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LEVELS of Zn, Pb, As and Hg in SELECTED MARINE FISHES from STRAITS of MALACCA, MALAYSIA

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LEVELS of Zn, Pb, As and Hg in SELECTED MARINE FISHES from STRAITS of MALACCA, MALAYSIA LEVELS OF Zn, Pb, As AND Hg IN SELECTED MARINE FISHES FROM STRAITS OF MALACCA, MALAYSIA BY RINA SHARLINDA HJ. ZABRI A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Science Kulliyyah of Science International Islamic University Malaysia JUNE 2010 ABSTRACT A study of the accumulation of four trace elements (Zn, Pb, As and Hg) in tissues of selected marine fish species namely Japanese Threadfin Bream, Dorab Wolf-herring, White Pomfret, Tiger-toothed Croaker and Emperor Red Snapper from Straits of Malacca was conducted from January 2008 to February 2009. Fish samples were obtained from 16 sampling sites namely; Pontian, Kukup, Muar, Linggi, Pasir Penambang, Tanjung Karang, Hutan Melintang, Pantai Remis, Terong, Batu Maung, Teluk Bahang, Tanjung Dawai, Kuala Kedah, Langkawi, Kuala Perlis and Kuala Sg. Baru. Sampling sites were comprised of Lembaga Kemajuan Ikan Malaysia (LKIM) fish landing ports and local jetties along the states situated on the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Two type of fish tissues were studied; namely muscle and gill. They were dissected and dried before the digestion process took place using HNO3, HF, HCl and H2SO4 in both open and closed digestion system. Correspondingly, determination of heavy metals was carried out by using Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectrometry (ICP-MS). Results for heavy metal accumulation were divided into zonation of the states consisting of the north zone (Perlis, Kedah and Pulau Pinang), middle zone (Perak and Selangor) and south zone (Negeri Sembilan, Melaka and Selangor). The fish samples were found to contain Zn within the range of 2.327 to 5.890 μg/g (dry wt.) in the muscles and 8.722 to 13.960 μg/g (dry wt.) in the gills. The highest Pb levels in the muscles were at 0.263 μg/g (dry wt.) while the lowest was at 0.014 μg/g (dry wt.). In the gills, Pb accumulated from 0.032 μg/g (dry wt.) to 0.193 μg/g (dry wt.) respectively. For As, concentrations in the muscles ranged from 0.004 μg/g (dry wt.) to 0.025 μg/g (dry wt.) while in the gills As accumulated from 0.013 μg/g (dry wt.) to 0.062 μg/g. Interestingly, levels of Hg were between 0.009 μg/g (dry wt.) and 0.026 μg/g (dry wt.) in the muscles and were from 0.005 μg/g (dry wt.) to 0.055 μg/g (dry wt.) in the gills; with both the highest accumulation recorded in White Pomfret and the lowest concentration recorded in Tiger-toothed Croaker. Comparison of heavy metal concentration in the fish from different locations showed significant differences with p<0.05 suggesting the fish is influence by the heavy metal concentration in the surrounding area. Positive correlations were acquired from heavy metal concentrations in the fish with fish size and length, thus proved bigger and larger fish were possible to contain greater amount of metals. A comparative study was also carried out between the existing data on the metals in the fish tissues and species of marine and coastal fish from different regions in the world to observe their trend and status in regional and global contexts. On the whole, the findings from this study revealed that all the metal concentrations in the tissues were lower than the maximum permissible limit as recommended by the Malaysian Food Regulations (1985) and World Health Organization (1990). Results from Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake (PTWI) indicate that concentration of Zn, Pb and Hg are still within the permissible limits. However, As concentration may exceed the permissible limits in a human’s body if consumed according to the weekly intake recorded; thus pose a threat to Malaysian