire Plan; and research, monitoring, and experience from the existing fire management program. Alternative A (No Action): Current fire management allows natural fires to influence existing vegetative ecosystems in Zion National Park when they can be contained within park boundaries, except when such fires threaten public or visitor safety, private lands, or structures. The existing plan also recommends that designated areas in the park, mainly on plateaus, be intentionally burned to maintain or re-establish natural vegetative communities and re-introduce fire into fire dependent park ecosystems. Alternative B (Proposed Action/NPS Preferred Alternative): The proposed action would allow for implementation of the full range of fire management activities, including wildland fire and fuels management. Wildland fire activities would include suppression and wildland fire use for resource benefit. Fuels management activities would include prescribed fire, mechanical, and herbicide treatments. The main focus of these activities and treatments as currently emphasized iii by national policy is centered on public and firefighter safety, communities identified as at risk from wildland fires (wildland urban interface), historic fire regime, current condition class, and collaboration with other agencies and stakeholders. NOTE TO REVIEWERS AND RESPONDENTS This environmental assessment is available on the Zion National Park Internet Web site at http://www.nps.gov/zion/ and is being distributed for public and agency review and comment for a period of 30 days in accordance with the National Environmental Policy Act. If you wish to comment on the environmental assessment, you can mail comments to the name and address below. Our practice is to make comments, including names and home addresses of respondents, available for public review during regular business hours. Individual respondents may request that we withhold their home address from the record, which we will honor to the extent allowable by law. If you wish us to withhold your name and/or address, you must state this prominently at the beginning of your comment. We will make all submissions from organizations or businesses, and from individuals identifying themselves as representatives or officials of organizations or businesses, available for public inspection in their entirety. Please send comments by December 10, 2004 to: Superintendent Attn: Fire Management Plan/EA Zion National Park Springdale, UT 84767 iv Table of Contents Summary.......................................................................................................................................iii INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................... 1 Purpose and Need ..................................................................................................................... 1 Location and Description.......................................................................................................... 2 Historical Perspective of Fire.................................................................................................... 2 Land Use History ................................................................................................................2 Documented Wildland Fires ............................................................................................... 4 Fire History Studies ............................................................................................................6 Fire History Studies in Ponderosa Pine ........................................................................ 6 Fire History Studies in Pinyon and Juniper .................................................................. 7 Fire History Studies in Southern Utah.......................................................................... 7 Fire History Studies in the Southwestern United States ............................................... 8 Historical Fire Regimes and Current Condition Classes .................................................... 8 Vegetation Communities by Historical Fire Regimes and Current Condition Class........ 12 Legislative History.................................................................................................................. 14 Purpose, Significance, and Mission Goals.............................................................................. 14 Relationship to Other Plans .................................................................................................... 15 General Management Plan Zones ..................................................................................... 15 Laws, Policies, and Authorities .............................................................................................. 17 Goals of the Fire Management Plan........................................................................................ 18 Desired Future Conditions ................................................................................................ 19 Issues and Impact Topics Analyzed in Detail......................................................................... 21 Issues Considered and Dismissed from Further Consideration ........................................ 22 ALTERNATIVES....................................................................................................................... 25 Introduction............................................................................................................................. 25 Alternative A – No Action Alternative (Current Fire Management)...................................... 25 Suppression Fire Management Unit (9,430 acres – 6 percent)................................... 27 Boundary Fire Management Unit (32,991 acres – 22 percent)................................... 27 Conditional Fire Management Unit (20,801 acres – 14 percent)................................ 28 Natural Fire Management Unit (84,802 acres – 57 percent) ...................................... 28 Wildland-Urban Interface Areas................................................................................. 28 Alternative B – Proposed Action/Preferred Alternative ......................................................... 33 Fire Management Strategies ............................................................................................. 33 Wildland Fire Suppression Strategy ................................................................................. 35 Wildland Fire Use Strategy......................................................................................... 35 Prescribed Fire Strategy.............................................................................................. 36 Mechanical Strategy.................................................................................................... 36 Herbicide Strategy ...................................................................................................... 37 Fire Management Units..................................................................................................... 38 Suppression Fire Management Unit (33,236 acres – 22 percent)............................... 38 Management Strategies............................................................................................... 39 v Modified Fire Management Unit (30,689 acres – 21 percent).................................... 40 Management Strategies..............................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Spagnuolo.Pdf
    University of Utah UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH JOURNAL ESTABLISHING A TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION FOR CERAMICS OF THE WASHINGTON COUNTY, UT VIRGIN RIVER BRANCH OF THE ANCESTRAL PUEBLOAN Crystal Spagnuolo (Dr. Brian Codding; Kenneth Blake Vernon, MA) Department of Anthropology Dating archaeological sites is important for establishing patterns in settlement, trade, resource use, and population estimates of prehistoric peoples. Using dated sites, we can see patterns in how a culture such as the Ancestral Puebloan went from a foraging subsistence to agricultural settlements with far-reaching trade networks. Or, we can understand when the Ancestral Puebloan abandoned certain areas of the American Southwest and pair this with climate data to understand how climate might be a factor. In order to do so however, we must first have a reliable timeline of these events, built from archaeological sites that are reliably dated. Unfortunately, direct dating via radiocarbon or dendrochronology is costly and not always possible due to the biodegradable nature of the organic materials needed for such dating. Using a relative dating system that employs ceramics is a cost-effective alternative. Here I continue work begun by The Archaeological Center at the University of Utah to generate a ceramic dating system for the area encompassing Southwest Utah, focusing on Washington County, using extant site data from this region. While the prehistoric inhabitants of this area were Ancestral Puebloan, the ceramic traditions were separate, and therefore merit their own dating analysis (Lyneis, 1995; Spangler, Yaworsky, Vernon, & Codding, 2019). Currently, dating of sites in the region is difficult, both due to the expense of direct dating techniques (radiocarbon and dendrochronology) and the lack of defined time periods for ceramics types.
