DOCSLIB.ORG

Fruit Classification

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Fruit Classification Name______________________ Lab: Fruit Types and Classification of Fruits What is a fruit? Botanically speaking, a fruit is a ripened ovary with seeds and any other structures that enclose it at maturity. This definition of a fruit means that many ‘vegetables’ are fruits (squash, tomatoes, beans, corn) and many ‘grains’ are also fruit (rice, wheat, etc.). Remember that the ovary is part of the pistil, or female part of the flower. When pollen from the stamen reaches the pistil and travels down the style into the ovary, it can fertilize ovules and the seeds and fruit begin to develop. While the seeds develop from the ovules, the ovary tissue undergoes a series of complex changes that results in the development of the fruit. As the ovary develops into a fruit, its wall often thickens and develops three layers: · Exocarp- the outermost layer (often like a skin or peel). · Mesocarp- the middle layer (often fleshy), varies in thickness · Endocarp- the innermost layer (often hard, stony or papery) Together, these layers are called the pericarp. These layers are most visible in “fleshy” fruits: In this lab, you will learn about several common fruit types. I. Fleshy fruits. A. Drupe. A fleshy fruit formed from one ovary with a single stony seed. Examine the Avocado and answer the following questions: What part of the ovary wall is the rough skin of the avocado? What part of the ovary wall forms the fleshy part that we eat? What part of the fruit forms the stone or pit? Name another common drupe that we eat. B. Berry. A fleshy fruit formed from 1 ovary with few to many seeds. Make a sketch of either the tomato, eggplant, or green pepper. Be sure to draw and label the following: pedicel, sepals, style. Where were the petals and stamens attached? Examine the cross-section of the fruit you drew above. How many chambers or locules does it have? II. Dry dehiscent fruit. Dehiscent means that it splits open when mature. A. Legume. These may be somewhat fleshy when young, but become dry when mature. Examine the bean or pea pod on your table and answer the following questions as you observe the fruit. At which end of the pod were the stamens, petals and sepals attached? Is there any evidence of these parts? Split the pod lengthwise along both edges. Do all the seeds adhere to one side, or do they alternate from one side to the other? Legumes are very common in the Sonoran Desert. Think about the vegetation around Tucson and name a common tree or shrub that has a similar fruit and is a legume. III. Dry indehiscent fruit. These do not split open. Use the key below to identify which type of dry indehiscent fruit the following are and write the fruit type in the blanK: a. sunflower seed _____________________ b. corn _____________________ c. maple seed _____________________ d. walnut _____________________ 1. Fruit winged……………………………………………………..(Samara) 1. Fruit not winged………………………………………………………....(2) 2. Ovary wall tough and hard……………………………………..….(Nut) 2. Ovary wall not especially tough and hard………………………….....(3) 3. Seed attached to ovary wall at only one point……………..(Achene) 3. Seed attached to ovary wall at all points…………...…...(Caryopsis) Look for a tiny bump on the upper end of the corn grain marking the location where the silk was attached. What is the silk of corn? How many flowers does it take to make up a cob of corn? One or many? .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Fruits: Kinds and Terms
    FRUITS: KINDS AND TERMS THE IMPORTANT PART OF THE LIFE CYCLE OFTEN IGNORED Technically, fruits are the mature ovaries of plants that contain ripe seeds ready for dispersal • Of the many kinds of fruits, there are three basic categories: • Dehiscent fruits that split open to shed their seeds, • Indehiscent dry fruits that retain their seeds and are often dispersed as though they were the seed, and • Indehiscent fleshy fruits that turn color and entice animals to eat them, meanwhile allowing the undigested seeds to pass from the animal’s gut We’ll start with dehiscent fruits. The most basic kind, the follicle, contains a single chamber and opens by one lengthwise slit. The columbine seed pods, three per flower, are follicles A mature columbine follicle Milkweed seed pods are also large follicles. Here the follicle hasn’t yet opened. Here is the milkweed follicle opened The legume is a similar seed pod except it opens by two longitudinal slits, one on either side of the fruit. Here you see seeds displayed from a typical legume. Legumes are only found in the pea family Fabaceae. On this fairy duster legume, you can see the two borders that will later split open. Redbud legumes are colorful before they dry and open Lupine legumes twist as they open, projecting the seeds away from the parent The bur clover modifies its legumes by coiling them and providing them with hooked barbs, only opening later as they dry out. The rattlepods or astragaluses modify their legumes by inflating them for wind dispersal, later opening to shed their seeds.
