InsideInside thethe DynamicDynamic CellCell ChaptersChapters 44 && 55 AnimalculesAnimalcules andand BeastiesBeasties  VanVan LeeuwenhoekLeeuwenhoek waswas thethe firstfirst toto describedescribe smallsmall organismsorganisms seenseen throughthrough aa microscope,microscope, whichwhich hehe calledcalled animalculesanimalcules andand beastiesbeasties

 HookeHooke waswas thethe firstfirst toto sketchsketch andand namename cellscells

 WeWe havehave asas manymany asas 100100 trilliontrillion cellscells inin ourour body!body! TheThe CellCell TheoryTheory EmergesEmerges  InIn 1839,1839, SchleidenSchleiden andand SchwannSchwann proposedproposed thethe basicbasic conceptsconcepts ofof thethe modernmodern cellcell theorytheory  AllAll organismsorganisms consistsconsists ofof oneone oror moremore cellscells  EachEach newnew cellcell arisesarises fromfrom divisiondivision ofof another,another, preexistingpreexisting cellcell TheThe BasicsBasics ofof CellCell StructureStructure  AllAll cellscells havehave aa plasmaplasma membranemembrane andand cytoplasm,cytoplasm, andand allall startstart outout lifelife withwith DNADNA  22 mainmain typestypes ofof cellscells  EukaryoticEukaryotic cellcell  CellCell interiorinterior isis divideddivided intointo functionalfunctional compartments,compartments, includingincluding aa nucleusnucleus

 ProkaryoticProkaryotic cellcell  Small,Small, simplesimple cellscells withoutwithout aa nucleusnucleus  DNADNA inin nucleoidnucleoid regionregion AllAll CellsCells HaveHave ThreeThree ThingsThings InIn CommonCommon  PlasmaPlasma membranemembrane  ControlsControls substancessubstances passingpassing inin andand outout ofof thethe cellcell

 DNADNA containingcontaining regionregion  NucleusNucleus inin eukaryoticeukaryotic cellscells  NucleoidNucleoid regionregion inin prokaryoticprokaryotic cellscells

 CytoplasmCytoplasm  AA semifluidsemifluid mixturemixture containingcontaining cellcell componentscomponents Organisms from the domains Bacteria and Archaea – Prokaryotic cells

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

capsule gel-like coating outside the cell wall

nucleoid location of the bacterial chromosome ribosome site of protein synthesis

plasma membrane sheet that surrounds the cytoplasm and regulates fimbriae entrance and exit of molecules hairlike bristles that allow cell wall adhesion structure that provides support to surfaces and shapes the cell cytoplasm semifluid solution surrounded by the plasma membrane; conjugation pilus contains nucleoid and elongated, hollow ribosomes appendage used to transfer DNA to other cells

flagellum rotating filament that propels the cell VisualVisual SummarySummary ofof EukaryoticEukaryotic CellsCells –– PlantPlant CellCell VisualVisual SummarySummary ofof EukaryoticEukaryotic CellsCells –– AnimalAnimal CellCell OrganizationOrganization ofof CellCell MembranesMembranes

 TheThe basicbasic structurestructure ofof allall cellcell membranesmembranes isis thethe lipidlipid bilayerbilayer withwith manymany embeddedembedded proteinsproteins

 AA membranemembrane isis aa continuous,continuous, selectivelyselectively permeablepermeable barrierbarrier TheThe LipidLipid BilayerBilayer

 PhospholipidPhospholipid moleculesmolecules inin thethe plasmaplasma membranemembrane havehave twotwo partsparts  HydrophilicHydrophilic headsheads interactinteract withwith waterwater moleculesmolecules  HydrophobicHydrophobic tailstails interactinteract withwith eacheach other,other, formingforming aa barrierbarrier toto hydrophilichydrophilic moleculesmolecules BasicBasic StructureStructure ofof CellCell MembranesMembranes Animation:Animation: LipidLipid bilayerbilayer organizationorganization

http://www.youtube.com/v/ULR79TiUj80 TheThe FluidFluid MosaicMosaic ModelModel

 FluidFluid mosaicmosaic modelmodel  DescribesDescribes thethe organizationorganization ofof cellcell membranesmembranes  PhospholipidsPhospholipids driftdrift andand movemove likelike aa fluidfluid  TheThe bilayerbilayer isis aa mosaicmosaic mixturemixture ofof phospholipids,phospholipids, steroids,steroids, proteins,proteins, andand otherother moleculesmolecules MembraneMembrane ProteinsProteins

