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Pochodzenie Kamienia Użytego Do Budowy Wybranych Twierdz Na

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Pochodzenie Kamienia Użytego Do Budowy Wybranych Twierdz Na Problemy Słowa kluczowe: twierdza, fort, dzę w Nysie, położoną w kotlinie, kamień, Srebrna Góra, Nysa w pewnej odległości od masywów górskich. Materiał do badań był dwoja- Wprowadzenie kiego rodzaju. Jeżeli pozwalała na to Jedną z cech krajobrazu Pasma sytuacja w terenie i nie prowadziło to Sudetów jest duża liczba dobrze za- do uszkodzeń zabytku, z poszczegól- chowanych zabytków nowożytnych nych miejsc twierdz pobierano nie- fortyfikacji. Okres budowy, a na- wielkie próbki kamieni do dalszych stępnie modernizacji tych umocnień badań laboratoryjnych. Badania te przypada na czas wojen śląskich polegały na makroskopowej analizie (1740–1763) i trwał aż do lat 60. strukturalno-teksturalnej oraz mikro- XIX wieku. Głównymi punktami tego skopowej analizie petrograficznej. zespołu były następujące twierdze: W przypadku niemożności pobrania Świdnica, Srebrna Góra, Kłodzko próbek odpowiednie analizy prze- i Nysa. Z tego okresu pochodzi też prowadzano bezpośrednio na obiek- znaczna liczba małych dzieł obron- cie. Odrębną część badań stanowiły nych na terenie Kotliny Kłodzkiej analizy porównawcze materiału oraz przełęczy i wzgórz broniących zebranego w terenie z posiadaną do niej dostępu. Obecnie, te ciągle bazą danych materiałów skalnych jeszcze nie w pełni rozpoznane, Dolnego Śląska. imponujące budowle i tajemnicze ruiny należące głównie do pruskiej szkoły fortyfikacji, stanowią atrakcję Twierdza Srebrna Góra turystyczną, odróżniającą region Trzecia wojna śląska zakoń- Dolnym Śląsku Dolnym Kłodzka od innych, również boga- czyła się w 1763 r., a zawarty w Hu- tych w zabytki obszarów Polski. bertusburgu pokój między Austrią Jest rzeczą naturalną ze wzglę- i Prusami przesądził o przynależno- du na lokalizację tych twierdz, że ści większej części Śląska i hrabstwa Pochodzenie kamienia kamienia Pochodzenie użytego do budowy twierdz wybranych na Jerzy Potyrała Lorenc, W. Marek głównym materiałem budowlanym kłodzkiego do państwa pruskiego. wykorzystanym przy ich wznoszeniu Król pruski Fryderyk II Wielki nie był kamień. Celem badań było stwier- zapomniał o doświadczeniach wy- Origin of Stone dzenie jaki to był materiał i skąd nikających z wcześniejszych wojen pochodził. Dodatkowo przeanalizo- śląskich i postanowił ufortyfikować Used to Build wano, czy urobek pozyskiwany był Przełęcz Srebrną, leżącą w pobliżu na miejscu względnie w najbliższej Srebrnej Góry. Decyzja króla poważ- Selected okolicy, czy też sprowadzano go nie zaważyła na dalszych losach tej z dalszej odległości. Do badań wy- miejscowości oraz w gwałtowny spo- Fortresses brano typową twierdzę górską, czyli sób zmieniła krajobraz tego miejsca. in Lower Silesia Twierdzę Srebrna Góra oraz twier- Warownia miała zostać wybudowana 4 4/2013 Key words: fortress, fort, stone, fortress, i.e. the Srebrna Góra Fortress, brought a major part of Silesia and Srebrna Góra, Nysa and the fortress in Nysa, which is lo- the County of Kłodzko under Prussian cated in a valley some distance from control. Prussian King Frederick II a mountain range. decided to use the experience gained Introduction Two types of research evidence from the Silesian Wars and fortified Well-preserved, historical mod- were obtained. If it was possible in the Silver Pass located near Srebrna ern fortifications are one of the the field and no damage was done Góra. The King’s decision had a sig- characteristic features of the Sudetes. to the historical monument, small nificant impact on the subsequent The strongholds were built and later samples of stone were collected fate of this place and dramatically modernized during the Silesian Wars from individual fortresses for fur- changed the landscape. The strong- (1740–1763) and building periods ther laboratory testing. This testing hold was to be built on the hills sur- continued until the 1860’s. The ma- involved performing macroscopic rounding the Silver Pass. The major jor strongholds in the Sudetes chain structural and textural analysis and task was to block passage in the event include the following fortresses: microscopic petrographic analysis. If of attack. Together with the fortresses Świdnica, Srebrna Góra, Kłodzko, it was impossible to collect samples, in Nysa, Kłodzko, and Świdnica, this and Nysa. A significant number some testing was performed directly fortress was part of a tight series of of small fort defences around the on site. A comparative analysis was borderline fortifications and it closed Kłodzko Valley; the passes and hills subsequently done on the research the gap between the Kłodzko and protecting access to the valley date material collected in the field and Świdnica Fortresses. In 1764, the back to that period, too. The impres- a database of rock materials from