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Zion National Park, Utah and Pipe Spring National Monument, Arizona

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Zion National Park, Utah and Pipe Spring National Monument, Arizona Ethnographic Overview And Assessment: Zion National Park, Utah And Pipe Spring National Monument, Arizona Prepared for Rocky Mountain Regional Office National Park Service Denver, CO 1997 (Revised 2013) ETHNOGRAPHIC OVERVIEW AND ASSESSMENT: ZION NATIONAL PARK, UTAH AND PIPE SPRING NATIONAL MONUMENT, ARIZONA Prepared by Richard W. Stoffle Diane E. Austin David B. Halmo Arthur M. Phillips III With the assistance of Carolyn M. Groessl Maria Banks Maria Porter Bureau of Applied Research in Anthropology The University of Arizona in Tucson And Southern Paiute Consortium Pipe Spring, Arizona Submitted to Rocky Mountain Regional Office National Park Service Denver, Colorado July 1999 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures ...........................................................................................................................xi List of Maps ..............................................................................................................................xvi List of Tables ............................................................................................................................xvii Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................xix CHAPTER ONE STUDY OVERVIEW Introduction ............................................................................................................................1 1.1 Ecological Stewardship .....................................................................................................1 1.2 Science of the Human-Ecosystem Interface .....................................................................3 1.3 Creating Useful Ecosystem Social Science ...................................................................... 5 1.4 Working Together ............................................................................................................. 6 1.5 Short-Fall Studies.............................................................................................................. 6 1.6 The Northern Colorado Plateau Ecoregion ....................................................................... 9 1.6.1 Scale .......................................................................................................................... 9 1.6.2 Holism ....................................................................................................................... 11 1.6.3 Smart Databases ........................................................................................................ 12 1.7 Southern Paiute Ecoscape Views ...................................................................................... 13 1.7. 1 Cultural Ecoscapes ................................................................................................... 13 1.7.2 Time Dimensions ...................................................................................................... 14 1.7.3 Critical Cultural Ecoscape Themes ........................................................................... 22 1.8 The Beginning ................................................................................................................... 25 CHAPTER TWO AN ETHNOGRAPHIC AND ETHNOHISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE ON SOUTHERN PAIUTE SOCIO-POLITICAL UNITS Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 26 2.1 Holy Lands and Creation Stories ....................................................................................... 27 2.2 Aboriginal Political Units .................................................................................................. 30 2.2.1 Disease and Sociopolitical Disruption ....................................................................... 30 2.2.2 Subtribes .................................................................................................................... 32 2.2.3 Districts ...................................................................................................................... 34 2.3 Ecosystem Analysis of Yanawant Districts ....................................................................... 36 2.3.1 Social and Ecological Logic of Districts ................................................................... 37 2.3.2 Shivwits/Santa Clara District ..................................................................................... 39 2.3.3 Kaibab Paiute District ................................................................................................ 41 2.3.4 San Juan Paiute District ............................................................................................. 42 2.3.5 Ua'ayukunants District ............................................................................................... 43 2.4 Summary ............................................................................................................................ 45 CHAPTER THREE LEGISLATION AND REGULATIONS Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 47 3.1 Methodology for Legal Review ........................................................................................ 48 3.2 Legal Summary of Southern Paiute Tribes ....................................................................... 49 3.2.1 Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah....................................................................................... 50 3.2.2 Kaibab Paiute Tribe .................................................................................................. 53 3.3 Legal Summary of Involved Park Service Units .............................................................. 54 3.3.1 Zion National Park .................................................................................................... 54 3.3.2 Pipe Spring National Monument .............................................................................. 55 3.3.3 U.S. Laws Governing Management of Cultural Resources ...................................... 56 3.3.4 National Park Service and Cultural Resource Policy ............................................... 61 3.4 Summary ........................................................................................................................... 64 CHAPTER FOUR SOUTHERN PAIUTE CULTURAL ECOSCAPES Introduction ............................................................................................................................65 4.1 A Southern Paiute Homeland Perspective ........................................................................ 65 4.1.1 Our Connection to This Land: Zion National Park and Pipe Spring National Monument ................................................................................................................................................. 69 4.1.2 Plant, Animal, and Water Resources ........................................................................ 70 4.1.3 Using Natural Resources........................................................................................... 71 4.1.4 Access for Educational Purposes .............................................................................. 71 4.1.5 Park Interpretation .................................................................................................... 72 4.2 Perspectives on the Virgin River Ecoscape ...................................................................... 72 4.2.1 General Ecosystem Integration ................................................................................. 73 4.2.2 Upper Basin Reach ................................................................................................... 74 4.2.3 Zion Canyon Reach................................................................................................... 77 4.2.4 Zion Canyon to Ash Creek Reach ............................................................................ 81 4.2.5 Ash Creek to Virgin River Gorge Reach .................................................................. 82 4.2.6 Virgin River Gorge to Confluence with Muddy River (St. Thomas) ....................... 83 4.3 Perspectives on Kanab Creek Ecoscape ........................................................................... 84 4.3.1 Bedrock Canyon Reach (Confluence Kanab Creek and Johnson Wash to Colorado River) ...................................................................................................................................... 86 4.4 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 88 CHAPTER FIVE ZION NATIONAL PARK-VIRGIN RIVER ECOSCAPE SITE ANALYSIS Introduction ............................................................................................................................91 5.1 Study Methodology ........................................................................................................... 91 5.1.1 Documents Search .................................................................................................... 91 5.1.2 Onsite Visits .............................................................................................................. 91 5.2 Ethnographic Overview of Zion ....................................................................................... 93 5.2.1 General Overview ..................................................................................................... 94 5.2.2 The
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