 CellCell membranemembrane functionfunction beginsbegins withwith thethe manymany proteinsproteins associatedassociated withwith thethe lipidlipid bilayerbilayer MembraneMembrane ProteinsProteins  EachEach typetype ofof proteinprotein inin aa membranemembrane hashas aa specialspecial functionfunction  RecognitionRecognition proteinsproteins  ReceptorReceptor proteinsproteins  EnzymesEnzymes  TransportTransport proteinsproteins (active(active andand passive)passive)  JunctionJunction proteinsproteins CellCell membranes:membranes: animation!animation!

http://www.youtube.com/v/GW0lqf4Fqpg CellCell TransportTransport

 IonsIons andand moleculesmolecules tendtend toto movemove fromfrom oneone regionregion toto another,another, inin responseresponse toto gradientsgradients

 ConcentrationConcentration gradientgradient  TheThe differencedifference inin concentrationconcentration (#(# moleculesmolecules inin fluid)fluid) betweenbetween twotwo adjacentadjacent regionsregions  MoleculesMolecules movemove fromfrom aa regionregion ofof higherhigher concentrationconcentration toto oneone ofof lowerlower concentrationconcentration

 TheThe cellcell membranemembrane isis selectivelyselectively permeablepermeable TheThe SelectivelySelectively PermeablePermeable NatureNature

ofof CellCell MembranesMembranes 33 WaysWays ToTo EnterEnter thethe MembraneMembrane  PassivePassive TransportTransport –– higherhigher toto lowerlower concentrations,concentrations, nono energyenergy neededneeded  DiffusionDiffusion  FacilitatedFacilitated diffusiondiffusion

 ActiveActive TransportTransport –– lowerlower toto higherhigher concentration,concentration, requiresrequires energyenergy

 BulkBulk TransportTransport –– independentindependent ofof gradients,gradients, requiresrequires energy,energy, largelarge moleculesmolecules ExamplesExamples ofof DiffusionDiffusion ActiveActive Transport:Transport: CalciumCalcium PumpPump

http://www.youtube.com/v/STzOiRqzzL4 Membrane-CrossingMembrane-Crossing MechanismsMechanisms

Bulk Transport BulkBulk TransportTransport -- EndocytosisEndocytosis andand ExocytosisExocytosis  VesiclesVesicles taketake substancessubstances inin oror outout ofof thethe cellcell http://www.youtube.com/v/HndmASfmI8Y  ExocytosisExocytosis –– outout ofof cellcell  EndocytosisEndocytosis –– intointo cellcell

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v =U9pvm_4-bHg&feature= player_embedded WhichWhich WayWay WillWill WaterWater Move?Move?

 WaterWater diffusesdiffuses acrossacross cellcell membranesmembranes byby osmosisosmosis  TheThe movementmovement ofof waterwater downdown itsits concentrationconcentration gradientgradient –– fromfrom aa regionregion ofof lowerlower solutesolute concentrationconcentration toto aa regionregion ofof higherhigher solutesolute concentrationconcentration

 OsmosisOsmosis isis drivendriven byby tonicitytonicity  TonicityTonicity  TheThe relativerelative concentrationsconcentrations ofof solutessolutes inin twotwo fluidsfluids separatedseparated byby aa selectivelyselectively permeablepermeable membranemembrane TonicityTonicity

