Global Insights on Access to Justice X

Global Insights on Access to Justice x

Findings from the World Justice Project General Population Poll in 45 Countries Acknowledgements

Global Insights on Access to Justice: convened by the Open Society Justice Findings from the World Justice Project Initiative (OSJI) and the Organisation General Population Poll in 45 Countries for Economic Co-operation and was prepared by Kate Adams, Juan Development (OECD), and included Carlos Botero, Alicia Evangelides, Amy representatives of The Hague Institute Gryskiewicz, Camilo Gutiérrez Patiño, for the Internationalisation of Law Matthew Harman, Alexa Hopkins, (HiiL); Instituto Nacional de Estadística Sarah Chamness Long, Rachel Martin, y Geografía, México; Law and Justice Alejandro Ponce, and Leslie Solís Foundation of New South Wales, Saravia, with the assistance of Erin Australia; The National Institute of Campbell, Ben Carleton, and Jessica Statistics, Cabo Verde; Statistics Sawadogo. South Africa; The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP); Graphic design of this report was The United States Department of provided by Priya Khosla and Bryce de Justice; University College London; Flamand. University of Illinois College of Law; and The World Bank. This study has The conceptual framework and benefited in particular from the input methodology of this study were and guidance of Peter Chapman and developed by Camilo Gutiérrez Patiño, Pascoe Pleasance. The pilot process Sarah Chamness Long, and Alejandro that served as the basis for developing Ponce, with assistance from Amy this study was made possible by the Gryskiewicz and Leslie Solís Saravia. generous support of the Open Society Justice Initiative (OSJI). The findings in this report are taken from the General Population Poll Requests to reproduce this report conducted for the World Justice Project should be sent to Alejandro Ponce, ® Rule of Law Index . The dispute World Justice Project, 1025 Vermont resolution module of the General Avenue, N.W., Suite 1200, Washington,

Population Poll was developed with D.C. 20005 U.S.A. E-mail: [email protected]. input and guidance from an advisory stream of expert stakeholders

ii Table of Contents

1 About this Report 9 Country Profiles 56 Project Design 57 General Population Poll Methodology 60 City Coverage and Polling Methodology

62 Appendix 63 WJP General Population Poll Dispute Resolution Module 63 WJP Access to Civil Justice Summary Statistics

iii

section I

About this Report About this Report

The law provides a foundational framework of rights, responsibilities, and protections that impact virtually every aspect of modern life. This legal framework shapes how ordinary people navigate problems related to employment, housing, education, health, and family life, among many others. In addition to having a legal dimension, these everyday problems profoundly impact people’s health, social stability, and ability to participate in the economy. For this reason, better understanding people’s legal needs and experiences accessing justice provides vital insights for designing policies that foster economic development and inclusive growth.

There is indeed growing recognition that access to justice is foundational to economic and social development. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) maintains that the “inability to resolve legal problems diminishes access to economic opportunity, reinforces the poverty trap, and undermines human potential and inclusive growth.”1 What’s more, with traditionally marginalized groups – including the poor, youth, women, ethnic minorities, the elderly, and migrants – reporting a greater number of legal problems,2 access to justice should be viewed not only as a driver of development, but also as an outcome of inclusive growth. This view has also been endorsed by the United Nations, as the inclusion of Target 16.3 in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) commits member states to “promote the rule of law at the national and international levels, and ensure equal access to justice for all.” However, the two indicators endorsed by the UN Inter-Agency and Expert Group (IAEG) to monitor progress toward Target 16.3 focus exclusively on state-reported aspects of the criminal justice system3 despite legal needs studies showing that a majority of people’s legal issues are civil rather than criminal problems.4

In order to deepen the evidence base for inclusive measures of access to justice in national development plans and in the SDGs, the World Justice Project (WJP) developed and administered a survey module on legal needs and dispute resolution as part of our General Population Poll (GPP), conducted in 45 countries and jurisdictions between July and December 2017. The survey module was designed to capture data on how ordinary people deal with their legal problems, highlighting the most common legal conflicts, respondents’ assessment of both formal and informal resolution processes, and the experiences of people who did not seek legal assistance or who were unable to resolve their problem. In addition, the dispute resolution module also gathers information on citizens’ legal confidence and capability, as well as the impact of legal problems on their life.

1 “Towards Inclusive Growth – Access to Justice: Supporting people-focused justice services.” Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 2016.

2 Pleaseance, Pascoe. “‘Legal Need’ and Legal Needs Surveys: A Background Paper.” East Sussex: Pascoe Pleasence Ltd.,2016.

3 The IAEG global indicators measure access to justice using the “proportion of victims of violence in the previous 12 months who reported their victimization to competent authorities or other officially recognized conflict resolution mechanisms” and “unsentenced detainees as a proportion of overall prison population.” For the full list of SDGs and corresponding indicators, please see: https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/indicators-list.

4 Pleasence, Pascoe, Nigel J. Balmer and Rebecca L. Sandefur. “Paths to Justice: A Past, Present and Future Roadmap.” London: UCL Centre for Empirical Legal Studies, 2013. I: About this Report 2 The WJP’s study is the first-ever effort to capture comparable data on legal needs and public access to civil justice on a global scale, representing the voices of more than 46,000 people in 45 countries. The WJP will expand this study in 2018 to include more than 100 countries and jurisdictions.

This study is the first-ever effort to capture comparable data on legal needs and public access to civil justice on a global scale, representing the voices of more than 46,000 people in 45 countries.

While the majority of previous legal needs surveys varied greatly from country to country and focused primarily on developed nations, the dispute resolution module of the GPP is standardized, allowing for comparisons across countries in different regions and with varying levels of economic development. This module can therefore provide a framework and benchmarks for understanding legal needs and public access to civil justice across a large number of countries, and contribute to the development of robust indicators for measuring access to justice.

