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The British Army and the Pre-National Pan- European Military World and the Origins Of THE SPIRIT OF THE CORPS: THE BRITISH ARMY AND THE PRE-NATIONAL PAN- EUROPEAN MILITARY WORLD AND THE ORIGINS OF AMERICAN MARTIAL CULTURE, 1754-1783 by Scott N. Hendrix B.A. Cleveland State University, 1994 M.A. Cleveland State University, 1997 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The College of Arts and Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Pittsburgh 2005 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH FACULTY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES This dissertation was presented by Scott N. Hendrix It was defended on September 8, 2005 and approved by Dr. Roger Manning, Professor Emeritus, Department of History, Cleveland State University Dr. Peter Karsten, Professor, Department of History, University of Pittsburgh Dr. Marcus Rediker, Professor, Department of History, University of Pittsburgh Dr. Van Beck Hall, Associate Professor, Department of History, University of Pittsburgh Dissertation Supervisor ii Copyright © by Scott N. Hendrix 2005 iii THE SPIRIT OF THE CORPS: THE BRITISH ARMY AND THE PRE-NATIONAL PAN-EUROPEAN MILITARY WORLD AND THE ORIGINS OF AMERICAN MARTIAL CULTURE, 1754 - 1783 Scott N. Hendrix University of Pittsburgh, 2005 "The Spirit of the Corps: The British Army and the Pre-national Pan-European Military World and the Origins of American Martial Culture, 1754-1783," argues that during the eighteenth- century there was a transnational martial culture of European soldiers, analogous to the maritime world of sailors and the sea, and attempts to identify the key elements of this martial culture, as reflected in the mid-eighteenth-century British Army, and to briefly describe its transmission to the army of the United States. "The Spirit of the Corps" describes a pan-European military world had it origins in the wars of religion that engulfed Europe in the sixteenth and seventeenth- centuries, and was a long established institution by the eighteenth-century. "The Spirit of the Corps" suggests that honor provided the justification and raison d'etre for the pan-European military world, and could be found embodied in the officer's gentlemanly sense of honor, and the espirit de corps of the rank and file. "The Spirit of the Corps" goes on to describe other important elements of the pan-European martial culture which included: weak military discipline and a relative loose control over soldiers which resulted in the soldier's life being viewed as one of relative freedom; the operation of an implicit contract between followers and leaders; a military community that included non-combatants, women, and children; a process of martial enculturation; a sense of military style that extended into drill and uniforms; and a sense of espirit de corps which loomed especially large during an era when nationalism and ideology were relatively minor factors. "The Spirit of the Corps" concludes by arguing that the Continental Line of the American Revolution was imbued with the culture of the British Army, and the pan-European military world; in its turn, this pan-European martial culture was transmitted to the regular army of the United States were its presence could be seen clearly as late as 1940, and in some ways, can still be detected today. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE....................................................................................................................................XI ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .........................................................................................................XV TERMINOLOGY .................................................................................................................. XVII 1.0 INTRODUCTION: THE WARS............................................................................... 1 1.1 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................ 1 1.2 THE MID-EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY BRITISH ARMY AND THE PAN- EUROPEAN MILITARY WORLD ................................................................................... 5 1.2.1 MULTINATIONAL ARMIES .................................................................... 6 1.2.2 The "State Commissioned" Army............................................................... 9 1.3 THE PROBLEM: HOW DID THEY WORK?...................................................... 12 1.4 THE PRE-NATIONAL PAN-EUROPEAN MARTIAL CULTURE ................... 15 1.4.1 The Elements of the Pre-National Pan-European Martial Culture ....... 16 1.5 CONCLUSION........................................................................................................... 21 2.0 GONE FOR A SOLIDER: THE BACKGROUND TO THE PAN-EUROPEAN MILITARY WORLD ................................................................................................................. 24 2.1 INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................... 24 2.2 BRITAIN AND THE PRE-MODERN PAN-EUROPEAN MARTIAL CULTURE 27 2.2.1 European Armies of the Sixteenth- and Seventeenth-Centuries ............ 27 2.2.2 The Dutch Connection................................................................................ 31 2.2.3 The German Connection ............................................................................ 37 2.3 “THE WARS” AS A NATION OF IMMIGRANTS .............................................. 40 2.3.1 The Pull........................................................................................................ 40 2.3.2 The Push ...................................................................................................... 46 2.3.3 The Un-Citizens........................................................................................... 50 2.4 COLONEL HENRY BOUQUET AND THE ROYAL AMERICAN REGIMENT 55 2.5 CONCLUSION........................................................................................................... 60 v 3.0 UPRIGHT MEN WHO ENTERED FOR STEADY ADVANCEMENT: MILITARY HONOR AND REPUTATION ............................................................................ 63 3.1 INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................... 63 3.2 GENTLEMANLY HONOR AND THE PROFESSION OF ARMS..................... 68 3.3 THE HONOR OF THE MID-EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY OFFICER ............... 72 3.3.1 The Military Virtues................................................................................... 75 3.3.1.1 Courage................................................................................................ 76 3.3.1.2 Loyal Service ....................................................................................... 79 3.3.1.3 Ambition .............................................................................................. 82 3.3.1.4 Conditional Obedience and Authority.............................................. 83 3.3.2 Gentlemanly Behavior and Social Status.................................................. 85 3.3.3 Setting an Example ..................................................................................... 91 3.4 REPUTATION........................................................................................................... 96 3.5 CONCLUSION......................................................................................................... 100 4.0 THE SOUL OF ALL ARMIES:INCONSISTENT DISCIPLINE, SAVAGE PUNISHMENT, ERRATIC REWARD AND "THE CONTRACT" .................................. 105 4.1 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................... 105 4.2 PUNISHMENT AND REWARD............................................................................ 108 4.2.1 Courts-Martial .......................................................................................... 109 4.2.2 Punishment ................................................................................................ 113 4.2.3 Reward....................................................................................................... 119 4.3 DESERTION AND MUTINY................................................................................. 123 4.3.1 Desertion .................................................................................................... 123 4.3.2 Mutiny........................................................................................................ 128 4.4 DISCIPLINE AND CONTROL CONSENSUAL COMMAND AND '"THE CONTRACT"................................................................................................................... 134 4.4.1 Discipline and Control.............................................................................. 134 4.4.2 Consensual Command.............................................................................. 136 4.4.3 The "Contract" ......................................................................................... 137 4.5 CONCLUSION......................................................................................................... 141 5.0 IN THE ARMY: MILITARY LIFE AND COMMUNITY, CAMP FOLLOWERS, AND MARTIAL ENCULTURATION ....................................................... 146 5.1 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................... 146 5.2 THE SOLDIER AND MILITARY LIFE .............................................................. 149 5.2.1 "Gentlemen" Soldiers............................................................................... 149 vi 5.2.1.1 Bearing Arms ...................................................................................
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