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Bresslau in the Kingdom of Prussia, 1741-1871 Had a Grievance to Nurse

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Bresslau in the Kingdom of Prussia, 1741-1871 Had a Grievance to Nurse (Legnica), Brieg (Brzeg) and Wohlau (Wolow) on the extinction of the native MICROCOSM: Portrait of a European City Piasts. The Great Elector had sought to press these claims in 1648 and had by Norman Davies (p. 200-218) contemplated military action twenty years later. But when the Piasts died out in 1675, their duchies were taken over by the House of Habsburg. So Frederick Bresslau in the Kingdom of Prussia, 1741-1871 had a grievance to nurse. Yet, in reality, his actions in 1740 had little to do with legal niceties and everything to do with opportunism and power politics. He saw the invasion of Silesia as his personal 'rendezvous with fame' and, at The rise of Prussia was one of the primary political phenomena of early another level, as the first step on Prussia's rise to greatness. As he would eighteenth-century Europe. At the time of the coronation of Frederick I as candidly confess in his memoirs, 'it was a means of acquiring a reputation and 'King in Prussia' in 1701, his dominions, which consisted of little more than the of increasing the power of the state'. core territories of Brandenburg, Eastern Pomerania and East Prussia, did not The first Silesian campaign of 1740 might reasonably be described as a rate as a great power. Yet by the outbreak of the Seven Years War in 1756, precursor of the Blitzkrieg. Prior to the invasion, utter secrecy was maintained virtually the whole of the European continent was in arms against a Prussian and every strategy of diplomacy exploited. Several regiments were sent on an agglomeration that had become the dominant force in northern Europe. The elaborate feint to the south-west of Berlin and, on the eve of the invasion, a chief architect of this meteoric rise was Frederick (Friedrich) II (r. 1740-86). masked ball was staged in the capital. The King disguised his advance, which His dynasty, the Hohenzollerns, was destined to eclipse the previous leader began on 14 December, as a preventative measure, claiming that Austria was among the German princes - the Habsburgs. on the brink of collapse. Yet, seen from his point of view, it was full of risk. An accomplished flautist and correspondent of Voltaire, yet described as Prussia itself was not yet the major respected power into which Frederick was ruthless, malicious and misanthropic, Frederick succeeded to the Prussian to transform it: throne at the age of twenty-eight. His youth had been an eventful one. Persecuted by his father for an apparent lack of interest in things military, he His officers were considered as mere adventurers ... his soldiers as vile mercenaries; and the had sought to flee the court in 1730 in the company of two friends, name of 'Prussian' seldom occurred without some contumelious jest . The country itself Lieutenants Katte and Keith. Following his arrest, Frederick was forced to formed an undescribed species of hermaphrodite monarchy, which partook rather of the witness the execution of Katte and, during solitary confinement in the fortress meanness of an electorate than the dignity of a kingdom. of Küstrin (Kostrzyn) on the Oder, to endure the prospect of his own execution. He languished at Kiistrin for about fifteen months, during which he What is more, though all precautions were taken, the outcome of the march studied military theory and the workings of the Prussian administration. By could not be foreseen with any certainty: 1733, he had regained his father's esteem. He was to become 'perhaps the At noon on 14 December, Frederick reached Krossen [Krosno], the last town in ablest tactician of military history'. On his accession in 1740, Frederick is said to have recognised that Prussia Brandenburg . The superstitious townspeople were in a state of some alarm, for the King's could not stand still, that she either had to advance to greatness or accept the advent coincided with the fall of the bell in the great church. But Frederick assured them that lot of a second-rank player. So, backed by sound finances and a well-trained the omen was auspicious, signifying the collapse of the House of Habsburg. army of some 100,000 men, he resolved to abandon his father's cautious On 16 December, Frederick and the leading troops marched through a woodland zone and policies. The opportunity for action was to present itself five months after his crossed the Silesian border . The King was met just inside Austrian territory by two black- accession. When the Russian Empress Anna Ivanovna, and the last of the male cloaked figures who stood at the roadside like crows. These were Protestant clergymen from Habsburg line, Emperor Charles VI, died almost simultaneously, Frederick Glogau [Glogow], come to beg Frederick to spare the heretical churches in case