Figure 1. 2017 & 2018 Polling Schedule for WJP Global Access to Justice Study

Polling in 2017

Polling in 2018

I: About this Report 3 Study Design and Insights

About this Survey

Every year, the World Justice Project administers the General Population Poll to collect data from representative samples of the general public, which are used to compute the scores and rankings for the WJP’s annual Rule of Law Index®.5 The data presented in this report are derived from the dispute resolution module of the GPP, administered in 45 countries and jurisdictions in the fall of 2017 using a probability sample of 1,000 respondents in the three largest cities of each country. In 2018, the WJP is scheduled to administer the GPP and collect data on access to civil justice for an additional 60 countries (see Figure 1). The dispute resolution module comprises 117 of the 344 questions in the GPP survey instrument, and can be broken into 11 themes or sub-sections that allow the interviewer to follow respondents through their experience dealing with everyday legal problems:

1. Types of legal problems experienced in the last two years

2. Problem seriousness

3. Sources of help and advice, both professional and informal

4. Residual problem resolving behavior, such as attempts to learn more about the legal issue

5. Reasons for advice not being obtained

6. Resolution process, through both formal institutions and informal means

7. Fact and manner of conclusion

8. Perceptions of the quality of the process and outcome

9. Cost of problem resolution

10. Legal capability, awareness, and confidence

11. Impact of experiencing a legal problem

The full dispute resolution module is available for download in the “Appendix” section of this report. Additional information on the WJP’s polling methodology, data validation process, and the sample sizes and city selection of each of the countries and jurisdictions included in the study are available in the “Project Design” section of this report.

5 The General Population Poll (GPP) is one of two original data sources collected by the WJP to compute Rule of Law Index scores and rankings. The second data source is derived from Qualified Respondents’ Questionnaires (QRQs) for legal professionals with expertise in civil and commercial law, criminal law, labor law, and public health. QRQ data were not used for this study. For the full Index methodology, please see: http://worldjusticeproject.org/methodology.

I: About this Report 4 Background & Development

The WJP’s global study on access to justice and the data presented in this report are the culmination of an extensive two-year pilot and vetting process, and reflect the consultations of governments, multilaterals, local civil society organizations, and academics from 17 countries. The dispute resolution module of the GPP draws on a comprehensive review of past legal needs surveys and builds on what is known in the literature as the “Paths to Justice” tradition.

Throughout the development of the survey instrument, the WJP received vital input from an advisory stream of expert stakeholders and justice measurement experts convened by the Open Society Justice Initiative (OSJI) and OECD to produce methodological guidance on the development, implementation, and use of legal needs surveys. In order to produce such guidance for stakeholders seeking to better monitor SDG Target 16.3 and strengthen measures of civil justice, the advisory stream identified and documented the essential components of legal needs surveys, the definition of justiciable problems, and best practices for designing surveys that capture information about forms of legal and social support, resolution mechanisms, and other key impacts and outcomes associated with experiencing a legal problem.

With the input of the advisory stream, the WJP developed a pilot dispute resolution module, which was administered in 61 countries in the summer of 2016. Throughout 2016 and 2017, the WJP continued our engagement with the OSJI and OECD advisory stream and, in addition, participated in a series of in-country and virtual meetings with justice measurement specialists and local experts. These consultations provided an opportunity to discuss the WJP’s methodology and survey instrument, assess the validity of the pilot data, and receive feedback for consideration while refining the survey module for administration in 2017.

With nearly half of those surveyed reporting that their legal problem led to a stress-related illness, loss of employment, or the need to relocate, this study reinforces the impact of justice issues on people’s lives.

I: About this Report 5 Global Insights

While results vary by country, this study reveals that people in all countries experience legal problems, regardless of their socio-economic status and gender. What’s more, many people’s approach to resolving their legal issues does not involve lawyers and courts at all, with most respondents surveyed preferring to seek help from a family member or friend or to work out the problem directly with the other party. This study also reveals that, across countries, many people’s legal problems remain unresolved, either because they could not fully settle the issue or because they ultimately give up or move away. Last but certainly not least, with nearly half of those surveyed (47%) reporting that their legal problem led to a stress-related illness, loss of employment, or the need to relocate, this study reinforces the impact of justice issues on people’s lives.

Country Profiles

The data derived from the dispute resolution module of the GPP are presented as 45 country profiles in the section that follows. Each profile features data from select questions, and is designed to illustrate the paths that respondents followed to deal with their legal problems by highlighting:

1. Incidence of Legal Problems: Shows the percentage of those surveyed who experienced any legal problem in the last two years, both overall and disaggregated by gender. For the purposes of the profile, the 38 disputes listed in the survey instrument are grouped into 13 categories. Please see Table 1 for a full list of legal problems and how they are categorized.

2. Violence: Shows the percentage of those who experienced a legal problem and reported that one of the parties resorted to physical violence during or in the process of settling the dispute.

3. Action or Inaction: Shows the percentage of those who experienced a legal problem and whether they or somebody acting on their behalf turned to any institution or actor to adjudicate, mediate, or resolve the problem. This includes taking the legal problem to a court or tribunal, the police, a government office or authority, a religious or community leader, a third party mediator, or a formal complaints or appeal process.

4. Status of Legal Problems: Shows whether the respondents’ legal problem is done or ongoing. “Done” refers to respondents who either fully resolved their problem or who have given up all actions to resolve it further. For those whose legal problem is done, the profile shows a breakdown of how the problem was concluded. “Ongoing” refers to respondents who reported that their problem is still ongoing or who are still in the early stages of dealing with their dispute.

I: About this Report 6 5. Process, Perceptions & Legal Capability: Breaks down a number of data points on respondents’ experiences and perceptions depending on whether their legal problem is done or ongoing.

5A. Done: Shows the average duration of the resolution process and, for those who incurred costs to resolve their legal problem, the percentage who reported that it was difficult or impossible to find the money needed to pay these costs. This section also shows the percentage of respondents who reported that they were satisfied or very satisfied with the outcome of the resolution process, as well as respondents’ assessment of their ability to deal with their legal problem. This includes whether they knew where to get advice, were confident they could achieve a fair outcome, and could obtain all the expert help they wanted.