WaterWater movesmoves fromfrom aa regionregion ofof lowerlower solutesolute concentrationconcentration toto aa regionregion ofof higherhigher solutesolute concentrationconcentration EukaryoticEukaryotic CellsCells –– aa closercloser looklook  EukaryoticEukaryotic organismsorganisms  PlantsPlants  AnimalsAnimals  ProtistansProtistans  FungiFungi  EukaryoticEukaryotic (“true(“true nucleus”)nucleus”) cellscells carrycarry outout muchmuch ofof theirtheir metabolismmetabolism insideinside membrane-membrane- enclosedenclosed organellesorganelles  OrganelleOrganelle  AA structurestructure thatthat carriescarries outout aa specializedspecialized functionfunction withinwithin aa cellcell OrganellesOrganelles ofof EukaryoticEukaryotic CellsCells 4 categories of organelles:

1. Nucleus and ribosomes

2. Endomembrane system

3. Energy-related

4. Cytoskeleton 1.1. NucleusNucleus && RibosomesRibosomes

 TheThe nucleusnucleus keepskeeps eukaryoticeukaryotic DNADNA awayaway fromfrom potentiallypotentially damagingdamaging reactionsreactions inin thethe cytoplasmcytoplasm

 TheThe nuclearnuclear envelopeenvelope controlscontrols whenwhen DNADNA isis accessedaccessed cytoplasm NucleusNucleus nucleus

plasma membrane

nuclear envelope

nucleoplasm

nucleolus

chromatin TheThe NuclearNuclear EnvelopeEnvelope  NuclearNuclear envelopeenvelope  TwoTwo lipidlipid bilayersbilayers pressedpressed togethertogether asas aa singlesingle membranemembrane surroundingsurrounding thethe nucleusnucleus  OuterOuter bilayerbilayer isis continuouscontinuous withwith thethe ERER  NuclearNuclear porespores allowallow certaincertain substancessubstances toto passpass throughthrough thethe membranemembrane

one of two lipid bilayers (facing nucleoplasm)

nuclear pore (protein complex one of two lipid bilayers NUCLEAR that spans both lipid bilayers) (facing nucleoplasm) ENVELOPE TheThe NucleoplasmNucleoplasm andand NucleolusNucleolus

 NucleoplasmNucleoplasm  ViscousViscous fluidfluid insideinside thethe nuclearnuclear envelope,envelope, similarsimilar toto cytoplasmcytoplasm

 NucleolusNucleolus  AA densedense regionregion inin thethe nucleusnucleus wherewhere subunitssubunits ofof ribosomesribosomes areare assembledassembled fromfrom proteinsproteins andand RNARNA • RibosomesRibosomes helphelp inin makingmaking proteins!proteins! We’llWe’ll seesee moremore later!!!later!!! TheThe ChromosomesChromosomes

 ChromatinChromatin  AllAll DNADNA andand itsits associatedassociated proteinsproteins inin thethe nucleusnucleus

 ChromosomeChromosome  AA singlesingle DNADNA moleculemolecule withwith itsits attachedattached proteinsproteins  HumanHuman bodybody cellscells havehave 4646 chromosomeschromosomes 2.2. TheThe EndomembraneEndomembrane SystemSystem  AA seriesseries ofof interactinginteracting organellesorganelles betweenbetween thethe nucleusnucleus andand thethe plasmaplasma membranemembrane • NuclearNuclear envelopeenvelope –– alreadyalready talkedtalked about!about! • EndoplasmicEndoplasmic reticulumreticulum (ER)(ER) • GolgiGolgi apparatusapparatus • VesiclesVesicles TheThe EndoplasmicEndoplasmic ReticulumReticulum  EndoplasmicEndoplasmic reticulumreticulum (ER)(ER)  AnAn extensionextension ofof thethe nuclearnuclear envelopeenvelope thatthat formsforms aa continuous,continuous, foldedfolded compartmentcompartment  TwoTwo kindskinds ofof endoplasmicendoplasmic reticulumreticulum • RoughRough ERER (with(with ribosomes)ribosomes) thatthat modifiesmodifies proteinsproteins • SmoothSmooth ERER (no(no ribosomes)ribosomes) makesmakes lipids,lipids, breaksbreaks downdown carbohydratescarbohydrates andand lipids,lipids, detoxifiesdetoxifies poisonspoisons GolgiGolgi ApparatusApparatus  AA foldedfolded membranemembrane containingcontaining enzymesenzymes thatthat finishfinish polypeptidespolypeptides andand lipidslipids delivereddelivered byby thethe ERER inin vesiclesvesicles  PackagesPackages finishedfinished productsproducts inin vesiclesvesicles thatthat carrycarry themthem toto thethe plasmaplasma membranemembrane oror toto lysosomeslysosomes  VesiclesVesicles  Small,Small, membrane-enclosedmembrane-enclosed saclikesaclike organellesorganelles thatthat storestore oror transporttransport substancessubstances