    [Show full text]
  • Morphological, Anatomical, and Taxonomic Studies in Anomochloa and Streptochaeta (Poaceae: Bambusoideae)
    SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY NUMBER 68 Morphological, Anatomical, and Taxonomic Studies in Anomochloa and Streptochaeta (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) Emmet J. Judziewicz and Thomas R. Soderstrom SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS Washington, D.C. 1989 ABSTRACT Judziewicz, Emmet J., and Thomas R. Soderstrom. Morphological, Anatomical, and Taxonomic Studies in Anomochloa and Streptochaeta (Poaceae: Bambusoideae). Smithsonian Contributions to Botany, number 68,52 pages, 24 figures, 1 table, 1989.-Although resembling the core group of the bambusoid grasses in many features of leaf anatomy, the Neotropical rainforest grass genera Anomochloa and Streptochaeta share characters that are unusual in the subfamily: lack of ligules, exceptionally long microhairs with an unusual morphology, a distinctive leaf blade midrib structure, and 5-nerved coleoptiles. Both genera also possess inflorescences that are difficult to interpret in conventional agrostological terms. Anomochloa is monotypic, and A. marantoidea, described in 1851 by Adolphe Brongniart from cultivated material of uncertain provenance, was rediscovered in 1976 in the wet forests of coastal Bahia, Brazil. The inflorescence terminates in a spikelet and bears along its rachis several scorpioid cyme-like partial inflorescences. Each axis of a partial inflorescence is subtended by a keeled bract and bears as its first appendages two tiny, unvascularized bracteoles attached at slightly different levels. The spikelets are composed of an axis that bears two bracts and terminates in a flower. The lower, chlorophyllous, deciduous spikelet bract is separated from the coriaceous, persistent, corniculate upper bract by a cylindrical, indurate internode. The flower consists of a low membrane surmounted by a dense ring of brown cilia (perigonate annulus) surrounding the andrecium of four stamens, and an ovary bearing a single hispid stigma.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Anatomy Lab 13 – Seeds and Fruits
    Plant Anatomy Lab 13 – Seeds and Fruits In this (final) lab, you will be observing the structure of seeds of gymnosperms and angiosperms and the fruits of angiosperms. Much of the work will be done with a dissecting microscope, but a few prepared slides will also be used. A set of photocopied images from the plant anatomy atlas will be available as a handout. You can use the handout to help you identify the various structures we will be looking at in seeds and fruits. Also, a fruit key is available as a separate handout. Remember that we will be considering only a small fraction of the structural diversity present among seeds of gymnosperms and the seeds and fruits of angiosperms. Seeds Gymnosperms Obtain a prepared slide of an immature pine ovule and of a mature pine ovule. You will be able to tell them apart from the following observations. • Looking at the immature ovule, you will see a megagametophyte with one or more archegonia at the end near the micropyle. The egg inside may or may not have been fertilized. • Also find the nucellus and integument tissues. Next look at a slide of a mature ovule. Instead of the megagametophyte, you will find a developing embryo. As part of this embryo, find the • cotyledons, • the radicle (embryonic root), and the • shoot apical meristem. Depending on its age, you may also notice procambial strands running between the embryonic root and the shoot apex. Points to consider: We might say that gymnosperms and angiosperms have seeds but only angiosperms have fruits - Why is that? Why don’t we consider the seed cone of a pine tree a fruit? Angiosperms Dicot Obtain a bean pod.