5B. Ongoing: Shows the percentage of respondents who reported that they were satisfied or very satisfied with how things were turning out so far with their legal problem. This section also shows legal capability questions reflecting respondents’ assessment of their ability to deal with their dispute. This includes whether they knew where to get advice, were confident they could achieve a fair outcome, and could obtain all the expert help they wanted. 6. Hardship: Shows the percentage – both overall and disaggregated by gender – of those who experienced a legal problem and who reported that they experienced any kind of hardship as a result. This figure is further broken down into specific difficulties experienced, including stress-related illness, the breakdown of a relationship, loss of employment or the need to relocate, and problems with alcohol or drugs.

More detailed summary statistics for each country and jurisdiction can be downloaded from the “Appendix” section of this report.

I: About this Report 7 Table 1: Categorization of Legal Problems from the GPP Dispute Resolution Module

Accidental illness & injury Land Injuries or health problems sustained as a result of an accident Problems obtaining land titles, property titles, or permission for or due to poor working conditions building projects for your own home Injuries or health problems sustained as a result of negligent or Problems related to squatting and land grabbing wrong medical or dental treatment Problems with your neighbors over boundaries or the right to Citizenship & ID pass through property, fences, or trees Difficulties obtaining birth certificates for you or your children Problems with co-owners or community members over selling Difficulties obtaining a government-issued ID card property Problems with you or your children’s citizenship, residency, or Housing immigration status Problems with a landlord about rental agreements, payments, Community & natural resources repairs, deposits, or eviction Problems with gangs, vandalism, or consumption of drugs or Problems with a tenant about rental agreements or property alcohol on the streets damage Lack of access to water, sanitation, and/or electricity Problems with your neighbors over noise, litter, parking spots, or pets Consumer Becoming homeless Problems related to poor or incomplete professional services (for example, services from a lawyer, builder, mechanic, etc.) Law enforcement Problems related to obtaining a refund for faulty or damaged Being beaten up or arrested without justification by a member goods of the police or the military Major disruptions in the supply of utilities (e.g. water, electricity, Money phone) or incorrect billing Difficulties collecting money owed to you Debt Insurance claims being denied Being behind on and unable to pay credit cards, utility bills (e.g. Public services water, electricity, gas), or a loan Difficulties obtaining public benefits or government assistance Being threatened by debt collectors over unpaid loans or bills such as cash transfers, pensions, or disability benefits Being threatened, harassed, or extorted by a mob, a gang, or Difficulties accessing care in public clinics or hospitals another criminal organization Tax disputes or disputes with other government bodies Employment Being dismissed from a job unfairly Difficulties obtaining wages or employment benefits that were agreed on in advance Harassment at work Education Difficulties obtaining a place at a school or other educational institution that you or your children are eligible to attend You or your children being bullied or harassed at school or another educational institution Family Divorce or separation Difficulties obtaining child support payments Difficulties paying child support Dispute over child custody or visitation arrangements Threats or physical violence from a current partner, ex-partner, or other household member Disagreement over the content of a will or the division of property after the death of a family member

I: About this Report 8 section II

Country Profiles World Justice Project Afghanistan Global Insights on Access to Justice

Incidence of Action or Inaction Done Duration Hardship 2.62Average time Months to solve the problem Legal Problems

58% 44% FEMALE FEMALE Experienced58% a legal 37%Turned to an authority or third 72%Have fully resolved or are Experienced42% a problem in the last party to help resolve the problem done with the problem Financial hardship as a result Reported12% that it was difficult or two years 58% of their legal problem 41% MALE Difficulty impossible to pay costs incurred to MALE resolve problem Manner in which the problem

Incidence by type of problem: was resolved: Did63% NOT turn to an authority or third 5% party to help resolve the problem 75% Type of hardship: Accidental illness & injury Problem sorted itself out 5% 16% Satisfaction 26% Citizenship & ID Decision by third party or authority Are75% satisfied with the outcome Stress related illness 9% 6% 20% Community & natural resources Gave up or moved away Relationship breakdown 26% 3% 22% Consumer Other Relocated or lost employment 4% N/A Debt 72%Knew where to get advice Problems with alcohol or drugs 7% Employment Legal 4% Education Capability 59%Were confident they could achieve a fair outcome 13% Family 23% Housing Got49% all the expert help they wanted 19% Land 1% Law enforcement

4% Money 7% Violence Ongoing Satisfaction Public services 47%Are satisfied with the process so far

32%Reported that one party 28%Have not resolved resorted to physical violence the problem 64%Knew where to get advice Legal

Capability 42%Were confident they could achieve a Note: The survey was conducted in the fall of 2017 using a probability sample of 992 adults age 18+ in the three largest cities fair outcome (Kabul, Kandahar, and Herat).

Due to rounding, some figures may not add to 100%. 39%Got all the expert help they wanted Source: WJP General Population Poll 2017, Dispute Resolution Module

II: Country Profiles 10 World Justice Project Austria Global Insights on Access to Justice

Incidence of Action or Inaction Done Duration Hardship 9.68Average time Months to solve the problem Legal Problems

76% 43% FEMALE FEMALE Experienced75% a legal 14%Turned to an authority or third 68%Have fully resolved or are Experienced43% a problem in the last party to help resolve the problem done with the problem Financial hardship as a result Reported13% that it was difficult or two years 75% of their legal problem 42% MALE Difficulty impossible to pay costs incurred to MALE resolve problem Manner in which the problem

Incidence by type of problem: was resolved: Did86% NOT turn to an authority or third 16% party to help resolve the problem 63% Type of hardship: Accidental illness & injury Problem sorted itself out 7% 5% Satisfaction 30% Citizenship & ID Decision by third party or authority Are64% satisfied with the outcome Stress related illness 23% 20% 13% Community & natural resources Gave up or moved away Relationship breakdown 36% 13% 22% Consumer Other Relocated or lost employment 16% 4% Debt 69%Knew where to get advice Problems with alcohol or drugs 14% Employment Legal 10% Education Capability 63%Were confident they could achieve a fair outcome 18% Family 43% Housing Got54% all the expert help they wanted 10% Land 2% Law enforcement

20% Money 31% Violence Ongoing Satisfaction Public services 31%Are satisfied with the process so far

5%Reported that one party 32%Have not resolved resorted to physical violence the problem 62%Knew where to get advice Legal

Capability 54%Were confident they could achieve a Note: The survey was conducted in the fall of 2017 using a probability sample of 1,008 adults age 18+ in the three largest cities fair outcome (Vienna, Graz, and Linz).