    [Show full text]
  • Karen G. Harry
    Karen G. Harry Department of Anthropology University of Nevada Las Vegas 4505 Maryland Parkway, Box 45003 Las Vegas, NV 89154-5003 (702) 895-2534; [email protected] Professional Employment 2014-present Professor, Department of Anthropology, University of Nevada Las Vegas 2007-2014 Associate Professor, Department of Anthropology, University of Nevada Las Vegas 2001-2007 Assistant Professor, Department of Anthropology, University of Nevada Las Vegas 1997-2001 Director of Cultural Resources, Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Austin 1997 Adjunct Faculty, Pima Community College, Tucson 1990-1996 Project Director, Statistical Research, Inc., Tucson Education 1997 Ph.D., University of Arizona, Department of Anthropology, University of Arizona 1987 M.A., Anthropology, University of Arizona 1982 B.A., Anthropology, Texas A&M University, cum laude Research Interests Southwestern archaeology; ceramic analysis, sourcing, and technology; organization of craft production; trade and exchange issues; chemical compositional analysis; prehistoric leadership strategies; prehistoric community organization Ongoing Field Projects Field Research on the Parashant National Monument: I am involved in a long-term archaeological research project concerning the Puebloan occupation of the Mt. Dellenbaugh area of the Shivwits Plateau, located within Parashant National Monument. Field and Archival Research in the Lower Moapa Valley: A second area of ongoing research involves the Puebloan occupation of the lower Moapa Valley of southern Nevada. I have recently completed an archival study of the artifacts and records associated with the early (1920s-1940s) field research of this area, and have on-going field investigations in the area. updated Sept. 1 , 2020 Books & Special Issues of Journals 2019 Harry, Karen G. and Sachiko Sakai (guest editors).
    [Show full text]
  • Aboriginal Hunter-Gatherer Adaptations of Zion National Park, Utah
    • D-"15 ABORIGINAL HUNTER-GATHERER ADAPTATIONS OFL..ZION NATIONAL PARK, UTAH • National Park Service Midwest Archeological Center • PLEASE RETURN TO: TECHNICAL INFORMATION CENTER ON t.11CROFILM DENVER SERVICE CENTER S(~ANN~O NATIONAL PARK SERVICE J;/;-(;_;o L • ABORIGINAL HUNTER-GATHERER ADAPTATIONS OF ZION NATIONAL PARK, UTAH by Gaylen R. Burgett • Midwest Archeological Center Technical Report No. 1 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service Midwest Archeological Center Lincoln, Nebraska • 1990 ABSTRACT This report presents the results of test excavations at sites 42WS2215, 42WS2216, and 42WS2217 in Zion National Park in • southwestern Utah. The excavations were conducted prior to initiating a land exchange and were designed to assess the scientific significance of these sites. However, such an assessment is dependent on the archaeologists' ability to link the static archaeological record to current anthropological and archaeological questions regarding human behavior in the past. Description and analysis of artifacts and ecofacts were designed to identify differences and similarities between these particular sites. Such archaeological variations were then linked to the structural and organizational features of hunter­ gatherer adaptations expected for the region including Zion National Park. These expected adaptations regarding the nature of hunter-gatherer lifeways are derived from current evolutionary ecological, cross-cultural, and ethnoarchaeological ideas. Artifact assemblages collected at sites 42WS2217 and 42WS2216 are related to large mammal procurement and plant processing. Biface thinning flakes and debitage characteristics suggest that stone tools were manufactured and maintained at these locations. Site furniture such as complete ground stone manos and metates, as well as ceramic vessel fragments, may also indicate that these sites were repetitively used by logistically­ organized hunter-gatherers or collectors.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Here
    POTTERY SOUTHWEST Volume 27, No. 1 (Part 2 of 2) June 2008 Spring 2008 ($3.00) ISSN 0738-8020 In This Issue: This issue is dedicated to our dear friend and staunch supporter, Richard "Dick" Bice who passed away in March of this year. Dick was one of the original team who worked at creating and supporting Pottery Southwest in the mid-1970's. The Fall issue will be dedicated to Dick. This issue continues on from the Winter Issue with Part 2 of a series of articles that report on the November 2007 conference at the Museum of Northern Arizona entitled "Pottery North and West of the Colorado River." Finally, we provide some technical tips on submissions. An electronic publication creates formatting challenges beyond those of conventional printing or photocopying. These tips make publishing in Pottery Southwest easier for our contributors. We hope you will take advantage of them and send in your submissions (see Page 42 for how-to). CONTENTS Page Remembrances of Richard A. Bice............................................................................................ 2 New and Revised Prehistoric Pueblo Pottery Wares and Types from North and West of the Colorado River: Gray Wares from the Western Area by Margaret M. Lyneis, Assembler ............................................................................. 3-20 Shinarump Red Ware and Other Red Ware Pottery: North and West of the Colorado River by James R. Allison ................................................................................................... 21-34 On the Shelf and Online:
    [Show full text]
  • Trade in Molluskan Religiofauna Between the Southwe Stern
    TRADE IN MOLLUSKAN RELIGIOFAUNA BETWEEN THE SOUTHWE STERN UNITED STATES AND SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA by WILLIAM HOYT SMITH A DISSERTATION Pres ented to the Department of Anthropology and the Graduate School of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy June 2002 --------------- ---- ii "Tr ade in Molluskan Religiofauna Between the Southwestern United States and Southern California ," a dissertation prepared by William Hoyt Smith in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy degree in the Department of Anthropology. This dissertation has been approved and accepted by: Dr . C. a ining Committee Committee in Charge : Dr. C. Melvin Aikens Dr. Jon Erlandson Dr. Don Dumond Dr. Leland Roth Dean of the Graduate School L iv An Abstract of the Dissertation of William Smith for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy the Department Anthropology to be taken June 2002 Title: TRADE IN MOLLUSKAN RELIGIOFAUNA BETWEEN THE SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES AND SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA Approved: Dr. C. Melvin Aikens This dissertation describes prehistoric trade between Native American groups of the North American Southwest and southern California. Archaeologic and ethnographic sources have been used to create a major new quant ive database on Southwest-southern California trade. I draw on this data base to characterize the routes and intensity of exchange, as well as speci objects involved in native trade networks. facts made of Olivella and Halio s shells were traded eastward from the southern California Channel Islands into the Anasazi, Mogollon, and Hohokam regions of the Southwest in south Nevada, Arizona, and New Mexico.
    [Show full text]
  • Zion National Park, Utah and Pipe Spring National Monument, Arizona
    Ethnographic Overview And Assessment: Zion National Park, Utah And Pipe Spring National Monument, Arizona Prepared for Rocky Mountain Regional Office National Park Service Denver, CO 1997 (Revised 2013) ETHNOGRAPHIC OVERVIEW AND ASSESSMENT: ZION NATIONAL PARK, UTAH AND PIPE SPRING NATIONAL MONUMENT, ARIZONA Prepared by Richard W. Stoffle Diane E. Austin David B. Halmo Arthur M. Phillips III With the assistance of Carolyn M. Groessl Maria Banks Maria Porter Bureau of Applied Research in Anthropology The University of Arizona in Tucson And Southern Paiute Consortium Pipe Spring, Arizona Submitted to Rocky Mountain Regional Office National Park Service Denver, Colorado July 1999 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures ...........................................................................................................................xi List of Maps ..............................................................................................................................xvi List of Tables ............................................................................................................................xvii Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................xix CHAPTER ONE STUDY OVERVIEW Introduction ............................................................................................................................1 1.1 Ecological Stewardship .....................................................................................................1
    [Show full text]
  • Ecology and Management of Pinyon-Juniper Communities Within
    This file was created by scanning the printed publication. Errors identified by the software have been corrected; however, some errors may remain. Role of Pinyon-Juniper Woodlands in Aboriginal Societies of the Desert West Joel C. Janetski Abstract-Archaeological data and ethnographic accounts testify gathering and hunting. The pinyon-juniper community of the importance of resources available in the pinyon-juniper provided important resources for all. woodland to native peoples since the early Holocene. Food, shelter, raw material for tool construction, tinder, and preferred settle­ ment location are a few of these. Although early evidence is Ethnographic Uses of Pinyon sometimes inconclusive, information from more recent periods and Juniper argue for increasing reliance on this vegetative community and its resources through time. Food Nuts from pinyon pine, both Pinus edulis (Colorado pinyon) and P. monophylla (singleleaf pinyon), were one of The pinyon and juniper community is widespread across the most important foods for peoples of the Great Basin and the Colorado Plateau and Great Basin regions ofthe Desert Colorado Plateau. Wherever they were available they were West. This community provided aboriginal peoples with gathered in large quantities. But they were particularly some of the most basic raw material to sustain life. The important to the Great Basin people. Premier Great Basin intent of this paper is to review some of the ways these ethnographer, Julian Steward, calls pinyon "The most resources were used in recent times as well as the evi­ important single food species where it occurs ... " (Steward dence for use in the more distant past. I will focus on 1938:27).