smooth ER rough ER transport transport vesicle vesicle

Golgi lysosomes apparatus

secretory incoming vesicle vesicle SpecialSpecial TypesTypes ofof VesiclesVesicles

 LysosomesLysosomes (made(made inin Golgi)Golgi)  VesiclesVesicles thatthat digestdigest moleculesmolecules oror portionsportions ofof thethe cellcell –– havehave digestivedigestive enzymes!enzymes!  PeroxisomesPeroxisomes  VesiclesVesicles containingcontaining enzymesenzymes thatthat breakbreak downdown hydrogenhydrogen peroxide,peroxide, alcohol,alcohol, andand otherother toxinstoxins  VacuolesVacuoles  VesiclesVesicles forfor wastewaste disposal,disposal, storagestorage Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer. Vacuoles Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

vacuoles

c. 400

a.

b. 7,700

a: © Roland/Birke/Peter Arnold; b: © Newcomb/Wergin/BPS; c: © The McGraw Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer Animation:Animation: TheThe GolgiGolgi apparatusapparatus

http://www.youtube.com/v/cnK7RT1q0bA 3.3. Energy-relatedEnergy-related organellesorganelles

 ChloroplastsChloroplasts functionfunction inin photosynthesisphotosynthesis inin plantsplants andand somesome typestypes ofof algaealgae  UseUse solarsolar energyenergy toto synthesizesynthesize carbohydratescarbohydrates

 EukaryoticEukaryotic cellscells makemake mostmost ofof theirtheir ATPATP inin mitochondriamitochondria

 EndosymbiosisEndosymbiosis –– chloroplastschloroplasts andand mitochondriamitochondria havehave theirtheir ownown DNADNA andand ribosomesribosomes chloroplast in the cytoplasm of a plant cell

central vacuole

Thylakoid membrane, a much- folded single flattened two outer membranes compartment inside the stroma stroma (semifluid interior) Fig. 4-20, p.65 MitochondriaMitochondria

 ATP-producingATP-producing powerhouses!powerhouses!  BreakBreak downdown carbohydratescarbohydrates toto makemake ATPATP  FoundFound inin BOTHBOTH plantsplants andand animalsanimals  TheseThese reactionsreactions requirerequire oxygen,oxygen, produceproduce carboncarbon dioxidedioxide MitochondrionMitochondrion 4.4. CytoskeletonCytoskeleton  EukaryoticEukaryotic cellscells havehave aa networknetwork ofof interconnectedinterconnected proteinprotein filamentsfilaments andand tubulestubules  MaintainsMaintains cellcell shapeshape  AllowsAllows cellcell andand organellesorganelles toto movemove (with(with motormotor proteinsproteins ComponentsComponents ofof thethe CytoskeletonCytoskeleton  MicrotubulesMicrotubules  Long,Long, hollowhollow cylinderscylinders  InvolvedInvolved inin shape,shape, motility,motility, cellcell divisiondivision  ActinActin filamentsfilaments  ConsistConsist mainlymainly ofof thethe globularglobular proteinprotein actinactin  TakeTake partpart inin movement,movement, formationformation andand maintenancemaintenance ofof cellcell shapeshape  IntermediateIntermediate filamentsfilaments  MaintainMaintain cellcell andand tissuetissue structuresstructures  ropelikeropelike Motor Proteins  Myosin  Interacts with actin in muscle contraction  Kinesin and dyneinhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gJ309LfHQ3M  Move along microtubules Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