Due to rounding, some figures may not add to 100%. 45%Got all the expert help they wanted Source: WJP General Population Poll 2017, Dispute Resolution Module

II: Country Profiles 11 World Justice Project Bosnia & Herzegovina Global Insights on Access to Justice

Incidence of Action or Inaction Done Duration Hardship 7.74Average time Months to solve the problem Legal Problems

29% 45% FEMALE FEMALE Experienced31% a legal 13%Turned to an authority or third 69%Have fully resolved or are Experienced43% a problem in the last party to help resolve the problem done with the problem Financial hardship as a result Reported26% that it was difficult or two years 32% of their legal problem 42% MALE Difficulty impossible to pay costs incurred to MALE resolve problem Manner in which the problem

Incidence by type of problem: was resolved: Did87% NOT turn to an authority or third 4% party to help resolve the problem 53% Type of hardship: Accidental illness & injury Problem sorted itself out 29% 3% 6% Satisfaction Citizenship & ID Decision by third party or authority Are61% satisfied with the outcome Stress related illness

7% 20% 8% Community & natural resources Gave up or moved away Relationship breakdown 20% 21% 24% Consumer Other Relocated or lost employment 5% 3% Debt 51%Knew where to get advice Problems with alcohol or drugs 5% Employment Legal 3% Education Capability 71%Were confident they could achieve a fair outcome 5% Family 12% Housing Got43% all the expert help they wanted 8% Land

1% Law enforcement

3% Money 8% Violence Ongoing Satisfaction Public services 9%Are satisfied with the process so far

5%Reported that one party 31%Have not resolved resorted to physical violence the problem 37%Knew where to get advice Legal

Capability 45%Were confident they could achieve a Note: The survey was conducted in the fall of 2017 using a probability sample of 1,000 adults age 18+ in the three largest cities fair outcome (Sarajevo, Banja Luka, and Tuzla).

Due to rounding, some figures may not add to 100%. 27%Got all the expert help they wanted Source: WJP General Population Poll 2017, Dispute Resolution Module

II: Country Profiles 12 World Justice Project Brazil Global Insights on Access to Justice

Incidence of Action or Inaction Done Duration Hardship 5.85Average time Months to solve the problem Legal Problems

68% 32% FEMALE FEMALE Experienced69% a legal 13%Turned to an authority or third 68%Have fully resolved or are Experienced28% a problem in the last party to help resolve the problem done with the problem Financial hardship as a result Reported12% that it was difficult or two years 70% of their legal problem 24% MALE Difficulty impossible to pay costs incurred to MALE resolve problem Manner in which the problem

Incidence by type of problem: was resolved: Did87% NOT turn to an authority or third 5% party to help resolve the problem 78% Type of hardship: Accidental illness & injury Problem sorted itself out 3% 4% Satisfaction 20% Citizenship & ID Decision by third party or authority Are77% satisfied with the outcome Stress related illness

11% 10% 7% Community & natural resources Gave up or moved away Relationship breakdown 32% 7% 12% Consumer Other Relocated or lost employment 26% 2% Debt 60%Knew where to get advice Problems with alcohol or drugs 9% Employment Legal 10% Education Capability 68%Were confident they could achieve a fair outcome 14% Family 20% Housing Got54% all the expert help they wanted 4% Land

1% Law enforcement

12% Money 23% Violence Ongoing Satisfaction Public services 22%Are satisfied with the process so far

4%Reported that one party 32%Have not resolved resorted to physical violence the problem 30%Knew where to get advice Legal

Capability 40%Were confident they could achieve a Note: The survey was conducted in the fall of 2017 using a probability sample of 1,049 adults age 18+ in the three largest cities fair outcome (São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, and Salvador).

Due to rounding, some figures may not add to 100%. 21%Got all the expert help they wanted Source: WJP General Population Poll 2017, Dispute Resolution Module

II: Country Profiles 13 World Justice Project Burkina Faso Global Insights on Access to Justice

Incidence of Action or Inaction Done Duration Hardship 3.25Average time to solve the problem Legal Problems

66% 24% FEMALE FEMALE Experienced69% a legal 9%Turned to an authority or third 48%Have fully resolved or are Experienced24% a problem in the last party to help resolve the problem done with the problem Financial hardship as a result Reported11% that it was difficult or two years 73% of their legal problem 23% MALE Difficulty impossible to pay costs incurred to MALE resolve problem Manner in which the problem

Incidence by type of problem: was resolved: Did91% NOT turn to an authority or third 10% party to help resolve the problem 77% Type of hardship: Accidental illness & injury Problem sorted itself out 12% 5% Satisfaction 13% Citizenship & ID Decision by third party or authority Are77% satisfied with the outcome Stress related illness

27% 5% 6% Community & natural resources Gave up or moved away Relationship breakdown 11% 36% 14% Consumer Other Relocated or lost employment 10% 4% Debt 54%Knew where to get advice Problems with alcohol or drugs 9% Employment Legal 16% Education Capability 60%Were confident they could achieve a fair outcome 10% Family 16% Housing Got43% all the expert help they wanted 11% Land

2% Law enforcement

27% Money 17% Violence Ongoing Satisfaction Public services 22%Are satisfied with the process so far

6%Reported that one party 52%Have not resolved resorted to physical violence the problem 29%Knew where to get advice Legal

Capability 31%Were confident they could achieve a Note: The survey was conducted in the fall of 2017 using a probability sample of 1,029 adults age 18+ in the three largest cities fair outcome (Ouagadougou, Bobo Dioulasso, and Koudougou).