    [Show full text]
  • The Archaeology of the Red Cliffs Site
    BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT UTAH , . ( \ i 1-' / I "--- ' • ' ' ; - \ THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE RED CLIFFS SITE Gardiner F. Dalley Douglas A. McFadden 1985 CULTURAL RESOURCE SERIES No.17 UTAH --~---, LANl/ffl : ti£ L~ / t I i fl 1 \ I I I I R I C i I· I i I (,(DAI< CITY • ,0 0 10 ZO >O ,e,() .,,, L ( I THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE RED CLIFFS SITE Gardiner F. Dalley Douglas A. McFadden 1985 Cultural Resource Series No.17 Utah State Office Bureau of Land Management With a paucity of data on the Virgin Anasazi, it was with extreme interest that I began to read and edit this manuscript. Early into the volume, two separate para­ graphs caught my attention; they deserve repeating here: Viewed on a full summer midday with the temperature at 110°F., the sky cloudless and brassy, the soil hot and powder dry, the spring grasses and forbes reduced to chaff, the shrubs brittle and apparently lifeless, and not a creature in sight, it is difficult not to consider the site area and environs harsh and difficult - if not totally inhospitable and uninhabitable. Don't dig in the desert in the summer. The heat robs you of strength and time and the sun makes you stupid in the head. There may be no better way to nearly make a living than doing field archeology, but there is no need to be foolish about it, and rooting in the sand or squinting at a notebook when it's 110°F. under the nearest creosote is neither smart nor productive.
    [Show full text]
  • Current UNLV Research on the Virgin Branch Puebloan Culture” by Dr
    “Current UNLV Research on the Virgin Branch Puebloan Culture” by Dr. Karen Harry Presented to Dixie Archaeology Society February 11, 2015 The first portion of Dr. Harry’s presentation dealt with studying the Cultural Identity of the Native Peoples of Southern Nevada. Dr. Harry briefly traced the progression of people from the archaic to the BasKetmaKer and then the BasKetmaKer II periods. It is in the BasKetmaKer II period that the people began to exhibit “Anasazi” traits (farming, etc.). Her working hypothesis was that the Anasazi people migrated into the Moapa Valley during this time period from the East, consequently bringing their culture into the region. Dr. Harry has worked with researchers from Arizona State University to study this problem. The ASU researchers have developed a technology to characterize the dental records of human remains and then correlate certain dental traits to the location or origin of those remains. This research has found that the Key traits of the Virgin Anasazi in the Moapa Valley are significantly different from those found in the Kayenta Anasazi region. The traits are however similar to Great Basin people from the northern Nevada region. From this, Dr. Harry and her colleagues have concluded that the southern Nevada people were really Great Basin peoples that expanded their population and adopted agriculture and other “Anasazi” customs. She also noted that he people in the JacKson Flat area around Kanab had similar dental traits to the Moapa Valley people versus the Kayenta people. Dr. Harry discussed the trade routes through the Moapa Valley – north south and east west.