vesicle

kinesin ATP receptor kinesin

microtubule

vesicle moves, not microtubule MovingMoving CellsCells  CiliaCilia andand flagellaflagella  BothBoth mademade ofof microtubulesmicrotubules  CiliaCilia shortershorter andand cilia in bronchial wall flagella of sperm a. more abundant Flagellum more abundant cross section Flagellum

central microtubules

microtubule doublet

dynein side arms

TEM 350,000 http://www.youtube.com/v/E1L27sUzwQ0 plasma membrane TEM 101,000

triplets

Basal body

Basal body OutsideOutside thethe EukaryoticEukaryotic CellCell -- CellCell WallWall  StructuralStructural componentcomponent thatthat wrapswraps aroundaround thethe plasmaplasma membranemembrane  OccursOccurs inin plants,plants, somesome fungi,fungi, somesome protistansprotistans middle lamella

plasma membrane

cytoplasm cytoplasm

plasmodesmata cell wall Junctions cell wall between plant cells

plasmodesmata

cell wall Cell 1 Cell 2 53,000 AnimalAnimal CellsCells –– NoNo cellcell walls!walls!  SomeSome areare surroundedsurrounded byby aa matrixmatrix ofof fibrousfibrous proteinsproteins && polysaccharidespolysaccharides (called(called thethe extracellularextracellular matrix)matrix) –– ECMECM

elastic fiber collagen polysaccharides

receptor protein

cytoskeleton filament cytoplasm  PlantsPlants CellCell JunctionsJunctions  PlasmodesmataPlasmodesmata  AnimalsAnimals  TightTight junctionsjunctions -- barriersbarriers

 AdheringAdhering junctionsjunctions –– sturdysturdy butbut flexibleflexible

 GapGap junctionsjunctions –– communicationcommunication betweenbetween cellscells IntroducingIntroducing ProkaryoticProkaryotic CellsCells

 BacteriaBacteria andand archaeaarchaea areare thethe prokaryotesprokaryotes (“before(“before thethe nucleus”),nucleus”), thethe smallestsmallest andand mostmost metabolicallymetabolically diversediverse formsforms ofof lifelife

 BacteriaBacteria andand archaeaarchaea areare similarsimilar inin appearanceappearance andand size,size, butbut differdiffer inin structurestructure andand metabolismmetabolism GeneralGeneral ProkaryoteProkaryote BodyBody PlanPlan CellCell wallwall surroundssurrounds thethe plasmaplasma membranemembrane MadeMade ofof peptidoglycanpeptidoglycan (in(in bacteria)bacteria) oror proteinsproteins (in(in archaea)archaea) andand coatedcoated withwith aa stickysticky capsulecapsule

FlagellumFlagellum forfor motionmotion

PiliPili helphelp cellscells movemove acrossacross surfacessurfaces SexSex piluspilus aidsaids inin sexualsexual reproductionreproduction ArchaeansArchaeans –– prokaryoticprokaryotic examplesexamples BacteriaBacteria –– moremore prokaryoticprokaryotic examples!examples! KeyKey Concepts:Concepts: ProkaryoticProkaryotic CellsCells

 ArchaeansArchaeans andand bacteriabacteria areare prokaryoticprokaryotic cells,cells, whichwhich havehave few,few, ifif any,any, internalinternal membrane-enclosedmembrane-enclosed compartmentscompartments

 InIn general,general, theythey areare thethe smallestsmallest andand structurallystructurally thethe simplestsimplest cellscells Biology Help!  Ways to study for my exam:  Answer the study guide & COME TO ME/USE THE BOOK IF YOU DON’T UNDERSTAND SOMETHING!!! I CAN’T HELP YOU MEMORIZE, BUT I CAN HELP IN YOUR UNDERSTANDING!!!  Memorize answers/info • Use flash cards • Get in groups • Walk around a pool table • There aren’t any shortcuts!!!

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