Due to rounding, some figures may not add to 100%. 26%Got all the expert help they wanted Source: WJP General Population Poll 2017, Dispute Resolution Module

II: Country Profiles 14 World Justice Project Canada Global Insights on Access to Justice

Incidence of Action or Inaction Done Duration Hardship 10.59Average time Monthsto solve the problem Legal Problems

55% 50% FEMALE FEMALE Experienced52% a legal 17%Turned to an authority or third 64%Have fully resolved or are Experienced49% a problem in the last party to help resolve the problem done with the problem Financial hardship as a result Reported11% that it was difficult or two years 49% of their legal problem 49% MALE Difficulty impossible to pay costs incurred to MALE resolve problem Manner in which the problem

Incidence by type of problem: was resolved: Did83% NOT turn to an authority or third 9% party to help resolve the problem 55% Type of hardship: Accidental illness & injury Problem sorted itself out 31% 7% 5% Satisfaction Citizenship & ID Decision by third party or authority Are66% satisfied with the outcome Stress related illness

8% 22% 18% Community & natural resources Gave up or moved away Relationship breakdown 27% 19% 19% Consumer Other Relocated or lost employment 16% 10% Debt 73%Knew where to get advice Problems with alcohol or drugs 12% Employment Legal 8% Education Capability 72%Were confident they could achieve a fair outcome 12% Family 26% Housing Got63% all the expert help they wanted 8% Land

3% Law enforcement

15% Money 17% Violence Ongoing Satisfaction Public services 29%Are satisfied with the process so far

8%Reported that one party 36%Have not resolved resorted to physical violence the problem 70%Knew where to get advice Legal

Capability 62%Were confident they could achieve a Note: The survey was conducted in the fall of 2017 using a probability sample of 1,000 adults age 18+ in the three largest cities fair outcome (Toronto, Montreal, and Calgary).

Due to rounding, some figures may not add to 100%. 52%Got all the expert help they wanted Source: WJP General Population Poll 2017, Dispute Resolution Module

II: Country Profiles 15 World Justice Project Chile Global Insights on Access to Justice

Incidence of Action or Inaction Done Duration Hardship 7.15Average time Months to solve the problem Legal Problems

44% 21% FEMALE FEMALE Experienced44% a legal 13%Turned to an authority or third 79%Have fully resolved or are Experienced23% a problem in the last party to help resolve the problem done with the problem Financial hardship as a result Reported5% that it was difficult or two years 44% of their legal problem 24% MALE Difficulty impossible to pay costs incurred to MALE resolve problem Manner in which the problem

Incidence by type of problem: was resolved: Did87% NOT turn to an authority or third 5% party to help resolve the problem 80% Type of hardship: Accidental illness & injury Problem sorted itself out 1% 6% Satisfaction 15% Citizenship & ID Decision by third party or authority Are84% satisfied with the outcome Stress related illness

4% 7% 7% Community & natural resources Gave up or moved away Relationship breakdown 23% 7% 12% Consumer Other Relocated or lost employment 4% 1% Debt 73%Knew where to get advice Problems with alcohol or drugs 6% Employment Legal 5% Education Capability 76%Were confident they could achieve a fair outcome 9% Family 15% Housing Got69% all the expert help they wanted 7% Land

1% Law enforcement

4% Money 7% Violence Ongoing Satisfaction Public services 36%Are satisfied with the process so far

6%Reported that one party 21%Have not resolved resorted to physical violence the problem 53%Knew where to get advice Legal

Capability 50%Were confident they could achieve a Note: The survey was conducted in the fall of 2017 using a probability sample of 1,011 adults age 18+ in the three largest cities fair outcome (Santiago, Valparaíso/Viña del Mar, and Antofagasta).

Due to rounding, some figures may not add to 100%. 47%Got all the expert help they wanted Source: WJP General Population Poll 2017, Dispute Resolution Module

II: Country Profiles 16 World Justice Project Cote d’Ivoire Global Insights on Access to Justice

Incidence of Action or Inaction Done Duration Hardship 1.70Average time Months to solve the problem Legal Problems

39% 38% FEMALE FEMALE Experienced42% a legal 10%Turned to an authority or third 62%Have fully resolved or are Experienced40% a problem in the last party to help resolve the problem done with the problem Financial hardship as a result Reported15% that it was difficult or two years 45% of their legal problem 42% MALE Difficulty impossible to pay costs incurred to MALE resolve problem Manner in which the problem

Incidence by type of problem: was resolved: Did90% NOT turn to an authority or third 2% party to help resolve the problem 76% Type of hardship: Accidental illness & injury Problem sorted itself out 9% 4% Satisfaction 23% Citizenship & ID Decision by third party or authority Are65% satisfied with the outcome Stress related illness

8% 9% 10% Community & natural resources Gave up or moved away Relationship breakdown 23% 11% 25% Consumer Other Relocated or lost employment 2% 1% Debt 60%Knew where to get advice Problems with alcohol or drugs 2% Employment Legal 1% Education Capability 71%Were confident they could achieve a fair outcome 2% Family 8% Housing Got60% all the expert help they wanted 4% Land 0% Law enforcement

4% Money 3% Violence Ongoing Satisfaction Public services 13%Are satisfied with the process so far

9%Reported that one party 38%Have not resolved resorted to physical violence the problem 40%Knew where to get advice Legal

Capability 57%Were confident they could achieve a Note: The survey was conducted in the fall of 2017 using a probability sample of 1,011 adults age 18+ in the three largest cities fair outcome (Abidjan, Bouaké, and Daloa).