of bombardment. The King greeted them as the first of his Silesian subjects. sensed the vulnerable position of the young Maria Theresa in Vienna and the confusion in St Petersburg. Despite the Pragmatic Sanction (see page 160), he Frederick spent that night in a baronial house in Schweinitz [now Swidnica near Zielona Gora] and wrote to Berlin: '. I have crossed the Rubicon with flying colours and beating saw his chance to seize the richest of the Habsburg provinces: Silesia. The Hohenzollerns had been eyeing the Silesian duchies for a long time. A drums. My troops are full of enthusiasm . and our generals are avid for glory.' treaty of 1537 had secured them the succession to the duchies of Liegnitz . Bad weather set in on 18 December. The baggage and artillery dragged far behind, and the soldiers marched in mud and water up to their knees, ruining their white gaiters. was the depth of winter. The cold was severe, and the roads heavy with mire. But the Glogau proved to be rather better defended than . expected, and . the Prussian invasion Prussians pressed on. Resistance was impossible. The Austrian army was then neither threatened to bog down . Frederick was all the more anxious to press on to Breslau numerous nor efficient. The small portion of that army which lay in Silesia was unprepared because he knew that the city authorities . were engaged in talks to admit an Austrian for hostilities. Glogau was blockaded; [Bresslau] opened its gates; Ohlau [Olawa] was garrison. He accordingly left Glogau under blockade . and on 28 December set off for evacuated. A few scattered garrisons still held out; but the whole open country was subjugated; [Bresslau] with the advance guard . no enemy ventured to encounter the King in the field. As he proceeded through Silesia, Frederick bargained with Vienna on the For three days the Prussians camped on the Oder islands while royal and move. He offered to maintain the Pragmatic Sanction and to vote for Maria municipal officials negotiated. It was then agreed that no Prussian garrison Theresa's husband, Francis of Tuscany, as Emperor, if Vienna would meet his would be imposed, so long as neutrality was maintained and the Austrians were terms. He received the Habsburgs' refusal at the gates of Bresslau on New excluded. Frederick preceded his assent with the phrase 'in the present Year's Day 1741. On that freezing day: circumstances and for as long as they prevail' (they were to do so for seven months). It was also agreed, on that same morning of 3 January 1741, that Frederick and his grenadiers arrived outside the massive ramparts of [Bresslau]. The main Silesia's new ruler should perform a ceremonial entry: gates were shut against them, but the wickets were open, and a stream of tradesmen's lads made for the lines of brass-capped Prussians, bearing wine, bread, fish and meat, and Just before noon the royal train entered by way of the Schweidnitzer Tor. Frederick's table dragging casks of beer behind them on little sledges. silver was first through the gate. It was borne on pack-horses which were draped with hangings of blue silk, all adangle with gold tassels and little bells. Frederick himself was Inside the fortress, the tension was tangible. Already burdened with refugees, mounted on a mettlesome steed. His blue silken cloak was bedaubed with the falling the citizens had watched the Prussian advance with an unease that snowflakes, but he repeatedly uncovered his head to acknowledge the greetings of the crowd. foreshadowed unrest. Though not overtly pro-Prussian, the majority of them He descended at the house of Count Schlangenberg in the Albrechtstrasse, and twice appeared were not demonstrably pro-Austrian either. Discontent with Vienna, stemming on the balcony in response to the continuing applause." from economic and religious grievances, was common. On 10 December, when an order had arrived stating that imperial troops were to be sent, it was The royal party tarried for three days, during which time the good behaviour not welcomed. If the long-cherished privilege of self-defence, the Ius praesidii, of its troops did much to make the annexation more acceptable. A was about to be compromised, the population also feared for their other communique sent to the Minister of War, however, betrayed a less peaceful liberties, not least for their freedom of worship. So on 14 December, the tone. 'I have [Bresslau],' Frederick wrote, 'and tomorrow I shall advance against council's proposed acceptance of the order had sparked a large-scale revolt. the enemy further.' What he did was to blockade the Austrian fortresses of Some 600 men, led by a cobbler named Johann Doblin, had stormed the City Glogau and Brieg, attempt the bombardment of Neisse (Nysa), billet his troops Hall and symbolically manned the defences. Their action prevented the entry in winter quarters in the towns and villages of Silesia and then ride home.
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