    [Show full text]
  • National Park Service This Form Is for Use in Documenting Multiple
    NFS Form 10-900B 0MB No. 1024-0018 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES MULTIPLE PROPERTY DOCUMENTATION FORM This form is for use in documenting multiple property groups relating to one or several historic contexts. See instructions in "Guidelines for Completing National Register Forms" (National Register Bulletin 16). Complete each item by marking "x" in the appropriate box or by entering the requested information. For additional space use continuation sheets (Form 10-900A). Type all entries. A. Name of Multiple Property Listing_________________________________________ SNAKE GULCH ROCK ART (ca. 500 B.C. - A.D. 11501_______ _____ B. Associated Historic Contexts SNAKE GULCH ROCK ART fca. 500 B.C. - A.D. 1150) C. Geographical Data D. Certification As the designated authority under the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended, I hereby certify that this documentation form meets the National Register documentation standards and sets forth requirements for the listing of related properties consistent with the National Register criteria. This submission meets the procedural and professional requirements set forth in 36 CFR Part 6Q^and the Secretary of the Interior's Standards for Planning and Evaluation. Signature of certifying official Date j&t' USDA Forest Service I, hereby, certify that this multiple property documentation form has been approved by the National Register as a basis for evaluating related properties for listinjg in,thehe National Register. f- Sianatur'e of the Keeper of the National Register Date E. Statement of Historic Contexts Summary Snake Gulch contains one of the finest collections of prehistoric rock art on the Colorado Plateau.
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis of Flaked Stone Lithics from Virgin Anasazi Sites Near Mt
    ANALYSIS OF FLAKED STONE LITHICS FROM VIRGIN ANASAZI SITES NEAR MT. TRUMBULL, ARIZONA STRIP by Cheryl Marie Martin Bachelor of Science in Education University of North Texas 1989 Master of Science University of North Texas 1991 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Arts Degree in Anthropology Department of Anthropology and Ethnic Studies College of Liberal Arts Graduate College University of Nevada, Las Vegas December 2009 THE GRADUATE COLLEGE We recommend that the thesis prepared under our supervision by Cheryl Marie Martin entitled Analysis of Flaked Stone Lithics from Virgin Anasazi Sites near Mt. Trumbull, Arizona Strip be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Anthropology Barbara Roth, Committee Chair Karen Harry, Committee Member Paul Buck, Committee Member Stephen Rowland, Graduate Faculty Representative Ronald Smith, Ph. D., Vice President for Research and Graduate Studies and Dean of the Graduate College December 2009 ii ABSTRACT Analysis of Flaked Stone Lithics from Virgin Anasazi Sites near Mt. Trumbull, Arizona Strip by Cheryl Marie Martin Dr. Barbara Roth, Thesis Committee Chair Professor of Anthropology University of Nevada, Las Vegas This thesis examines flaked stone tools that were used by the Virgin Anasazi and the debitage resulting from their manufacture at six sites in the Mt. Trumbull region in order to infer past human behavior. The behaviors being examined include activities carried out at sites, the processing and use of raw stone materials, and patterns of regional exchange. I have applied obsidian sourcing technology and an analysis of flaked stone attributes.
    [Show full text]
  • An Examination of Food Storage in Grand Canyon National Park And
    AN EXAMINATION OF FOOD STORAGE IN GRAND CANYON NATIONAL PARK AND GRAND STAIRCASE-ESCALANTE NATIONAL MONUMENT By Jenny Engleman A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Masters of the Arts in Anthropology Northern Arizona University May 2018 Christian Downum, Ph.D., Chair Francis Smiley, Ph.D. Michelle Parsons, Ph.D. ABSTRACT AN EXAMINATION OF FOOD STORAGE IN GRAND CANYON NATIONAL PARK AND GRAND STAIRCASE-ESCALANTE NATIONAL MONUMENT JENNY ENGLEMAN Ancient occupation of the American Southwest was full of uncertainty. Precipitation was unreliable, and sufficient edible plants and animal resources were linked to the productivity of the environment. Communities had to be resourceful and flexible in the face of scarcity. To ensure reliable food sources, ancient peoples often stored crops and other plant foods in sealed masonry structures, or granaries, protected in alcoves high on canyon walls. This thesis research compares ancient methods for coping with scarcity by examining the presence of patterns in prehispanic granary construction in the Grand Canyon and the Fiftymile Mountain region of Grand Staircase-Escalante. Granaries in the two regions date between A.D. 1000 and A.D. 1250 and are associated with three main cultural groups: the Kayenta branch of the Ancestral Puebloans, the Virgin branch of the Ancestral Puebloans, and the Cohonina. Food storage practices are analyzed using adaptive concepts of optimization and risk minimization, adding to the understanding of the complex nature of human interaction with the environment. Although similar Ancestral Puebloan groups occupied the Grand Canyon and Grand Staircase-Escalante, the results of the research show variability in how granaries were incorporated into scarcity management.
    [Show full text]