Due to rounding, some figures may not add to 100%. 35%Got all the expert help they wanted Source: WJP General Population Poll 2017, Dispute Resolution Module

II: Country Profiles 17 World Justice Project Czech Republic Global Insights on Access to Justice

Incidence of Action or Inaction Done Duration Hardship 11.73Average time Monthsto solve the problem Legal Problems

82% 54% FEMALE FEMALE Experienced79% a legal 16%Turned to an authority or third 69%Have fully resolved or are Experienced49% a problem in the last party to help resolve the problem done with the problem Financial hardship as a result Reported12% that it was difficult or two years 77% of their legal problem 44% MALE Difficulty impossible to pay costs incurred to MALE resolve problem Manner in which the problem

Incidence by type of problem: was resolved: Did84% NOT turn to an authority or third 18% party to help resolve the problem 58% Type of hardship: Accidental illness & injury Problem sorted itself out 6% 6% Satisfaction 26% Citizenship & ID Decision by third party or authority Are65% satisfied with the outcome Stress related illness

20% 23% 26% Community & natural resources Gave up or moved away Relationship breakdown 44% 13% 27% Consumer Other Relocated or lost employment 18% 8% Debt 72%Knew where to get advice Problems with alcohol or drugs 24% Employment Legal 14% Education Capability 78%Were confident they could achieve a fair outcome 23% Family 42% Housing Got70% all the expert help they wanted 15% Land

2% Law enforcement

24% Money 21% Violence Ongoing Satisfaction Public services 22%Are satisfied with the process so far

7%Reported that one party 31%Have not resolved resorted to physical violence the problem 62%Knew where to get advice Legal

Capability 70%Were confident they could achieve a Note: The survey was conducted in the fall of 2017 using a probability sample of 1,013 adults age 18+ in the three largest cities fair outcome (Prague, Brno, and Ostrava).

Due to rounding, some figures may not add to 100%. 64%Got all the expert help they wanted Source: WJP General Population Poll 2017, Dispute Resolution Module

II: Country Profiles 18 World Justice Project Denmark Global Insights on Access to Justice

Incidence of Action or Inaction Done Duration Hardship 5.45Average time Months to solve the problem Legal Problems

54% 34% FEMALE FEMALE Experienced56% a legal 11%Turned to an authority or third 61%Have fully resolved or are Experienced32% a problem in the last party to help resolve the problem done with the problem Financial hardship as a result Reported5% that it was difficult or two years 58% of their legal problem 31% MALE Difficulty impossible to pay costs incurred to MALE resolve problem Manner in which the problem

Incidence by type of problem: was resolved: Did89% NOT turn to an authority or third 13% party to help resolve the problem 60% Type of hardship: Accidental illness & injury Problem sorted itself out 4% 3% Satisfaction 23% Citizenship & ID Decision by third party or authority Are77% satisfied with the outcome Stress related illness

10% 19% 8% Community & natural resources Gave up or moved away Relationship breakdown 19% 17% 20% Consumer Other Relocated or lost employment 7% 3% Debt 69%Knew where to get advice Problems with alcohol or drugs 13% Employment Legal 6% Education Capability 75%Were confident they could achieve a fair outcome 7% Family 28% Housing Got56% all the expert help they wanted 6% Land 1% Law enforcement

11% Money 11% Violence Ongoing Satisfaction Public services 26%Are satisfied with the process so far

2%Reported that one party 39%Have not resolved resorted to physical violence the problem 50%Knew where to get advice Legal

Capability 51%Were confident they could achieve a Note: The survey was conducted in the fall of 2017 using a probability sample of 1,016 adults age 18+ in the three largest cities fair outcome (Copenhagen, Aarhus, and Aalborg).

Due to rounding, some figures may not add to 100%. 45%Got all the expert help they wanted Source: WJP General Population Poll 2017, Dispute Resolution Module

II: Country Profiles 19 World Justice Project Estonia Global Insights on Access to Justice

Incidence of Action or Inaction Done Duration Hardship 6.54Average time Months to solve the problem Legal Problems

75% 49% FEMALE FEMALE Experienced72% a legal 11%Turned to an authority or third 67%Have fully resolved or are Experienced46% a problem in the last party to help resolve the problem done with the problem Financial hardship as a result Reported9% that it was difficult or two years 70% of their legal problem 43% MALE Difficulty impossible to pay costs incurred to MALE resolve problem Manner in which the problem

Incidence by type of problem: was resolved: Did89% NOT turn to an authority or third 17% party to help resolve the problem 63% Type of hardship: Accidental illness & injury Problem sorted itself out 3% 5% Satisfaction 33% Citizenship & ID Decision by third party or authority Are73% satisfied with the outcome Stress related illness

11% 20% 20% Community & natural resources Gave up or moved away Relationship breakdown 33% 12% 27% Consumer Other Relocated or lost employment 14% 7% Debt 67%Knew where to get advice Problems with alcohol or drugs 16% Employment Legal 9% Education Capability 74%Were confident they could achieve a fair outcome 15% Family 36% Housing Got63% all the expert help they wanted 15% Land 1% Law enforcement

17% Money 23% Violence Ongoing Satisfaction Public services 21%Are satisfied with the process so far

5%Reported that one party 33%Have not resolved resorted to physical violence the problem 51%Knew where to get advice Legal

Capability 57%Were confident they could achieve a Note: The survey was conducted in the fall of 2017 using a probability sample of 1,010 adults age 18+ in the three largest cities fair outcome (Tallinn, Tartu, and Narva).

Due to rounding, some figures may not add to 100%. 39%Got all the expert help they wanted Source: WJP General Population Poll 2017, Dispute Resolution Module

II: Country Profiles 20 World Justice Project Ethiopia Global Insights on Access to Justice

Incidence of Action or Inaction Done Duration Hardship 5.40Average time Months to solve the problem Legal Problems

75% 65% FEMALE FEMALE Experienced74% a legal 29%Turned to an authority or third 39%Have fully resolved or are Experienced66% a problem in the last party to help resolve the problem done with the problem Financial hardship as a result Reported26% that it was difficult or two years 74% of their legal problem 67% MALE Difficulty impossible to pay costs incurred to MALE resolve problem Manner in which the problem

Incidence by type of problem: was resolved: Did71% NOT turn to an authority or third 2% party to help resolve the problem 72% Type of hardship: Accidental illness & injury Problem sorted itself out 3% 19% Satisfaction 42% Citizenship & ID Decision by third party or authority Are53% satisfied with the outcome Stress related illness

14% 6% 26% Community & natural resources Gave up or moved away Relationship breakdown 51% 2% 43% Consumer Other Relocated or lost employment 2% 19% Debt 52%Knew where to get advice Problems with alcohol or drugs 2% Employment Legal 2% Education Capability 39%Were confident they could achieve a fair outcome 6% Family 10% Housing Got36% all the expert help they wanted 15% Land 0% Law enforcement

2% Money 4% Violence Ongoing Satisfaction Public services 36%Are satisfied with the process so far

26%Reported that one party 61%Have not resolved resorted to physical violence the problem 56%Knew where to get advice Legal

Capability 33%Were confident they could achieve a Note: The survey was conducted in the fall of 2017 using a probability sample of 1,037 adults age 18+ in the three largest cities fair outcome (Addis Ababa, Gonder, and Nazret).