    [Show full text]
  • Structure, Physical Characteristics, and Com- Position of the Pericarp and Integument of Johnson Grass Seed in Relation to Its Physiology 1
    STRUCTURE, PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS, AND COM- POSITION OF THE PERICARP AND INTEGUMENT OF JOHNSON GRASS SEED IN RELATION TO ITS PHYSIOLOGY 1 By GEORGE T. HARRINGTON, formerly Scientific Assistant, Seed-Testing Laboratories, and WILLIAM CROCKER, formerly Plant Physiologist, Drug Plant, Poisonous Plant, Physiological and Fermentation Investigations, Bureau of Plant Industry, United States Department of Agriculture. INTRODUCTION These investigations were undertaken in hope of explaining some fea- tures of the behavior of Johnson grass seeds during their initial dormancy, their period of after-ripening, and their germination. As has been shown elsewhere (15) ,2 Johnson grass seeds belong to that group whose well- matured embryos are never'appreciably dormant, the dormancy of the intact fruit being imposed by its outer, nonliving structures. These include (1) the closely adhering, hard, brittle scales, (2) the fused pericarp and inner integument. Removal of the former hastens the germination and increases the germination capacity of the caryopses, whether these are freshly gathered, are fully after-ripened, or are in process of after- ripening, but does not appreciably affect the rate of after-ripening. Furthermore, removal of the fused pericarp and integument by corrosion with concentrated sulphuric acid or even its removal over one side of the embryo by means of a sharp needle induces the complete germination within three or four days even of freshly gathered grains which, without such treatment, would scarcely germinate at all in weeks or months. It has also been shown (15, 16) that the germination of Johnson grass seeds is highly dependent upon the maintenance of alternating temper- atures, that this sensitiveness to temperature conditions disappears upon the removal of the seed coverings, and that certain chemical substances exert a stimulating action upon their germination, particularly after the removal of the caryopses from the inclosing scales.
    [Show full text]
  • Strawberry Plant Structure and Growth Habit E
    Strawberry Plant Structure and Growth Habit E. Barclay Poling Professor Emeritus, NC State University Campus Box 7609, Raleigh NC 27695-7609 Introduction The strawberry plant has a short thickened stem (called a “crown”) which has a growing point at the upper end and which forms roots at its base (Fig. 1). New leaves and flower clusters emerge from “fleshy buds” in the crown in the early spring. From a cultural viewpoint, it is desirable in our region to have the formation of 1-2 “side stems” called branch crowns form during the late fall (Fig. 2). Each branch crown will add to the yield of the main crown by producing its own “flower cluster” or what is technically called an inflorescence. Branch crowns and main crowns are structurally identical, and an inflorescence develops at the terminal growing point of each crown (Fig. 3). Crown growth and development occur when temperatures are above 50o F (mainly in the month of October). Average daily temperatures in November below this temperature will slow branch crown formation and floral development. Row covers may be a good option in November for Camarosa to help stimulate further reproductive development. A well-balanced Camarosa strawberry plant will form 3-5 branch crowns by the time fruiting season begins in the spring. There is excellent potential for a 2 + lb crop per plant (> 15 tons per acre) when you can see the formation of 1-2 side crowns in addition to the main crown (center) in late fall/early winter (Fig. 7). In Chandler and Camarosa it is critical not to plant too early in the fall and run the risk of having too many crowns form (try to avoid the development of more than 6 crowns per plant).