project was commissioned to the sive structures and the intriguing ruins Lower Silesia. Prussian Lieutenant Colonel Ludwig that have not yet been particularly Wilhelm Regeler [Felkel 2005]. well-studied represent primarily the The main complex of fortresses Prussian school of fortress construc- The Fortress was to occupy Srebrna Góra (686 tion. The fortresses are tourist at- in Srebrna Góra mamsl), and it was designed as tractions that distinguish Kłodzko a string of forts stretching along the from other regions of Poland that The Third Silesian War ended in east-west line. The fortress’s central also have an abundance of historical 1763, and the peace Treaty of Huber- point of defence was a Keep that was monuments. tusburg between Austria and Prussia surrounded by five bastions: Upper, The location of the fortresses made stone materials the obvious major resources used for building. The purpose of this research was to find out what material was used and where it came from. Additionally, research was done on whether the stone mate- rial was mined on site or nearby, or whether it was transported from more places further away. The research involved studying a typical mountain Ryc. 1. Obiekty obronne na terenie Twierdzy Srebrna Góra (oprac.: M.W. Lorenc, J. Potyrała na podstawie ryciny Bleyla, Felkel 2005) Fig. 1. Defence fortifications in the Srebrna Góra Fortress (prepared by: M.W. Lorenc, J. Potyrała based on a drawing by Bleyl, Felkel 2005) 4/2013 5 na wzgórzach otaczających Przełęcz między Chochołem Wielkim i Fortem z paleozoicznych łupków, piaskow- Srebrną. Do jej głównego zadania Wysoka Skała wynosiła około 3 km. ców kwarcytowych oraz zlepieńców należałoby blokowanie przełęczy Zajmująca przeszło 100 ha [Lorenc i in. 2006]. w razie wojny. Razem z twierdzami twierdza srebrnogórska, nazywana Mury twierdzy srebrnogórskiej w Nysie, Kłodzku i Świdnicy miała na początku XX wieku ,,Śląskim w większości wykonano z lokalnie tworzyć zwarty pas sudeckich fortyfi- Gibraltarem”, jest wyjątkowym występującego materiału skalnego, kacji granicznych oraz wypełnić lukę zabytkiem sztuki fortyfikacyjnej pozyskiwanego podczas niwelowania między twierdzą kłodzką i świdnicką. w skali Europy. Stanowi przykład wierzchołków wzniesień i przygoto- W 1764 r. realizację projektu zleco- nowożytnej, przełęczowej warowni wywania podłoża pod budowę twier- no pruskiemu ppłk Ludwigowi Wil- górskiej. Układ i poszczególne ele- dzy. Jądro murów stanowiły bloki ka- helmowi Regelerowi [Felkel 2005]. menty twierdzy pozostały właściwie mienne większego formatu, związane Główny zespół forteczny zaj- niezmienione do naszych czasów, co zaprawą wapienną, podczas gdy miał mować miał Górę Srebrną (686 m jest niezwykle rzadkim przypadkiem. i drobniejszą frakcję wykorzystywaną n.p.m.), a zaprojektowano go jako Przestrzenna forma budowli nie ma do formowania przeciwstoków. Lico ciąg fortów w kierunku wschód–za- odpowiednika w twierdzach, które skarp układano z dopasowanych do chód. Centralnym punktem obrony powstawały w kręgu mecenatu króla siebie bloków kamienia o nieregular- twierdzy był Donżon, który otaczało Prus Fryderyka II ani w innych forty- nym kształcie, lecz gładkiej ściance pięć bastionów: Górny, Kleszczowy, fikacjach z jego epoki, ani z czasów licowej, tworzących szczelną i równą Dolny, Nowowiejski i Miejski wraz następnych. Powstanie twierdzy mia- powierzchnię (ryc. 2). z nadszańcem, tzw. Kawalierą, oraz ło również ogromne konsekwencje Wprawdzie materiał budow- usytuowany przed nimi rawelin. krajobrazowe. lany zastosowany do konstrukcji Na wschód od Bastionu Dolnego murów twierdzy jest odporny na de- umiejscowiono esplanadę, a dalej strukcyjne działanie wody, to jednak Fort Wysoką Skałę. Na zachód od Materiał skalny użyty niezbyt dobrej jakości wapno, użyte Bastionu Górnego zlokalizowano do budowy fragmentu do zapraw, utraciło siłę wiążącą. drugą esplanadę i Fort Rogowy. Po W warstwowej strukturze murów przeciwnej stronie przełęczy, na srebrnogórskiej brak było elementów, kotwiących Ostrogu (627 m n.p.m.), usytuowa- twierdzy oblicówkę w jądrze murów. W dol- no samodzielny Fort Ostróg (ryc. 1) nej partii skarp montowano dłuższe [Felkel 2005]. Rejon Srebrnej Góry charakte- bloki, pełniące funkcję wsporników, W kierunku zachodnim roz- ryzuje się skomplikowaną budową rozmieszczone w sporych odstę- lokowane zostały kolejne dzieła geologiczną, ponieważ Przełęcz pach od siebie. Takie rozwiązanie obronne twierdzy noszące nazwę Srebrna leży w strefie kontaktowej niwelowało parcie ciężaru całego Chochoły. Wśród wybudowanych dwóch odmiennych wiekowo i lito- oblicowania na podnóże kamienne- tutaj obiektów fortecznych można logicznie jednostek geologicznych, go płaszcza skarpy. Wynikiem przy- wymienić: Redutę Skrzydłową, Ba- reprezentowanych tu przez zróżni- jęcia takiej technologii jest jednak terię Kazamatową, Baterię Tarasową, cowane masywy
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