Due to rounding, some figures may not add to 100%. 35%Got all the expert help they wanted Source: WJP General Population Poll 2017, Dispute Resolution Module

II: Country Profiles 21 World Justice Project Finland Global Insights on Access to Justice

Incidence of Action or Inaction Done Duration Hardship 12.81Average time Monthsto solve the problem Legal Problems

66% 38% FEMALE FEMALE Experienced69% a legal 7%Turned to an authority or third 68%Have fully resolved or are Experienced41% a problem in the last party to help resolve the problem done with the problem Financial hardship as a result Reported9% that it was difficult or two years 72% of their legal problem 43% MALE Difficulty impossible to pay costs incurred to MALE resolve problem Manner in which the problem

Incidence by type of problem: was resolved: Did93% NOT turn to an authority or third 18% party to help resolve the problem 57% Type of hardship: Accidental illness & injury Problem sorted itself out 3% 2% Satisfaction 27% Citizenship & ID Decision by third party or authority Are66% satisfied with the outcome Stress related illness

16% 23% 14% Community & natural resources Gave up or moved away Relationship breakdown 25% 17% 23% Consumer Other Relocated or lost employment 14% 4% Debt 73%Knew where to get advice Problems with alcohol or drugs 17% Employment Legal 9% Education Capability 72%Were confident they could achieve a fair outcome 14% Family 32% Housing Got56% all the expert help they wanted 8% Land

2% Law enforcement

19% Money 30% Violence Ongoing Satisfaction Public services 26%Are satisfied with the process so far

5%Reported that one party 32%Have not resolved resorted to physical violence the problem 58%Knew where to get advice Legal

Capability 57%Were confident they could achieve a Note: The survey was conducted in the fall of 2017 using a probability sample of 1,014 adults age 18+ in the three largest cities fair outcome (Helsinki, Espoo, and Tampere).

Due to rounding, some figures may not add to 100%. 43%Got all the expert help they wanted Source: WJP General Population Poll 2017, Dispute Resolution Module

II: Country Profiles 22 World Justice Project Georgia Global Insights on Access to Justice

Incidence of Action or Inaction Done Duration Hardship 11.80Average time Monthsto solve the problem Legal Problems

40% 21% FEMALE FEMALE Experienced33% a legal 5%Turned to an authority or third 50%Have fully resolved or are Experienced21% a problem in the last party to help resolve the problem done with the problem Financial hardship as a result Reported11% that it was difficult or two years 27% of their legal problem 22% MALE Difficulty impossible to pay costs incurred to MALE resolve problem Manner in which the problem

Incidence by type of problem: was resolved: Did95% NOT turn to an authority or third 2% party to help resolve the problem 80% Type of hardship: Accidental illness & injury Problem sorted itself out 1% 2% Satisfaction 13% Citizenship & ID Decision by third party or authority Are79% satisfied with the outcome Stress related illness

6% 9% 6% Community & natural resources Gave up or moved away Relationship breakdown 15% 9% 11% Consumer Other Relocated or lost employment 2% 1% Debt 70%Knew where to get advice Problems with alcohol or drugs 3% Employment Legal 2% Education Capability 72%Were confident they could achieve a fair outcome 2% Family 4% Housing Got63% all the expert help they wanted 6% Land 0% Law enforcement

3% Money 5% Violence Ongoing Satisfaction Public services 15%Are satisfied with the process so far

4%Reported that one party 50%Have not resolved resorted to physical violence the problem 54%Knew where to get advice Legal

Capability 50%Were confident they could achieve a Note: The survey was conducted in the fall of 2017 using a probability sample of 1,000 adults age 18+ in the three largest cities fair outcome (Tbilisi, Batumi, and Kutaisi).

Due to rounding, some figures may not add to 100%. 44%Got all the expert help they wanted Source: WJP General Population Poll 2017, Dispute Resolution Module

II: Country Profiles 23 World Justice Project Greece Global Insights on Access to Justice

Incidence of Action or Inaction Done Duration Hardship 12.51Average time Monthsto solve the problem Legal Problems

89% 55% FEMALE FEMALE Experienced89% a legal 21%Turned to an authority or third 51%Have fully resolved or are Experienced54% a problem in the last party to help resolve the problem done with the problem Financial hardship as a result Reported35% that it was difficult or two years 88% of their legal problem 52% MALE Difficulty impossible to pay costs incurred to MALE resolve problem Manner in which the problem

Incidence by type of problem: was resolved: Did79% NOT turn to an authority or third 19% party to help resolve the problem 64% Type of hardship: Accidental illness & injury Problem sorted itself out 8% 6% Satisfaction 28% Citizenship & ID Decision by third party or authority Are71% satisfied with the outcome Stress related illness

14% 20% 13% Community & natural resources Gave up or moved away Relationship breakdown 45% 10% 41% Consumer Other Relocated or lost employment 52% 3% Debt 67%Knew where to get advice Problems with alcohol or drugs 29% Employment Legal 12% Education Capability 77%Were confident they could achieve a fair outcome 20% Family 51% Housing Got53% all the expert help they wanted 19% Land 2% Law enforcement

46% Money 44% Violence Ongoing Satisfaction Public services 27%Are satisfied with the process so far

3%Reported that one party 49%Have not resolved resorted to physical violence the problem 57%Knew where to get advice Legal

Capability 63%Were confident they could achieve a Note: The survey was conducted in the fall of 2017 using a probability sample of 1,015 adults age 18+ in the three largest cities fair outcome (Athens, Thessaloniki, and Patras).