    [Show full text]
  • KEY to FRUIT TYPES 1A. Fruit Derived from Several Ovaries of One Or More Flowers 2A. Fruit Arising from the Several Ovaries of A
    KEY to FRUIT TYPES 1a. Fruit derived from several ovaries of one or more flowers 2a. Fruit arising from the several ovaries of as many flowers (examples: pineapple, mulberry) MULTIPLE FRUIT 2b. Fruit arising from the coalescence of several ripened ovaries of one flower (example: raspberry, blackberry) AGGREGATE FRUIT 1b. Fruit derived from a single ovary (simple or compound) 3a. Fruit fleshy or juicy when ripe 4a. Ovary wall of fruit (or pericarp) entirely or in part fleshy 5a. Fruit indehiscent 6a. Ovary wall entirely fleshy (examples: tomato, cranberry, grape, currant, banana, melon [pepo], and citrus fruit [hesperidium]) BERRY 6b. Ovary wall of three distinct layers, the inner one bony (endocarp), the middle fleshy (mesocarp), and the outer "skin- like" (exocarp) (examples: peach, plum, cherry) DRUPE 5b. Fruit dehiscent 7a. Fruit derived from one carpel FOLLICLE 7b. Fruit derived from a compound gynoecium CAPSULE 4b. Ovary wall (e.g., the outer layer of an apple 'core') of fruit papery, surrounded by a fleshy material that represents the coalescent parts of the stamens, petals, sepals, and (some believe) receptacle (examples: apple, pear, quince) POME 3b. Fruit typically dry and usually hardened when ripe 8a. Fruit indehiscent (does not open or dehisce when mature), generally with one seed 9a. Ovary wall of varying thickness, usually not bony 10a. Fruit not winged (examples: buttercup, 'seeds' of strawberry, sunflower family, sedges, grasses [ovary wall adherent to and surrounding seed, may be called caryopsis or grain]) ACHENE 10b. Fruit winged (examples: elm, tulip tree) SAMARA 9b. Ovary wall hardened and bony 11a. Fruit usually > 5mm long (examples: oak, chestnut, hazelnut) NUT 11b.
    [Show full text]
  • EXTENSION EC1257 Garden Terms: Reproductive Plant Morphology — Black/PMS 186 Seeds, Flowers, and Fruitsextension
    4 color EXTENSION EC1257 Garden Terms: Reproductive Plant Morphology — Black/PMS 186 Seeds, Flowers, and FruitsEXTENSION Anne Streich, Horticulture Educator Seeds Seed Formation Seeds are a plant reproductive structure, containing a Pollination is the transfer of pollen from an anther to a fertilized embryo in an arrestedBlack state of development, stigma. This may occur by wind or by pollinators. surrounded by a hard outer covering. They vary greatly Cross pollinated plants are fertilized with pollen in color, shape, size, and texture (Figure 1). Seeds are EXTENSION from other plants. dispersed by a variety of methods including animals, wind, and natural characteristics (puffball of dandelion, Self-pollinated plants are fertilized with pollen wings of maples, etc.). from their own fl owers. Fertilization is the union of the (male) sperm nucleus from the pollen grain and the (female) egg nucleus found in the ovary. If fertilization is successful, the ovule will develop into a seed and the ovary will develop into a fruit. Seed Characteristics Seed coats are the hard outer covering of seeds. They protect seed from diseases, insects and unfavorable environmental conditions. Water must be allowed through the seed coat for germination to occur. Endosperm is a food storage tissue found in seeds. It can be made up of proteins, carbohydrates, or fats. Embryos are immature plants in an arrested state of development. They will begin growth when Figure 1. A seed is a small embryonic plant enclosed in a environmental conditions are favorable. covering called the seed coat. Seeds vary in color, shape, size, and texture. Germination is the process in which seeds begin to grow.