public. ii ﻣﻠﺨﺺ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ وآﺸﻔﺖ دراﺳﺔ ﻟﺘﺮاآﻢ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدن اﻟﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ اﻷرﺑﻊ (اﻟﺰﻧﻚ ، اﻟﺮﺻﺎص ، واﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ و) ﻓﻲ أﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﻣﻦ أﺳﻤﺎك اﻟﻘﺎع اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺎرة ﻣﻦ اﻷﺳﻤﺎك اﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎﻧﻴﺔ هﻤﺎ Threadfin ﺑﺮﻳﻢ، Dorabاﻟﺬﺋﺐ اﻟﺮﻧﺠﺔ، واﻷﺑﻴﺾ ﺑﻮﻣﻔﺮﻳﺖ واﻟﻨﻤﻮر اﻟﻨﺎﻋﺐ ﻣﺜﻠﻢ واﻻﻣﺒﺮاﻃﻮر ﺳﻤﻚ اﻟﻨﻬﺎش اﻷﺣﻤﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻀﻴﻖ ﻣﻠﻘﺎ أﺟﺮي ﺧﻼل اﻟﻔﺘﺮة ﻣﻦ ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ 2008 اﻟﻰ ﻓﺒﺮاﻳﺮ 2009. وﺗﻢ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻴﻨﺎت ﻣﻦ اﻷﺳﻤﺎك ﻣﻦ 15 ﻣﻮاﻗﻊ أﺧﺬ اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎت وهﻤﺎ؛ Pontian، آﻮآﺐ، ﻣﻮار، Linggi، ﺑﺎﺳﻴﺮ Penambang، ﺗﺎﻧﺠﻮﻧﻎ آﺎراﻧﻎ، ﻏﺎﺑﺔ Pantai ،Melintang رﻳﻤﺲ، Terong، ﺑﺎﺗﻮ ﻣﻮﻧﻎ ، ﺗﻴﻠﻮك ﺑﺎهﺎﻧﻎ ، ﺗﺎﻧﺠﻮﻧﻎ دواي، آﻮاﻻ ﻟﻜﻴﺪا ، ﻻﻧﻐﻜﺎوي، آﻮاﻻ ﺑﻴﺮﻟﻴﺲ وآﻮاﻻ ﻟﺴﺎن ﺟﺮﻣﺎن. ﺑﺎرو. هﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﻮاﻗﻊ آﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﺒﺎﻏﺎ Kemajuan اﻟﺴﻤﻜﻴﺔ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺰﻳﺎ (LKIM) ﻣﻮاﻧﺊ إﻧﺰال اﻷﺳﻤﺎك اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ واﻷﺳﻮاق اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻣﺘﺪاد اﻟﺪول اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺴﺎﺣﻞ اﻟﻐﺮﺑﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺟﺰﻳﺮة ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺰﻳﺎ. وهﻤﺎ ﻧﻮع ﻣﻦ اﻧﺴﺠﺔ اﻻﺳﻤﺎك ﺗﻤﺖ دراﺳﺘﻬﺎ ، وﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪا ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻀﻼت واﻟﺨﻴﺸﻮﻣﻴﺔ. آﺎﻧﻮا ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ وﺗﺠﻔﻴﻔﻬﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻬﻀﻢ وﻗﻌﺖ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام HNO3، ﻓﻠﻮرﻳﺪ اﻟﻬﻴﺪروﺟﻴﻦ وآﻠﻮرﻳﺪ اﻟﻬﻴﺪروﺟﻴﻦ و H2SO4 ﻓﻲ آﻼ اﻟﻤﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ واﻟﻤﻐﻠﻘﺔ ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﻬﻀﻢ. ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻞ، ﻟﻢ ﻳﻨﻔﺬ اﻟﻤﺼﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدن اﻟﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺒﻼزﻣﺎ اﻟﻤﺘﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺚ اﻟﻄﻴﻒ (ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺎت اﻟﺪوﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺮض اﻟﺘﺼﻠﺐ اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪد). ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺘﺮاآﻢ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدن اﻟﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ آﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻘﺴﻤﺔ اﻟﻰ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪول اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﺸﻤﺎل (ﺑﻴﺮﻟﻴﺲ وآﻴﺪاﻩ وﺑﻮﻻو ﺑﻴﻨﺎﻧﻎ) ، واﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ (ﺑﻴﺮاك وﺳﻴﻼﻧﻐﻮر) وﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﺠﻨﻮب (ﻧﻴﻐﻴﺮي ﺳﻴﻤﺒﻴﻼن ، ﻣﻠﻘﺎ وﺳﻴﻼﻧﻐﻮر). ﻓﻲ ﻋﻴﻨﺎت ﻣﻦ اﻷﺳﻤﺎك ووﺟﺪ أﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺰﻧﻚ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ 2.327 إﻟﻰ 5.890 ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻏﺮام / ﻟﺘﺮ (ﺑﺎﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺎف) ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻀﻼت و8.722 إﻟﻰ 13.960 ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻏﺮام / ﻏﺮام (ﺑﺎﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺎف) ﻓﻲ اﻟﺨﻴﺎﺷﻴﻢ. أﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎت اﻟﺮﺻﺎص ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻀﻼت وﺻﻠﺖ 0.263 ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻏﺮام / ﻟﺘﺮ (ﺑﺎﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺎف) ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﻦ آﺎن أدﻧﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى ﻓﻲ 0.014 ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻏﺮام / ﻟﺘﺮ (ﺑﺎﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺎف). ﻓﻲ اﻟﺨﻴﺎﺷﻴﻢ ، اﻟﺮﺻﺎص اﻟﻤﺘﺮاآﻢ ﻣﻦ 0.032 ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻏﺮام / ﻟﺘﺮ (ﺑﺎﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺎف) إﻟﻰ 0.193 ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻏﺮام / ﻟﺘﺮ (ﺑﺎﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺎف) ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻮاﻟﻲ. وآﻤﺎ ل، ﺗﺮآﻴﺰات ﻓﻲ ﻋﻀﻼت ﺗﺮاوﺣﺖ ﺑﻴﻦ 0.004 ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻏﺮام / ﻟﺘﺮ (ﺑﺎﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺎف) إﻟﻰ 0.025 ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻏﺮام / ﻟﺘﺮ (ﺑﺎﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺎف) ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﻦ أن اﻟﺨﻴﺎﺷﻴﻢ واﻟﻤﺘﺮاآﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ 0.013 ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻏﺮام / ﻟﺘﺮ (ﺑﺎﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺎف) إﻟﻰ 0.062 ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻏﺮام .g / وﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺜﻴﺮ ﻟﻼهﺘﻤﺎم ، وﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎت اﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ آﺎﻧﺖ أﻋﻤﺎرهﻢ ﺗﺘﺮاوح ﺑﻴﻦ 0.009 ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻏﺮام / ﻟﺘﺮ (ﺑﺎﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺎف) و 0.026 ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻏﺮام / ﻟﺘﺮ (ﺑﺎﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺎف) ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻀﻼت ، وآﺎﻧﻮا ﻣﻦ 0.005 إﻟﻰ 0.055 ﻓﻲ اﻟﺨﻴﺎﺷﻴﻢ ، ﻣﻊ آﻞ ﻣﻦ أﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻌﺪﻻت اﻟﻤﺴﺠﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺮاآﻢ اﻻﺑﻴﺾ وﺑﻮﻣﻔﺮﻳﺖ ﺳﺠﻠﺖ أدﻧﻰ ﺗﺮآﻴﺰ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻤﻮر اﻟﻨﺎﻋﺐ ﻣﺴﻨﻨﺔ. ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺗﺮآﻴﺰ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدن اﻟﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮاﻗﻊ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺳﻤﺎك ﻟﻢ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ اﺧﺘﻼف آﺒﻴﺮ ﻣﻊ ع > 0.05 ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﺳﻤﺎك آﻤﺨﻠﻮق اﻟﻤﺤﻤﻮل اﻟﺬي هﻮ أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺮآﻴﺰ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدن اﻟﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﺔ. ﻋﻼﻗﺎت إﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴﺔ ، ﺗﻢ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺮآﻴﺰات اﻟﻤﻌﺎدن اﻟﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻷﺳﻤﺎك ﻣﻊ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﺴﻤﻚ واﻟﻄﻮل ، وﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺛﺒﺖ أآﺒﺮ وأآﺒﺮ ﺳﻤﻜﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ أآﺒﺮ آﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدن اﻟﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ. دراﺳﺔ ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ iii أﺟﺮﻳﺖ أﻳﻀﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدن ﻓﻲ أﻧﺴﺠﺔ اﻟﺴﻤﻚ وأﻧﻮاع اﻷﺳﻤﺎك اﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ واﻟﺴﺎﺣﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ، ﻟﻤﺮاﻗﺒﺔ اﻟﻮﺿﻊ واﺗﺠﺎهﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻴﺎﻗﺎت اﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ واﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ. ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﻤﻮم ، ﻓﺈن ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ آﺸﻔﺖ أن ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺗﺮآﻴﺰات اﻟﻤﻌﺎدن اﻟﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ آﺎﻧﺖ أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺪ اﻷﻗﺼﻰ اﻟﻤﺴﻤﻮح ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﺤﻮ اﻟﻤﻮﺻﻰ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ وزارة اﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺰﻳﺎ (1998) وﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﻷﻏﺬﻳﺔ واﻟﺰراﻋﺔ (2002). وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ ، وﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺼﻞ اﻷﺳﺒﻮﻋﻲ اﻟﻤﻘﺒﻮل ﻣﺒﺪﺋﻴﺎ (PTWI) وآﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻀﺢ أن اﻟﺘﺮآﻴﺰ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺘﺠﺎوز اﻟﺤﺪود اﻟﻤﺴﻤﻮح ﺑﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺴﻢ اﻹﻧﺴﺎن إذا ﺗﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ وﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ أﺳﺒﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺠﻠﺔ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺧﻄﺮا ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮر اﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺰي. iv APPROVAL PAGE I certify that I have supervised and read this study and that in my opinion; it conforms to acceptable standards of scholarly presentation and is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. ................................................. Kamaruzzaman Bin Yunus Supervisor ………………………..……... Ahmed Jalal Khan Chowdhury Co-Supervisor I certify that I have read this study and that in my opinion, it conforms to acceptable standards of scholarly presentation and is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. …………………………… Shahbudin Saad Examiner This thesis was submitted to the Department of Biotechnology and is accepted as a fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Science. ..............……………… Tg. Haziyamin Tg. Abd. Hamid Head, Department of Biotechnology This thesis was submitted to the Kulliyyah of Science and is accepted as a fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Science. ……………………………… Kamaruzzaman B. Yunus Dean, Kulliyyah of Science v DECLARATION I hereby declare that this dissertation is the result of my own investigations, except where otherwise stated. I also declare that it has not been previously or concurrently submitted as a whole for any other degrees at IIUM or other institutions. Rina Sharlinda binti Hj. Zabri Signature ……………………………… Date ………………... vi INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA DECLARATION OF COPYRIGHT AND AFFIRMATION OF FAIR USE OF UNPUBLISHED RESEARCH Copyright © 2010 by Rina Sharlinda binti Hj. Zabri. All rights reserved. LEVELS OF Zn, Pb, As AND Hg IN SELECTED MARINE FISHES FROM STRAITS OF MALACCA, MALAYSIA No part of this unpublished research may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without prior written permission of the copyright holder except as provided below. 1. Any material contained in or derived from this unpublished research may only be used by others in their writing due acknowledgement. 2. IIUM or its library will have the right to make and transmit copies (print or electronic) for institutional and academic purposes. 3. The IIUM library will have the right to make, store in a retrieval system and supply copies of this unpublished research if requested by other universities and research libraries. Affirmed by Rina Sharlinda binti Hj. Zabri ………………………………… ……………… Signature Date vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Bismillahirrahmanirrahim. In the name of Allah, all Praise is due to Him, the Sustainer of the Heavens and Earth and all that is within it and may His blessings be upon the Prophet Muhammad SAW, peace be upon him. I would like to express my sincere appreciation to my supervisor, Prof. Dr. Kamaruzzaman bin Yunus for his inspiring guidance, opinion, tolerance, encouragement and support to all my endeavours in the field of research and in the preparation of this thesis.
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