    [Show full text]
  • KEY to FRUIT TYPES 1A. Fruit Derived from Several Ovaries of One Or More Flowers 2A. Fruit Arising from the Several Ovaries of A
    KEY to FRUIT TYPES 1a. Fruit derived from several ovaries of one or more flowers 2a. Fruit arising from the several ovaries of as many flowers (examples: pineapple, mulberry) MULTIPLE FRUIT 2b. Fruit arising from the coalescence of several ripened ovaries of one flower (example: raspberry, blackberry) AGGREGATE FRUIT 1b. Fruit derived from a single ovary (simple or compound) 3a. Fruit fleshy or juicy when ripe 4a. Ovary wall of fruit (or pericarp) entirely or in part fleshy 5a. Fruit indehiscent 6a. Ovary wall entirely fleshy (examples: tomato, cranberry, grape, currant, banana, melon [pepo], and citrus fruit [hesperidium]) BERRY 6b. Ovary wall of three distinct layers, the inner one bony (endocarp), the middle fleshy (mesocarp), and the outer "skin- like" (exocarp) (examples: peach, plum, cherry) DRUPE 5b. Fruit dehiscent 7a. Fruit derived from one carpel FOLLICLE 7b. Fruit derived from a compound gynoecium CAPSULE 4b. Ovary wall (e.g., the outer layer of an apple 'core') of fruit papery, surrounded by a fleshy material that represents the coalescent parts of the stamens, petals, sepals, and (some believe) receptacle (examples: apple, pear, quince) POME 3b. Fruit typically dry and usually hardened when ripe 8a. Fruit indehiscent (does not open or dehisce when mature), generally with one seed 9a. Ovary wall of varying thickness, usually not bony 10a. Fruit not winged (examples: buttercup, 'seeds' of strawberry, sunflower family, sedges, grasses [ovary wall adherent to and surrounding seed, may be called caryopsis or grain]) ACHENE 10b. Fruit winged (examples: elm, tulip tree) SAMARA 9b. Ovary wall hardened and bony 11a. Fruit usually > 5mm long (examples: oak, chestnut, hazelnut) NUT 11b.
    [Show full text]
  • Flowering Plant Families of Northwestern California: a Tabular Comparison
    CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Digital Commons@Humboldt State University (HSU) Humboldt State University Digital Commons @ Humboldt State University Botanical Studies Open Educational Resources and Data 12-2019 Flowering Plant Families of Northwestern California: A Tabular Comparison James P. Smith Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.humboldt.edu/botany_jps Part of the Botany Commons Recommended Citation Smith, James P., "Flowering Plant Families of Northwestern California: A Tabular Comparison" (2019). Botanical Studies. 95. https://digitalcommons.humboldt.edu/botany_jps/95 This Flora of Northwest California-Regional is brought to you for free and open access by the Open Educational Resources and Data at Digital Commons @ Humboldt State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Botanical Studies by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Humboldt State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FLOWERING PLANT FAMILIES OF NORTHWESTERN CALIFORNIA: A TABULAR COMPARISON James P. Smith, Jr. Professor Emeritus of Botany Department of Biological Sciences Humboldt State University December 2019 Scientific Name Habit Leaves Sexuality • Floral Formula Common Name Fruit Type • Comments Aceraceae TSV SC:O U-m [P] • K 4-5 C 4-5 A 4-10 G (2) Maple Paired samaras • leaves often palmately lobed Acoraceae H S:A U-m • P 3+3 A 6 or G (3) Sweet Flag Berry • aquatic; aromatic rhizomes Aizoaceae HS S:AO B • P [3] 5 [8] A 0-4 Gsi (2-5-4) Ice Plant
    [Show full text]
  • Cell Count and Size in Relation to Fruit Size Among Strawberry Cultivars Guiwen W
    J. AMER. Soc. HORT. SCI. 117(6):946-950. 1992. Cell Count and Size in Relation to Fruit Size Among Strawberry Cultivars Guiwen W. Cheng1 and Patrick J. Breen Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331 Additional index words. achene, cell division, cell volume, Fragaria × ananassa Abstract. Fruit size, number of receptacle cells, and mean cell size were determined throughout development of secondary fruit of three day-neutral strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa Duch.) cultivars grown in a greenhouse. Cells were counted after enzymatic separation of receptacle tissue, and mean cell volume was estimated from cell count and receptacle tissue volume. Size of mature fruit was small (3.8 g) in ‘Tillikum’, medium (11.5 g) in ‘Tristar’, and large (15.6 g) in ‘Selva’. Fruit size was correlated with the number of achenes per berry. Mature fruit of ‘Tillikum’ had a lower fruit fresh weight per achene and lower achene population density (achenes per square centimeter) than the larger-fruited cultivars. The average number of cells per mature fruit was 0.72 × 10 6, 1.96 × 106, and 2.94 x 106 for ‘Tillikum’, ‘Tristar’, and ‘Selva’, respectively. The relative difference among cultivars in the number of receptacle cells was established by the time of anthesis. In all cultivars, cell division was exponential for 10 days following anthesis and ceased by the 15th day. Mean cell volume increased slowly during active cell division, but rose rapidly and linearly for 10 days after cell division halted. Mean cell volume of all cultivars increased > 12-fold after anthesis and was » 6 × 106 µm3 in mature fruit.
    [Show full text]
  • Caryopsis Student Newsletter – Winter/Spring 2020 Greetings to All Student Members of the Cereals & Grains Association! with a New Year Comes New Beginnings
    Caryopsis Student Newsletter – Winter/Spring 2020 Greetings to all student members of the Cereals & Grains Association! With a new year comes new beginnings. Our organization officially changed names from AACC International to the Cereals & Grains Association this past fall 2019. With this new name also comes expanded opportunities that build upon the previous community and resources that were already established. Not only are there changes in our overall organization, but there are also new and exciting changes ahead for our Cereals & Grains Student Association. I am most honored to serve as this year’s Chair of the Student Association, heading a passionate, highly skilled, and ambitious group of student leaders. We will be keeping you all updated as the year progresses. I look forward to our continued success! As for a little about myself, I am a PhD candidate under the advisement of Dr. Bruce Hamaker in the Department of Food Science at Purdue University. Thus far my research has focused on investigating the slow digestion and satiety properties of pearl millet grown in sub-Saharan Africa as well as exploring the implications of starch fine structural features on digestibility and texture applications through collaborative projects. Ultimately, my work will help identify characteristics of glycemic carbohydrates that impart a slow digestion property and elucidate how they can be leveraged to design foods with targeted physiological outcomes. Before graduate school, I received dual bachelor’s degrees in Food and Nutrition Science as well as Spanish from St. Catherine University in St. Paul, MN. In my free time, I enjoy being outdoors, music, and traveling.
    [Show full text]
  • Cereals & Legumes
    BIOL 221 – Concepts of Botany Fall 2010 Important Angiosperm Foods: Cereals & Legumes Although there are several major lineages of plants, our society relies essentially on just one of these, the angiosperms, for food. Today you will acquaint yourselves with some of the two major group angiospermous food plants and their products. Before Coming to Lab: Read sections A (intro), A1, A2, A3, B (intro), B2, and B3. Then answer the following questions. 1. What is a cereal and which lab page did you find the definition? 2. What is a pulse and on which page did you find that definition.? 3. What is the technical definition of a legume fruit and on which page...? 4. Which, the cereals or the pulses, are the most important to humanity in terms of total calories consumed? 5. Which had more abundant starch: cereals or pulses? 6. Which has more abundant protein: cereals or pulses? Concepts of Botany, page 1 of 15 Concepts of Botany, page 2 of 15 A. Cereal Morphology & Anatomy Cereals are grasses (family Poaceae) cultivated for their edible grains. The grain of a grass is a particular type of fruit unique to the family called a “caryopsis.” Cereals include wheat, maize (aka corn in the USA), rye, barley, oats, and rice among others. They are generally the most important food source for humanity in terms of the total calories they contribute to your diet, either directly or indirectly. Table 1. Cereals discussed in this lab manual and their native ranges. Species (common name) Native Range, Origin of Domestication Avena sativa (oats) Europe Hordeum vulgare (barley) SW Asia Oryza sativa (common rice) SE Asia Triticum aestivum (bread wheat) SW Asia Zea mays (corn, maize) Mexico Zizania aquatica (wild rice) North America 1.
    [Show full text]