Due to rounding, some figures may not add to 100%. 42%Got all the expert help they wanted Source: WJP General Population Poll 2017, Dispute Resolution Module

II: Country Profiles 24 World Justice Project Honduras Global Insights on Access to Justice

Incidence of Action or Inaction Done Duration Hardship 3.50Average time Months to solve the problem Legal Problems

17% 49% FEMALE FEMALE Experienced18% a legal 14%Turned to an authority or third 70%Have fully resolved or are Experienced45% a problem in the last party to help resolve the problem done with the problem Financial hardship as a result Reported22% that it was difficult or two years 19% of their legal problem 40% MALE Difficulty impossible to pay costs incurred to MALE resolve problem Manner in which the problem

Incidence by type of problem: was resolved: Did86% NOT turn to an authority or third 1% party to help resolve the problem 67% Type of hardship: Accidental illness & injury Problem sorted itself out 1% 7% Satisfaction 26% Citizenship & ID Decision by third party or authority Are77% satisfied with the outcome Stress related illness 1% 9% 12% Community & natural resources Gave up or moved away Relationship breakdown 10% 17% 29% Consumer Other Relocated or lost employment 1% 5% Debt 65%Knew where to get advice Problems with alcohol or drugs 1% Employment Legal 0% Education Capability 73%Were confident they could achieve a fair outcome 2% Family 4% Housing Got65% all the expert help they wanted 3% Land 0% Law enforcement

1% Money 1% Violence Ongoing Satisfaction Public services 30%Are satisfied with the process so far

9%Reported that one party 30%Have not resolved resorted to physical violence the problem 46%Knew where to get advice Legal

Capability 70%Were confident they could achieve a Note: The survey was conducted in the fall of 2017 using a probability sample of 1,100 adults age 18+ in the three largest cities fair outcome (Tegucigalpa, San Pedro Sula, and Choloma).

Due to rounding, some figures may not add to 100%. 53%Got all the expert help they wanted Source: WJP General Population Poll 2017, Dispute Resolution Module

II: Country Profiles 25 World Justice Project Hong Kong SAR, China Global Insights on Access to Justice

Incidence of Action or Inaction Done Duration Hardship 3.38Average time Months to solve the problem Legal Problems

11% 7% FEMALE FEMALE Experienced14% a legal 6%Turned to an authority or third 96%Have fully resolved or are Experienced6% a problem in the last party to help resolve the problem done with the problem Financial hardship as a result Reported2% that it was difficult or two years 17% of their legal problem 6% MALE Difficulty impossible to pay costs incurred to MALE resolve problem Manner in which the problem

Incidence by type of problem: was resolved: Did94% NOT turn to an authority or third 0% party to help resolve the problem 95% Type of hardship: Accidental illness & injury Problem sorted itself out 0% 1% Satisfaction 1% Citizenship & ID Decision by third party or authority Are92% satisfied with the outcome Stress related illness 1% 3% 2% Community & natural resources Gave up or moved away Relationship breakdown 6% 1% 4% Consumer Other Relocated or lost employment 4% 0% Debt 89%Knew where to get advice Problems with alcohol or drugs 1% Employment Legal 0% Education Capability 90%Were confident they could achieve a fair outcome 0% Family 3% Housing Got67% all the expert help they wanted 0% Land 0% Law enforcement

0% Money 1% Violence Ongoing Satisfaction Public services 50%Are satisfied with the process so far

1%Reported that one party 4%Have not resolved resorted to physical violence the problem 83%Knew where to get advice Legal

Capability 80%Were confident they could achieve a fair outcome Note: The survey was conducted in the fall of 2017 using a probability sample of 1,004 adults age 18+ in Hong Kong.

Due to rounding, some figures may not add to 100%. 67%Got all the expert help they wanted Source: WJP General Population Poll 2017, Dispute Resolution Module

II: Country Profiles 26 World Justice Project Hungary Global Insights on Access to Justice

Incidence of Action or Inaction Done Duration Hardship 9.91Average time Months to solve the problem Legal Problems

28% 28% FEMALE FEMALE Experienced29% a legal 8%Turned to an authority or third 79%Have fully resolved or are Experienced26% a problem in the last party to help resolve the problem done with the problem Financial hardship as a result Reported16% that it was difficult or two years 30% of their legal problem 24% MALE Difficulty impossible to pay costs incurred to MALE resolve problem Manner in which the problem

Incidence by type of problem: was resolved: Did92% NOT turn to an authority or third 3% party to help resolve the problem 74% Type of hardship: Accidental illness & injury Problem sorted itself out 1% 3% Satisfaction 18% Citizenship & ID Decision by third party or authority Are81% satisfied with the outcome Stress related illness 3% 17% 9% Community & natural resources Gave up or moved away Relationship breakdown 15% 7% 10% Consumer Other Relocated or lost employment 3% 2% Debt 85%Knew where to get advice Problems with alcohol or drugs 3% Employment Legal 1% Education Capability 81%Were confident they could achieve a fair outcome 5% Family 7% Housing Got67% all the expert help they wanted 3% Land 0% Law enforcement

3% Money 6% Violence Ongoing Satisfaction Public services 21%Are satisfied with the process so far

2%Reported that one party 21%Have not resolved resorted to physical violence the problem 71%Knew where to get advice Legal

Capability 56%Were confident they could achieve a Note: The survey was conducted in the fall of 2017 using a probability sample of 1,000 adults age 18+ in the three largest cities fair outcome (Budapest, Debrecen, and Szeged).

Due to rounding, some figures may not add to 100%. 56%Got all the expert help they wanted Source: WJP General Population Poll 2017, Dispute Resolution Module

II: Country Profiles 27 World Justice Project Indonesia Global Insights on Access to Justice

Incidence of Action or Inaction Done Duration Hardship 1.98Average time Months to solve the problem Legal Problems

24% 5% FEMALE FEMALE Experienced26% a legal 8%Turned to an authority or third 79%Have fully resolved or are Experienced8% a problem in the last party to help resolve the problem done with the problem Financial hardship as a result Reported4% that it was difficult or two years 28% of their legal problem 10% MALE Difficulty impossible to pay costs incurred to MALE resolve problem Manner in which the problem

Incidence by type of problem: was resolved: Did92% NOT turn to an authority or third 1% party to help resolve the problem 93% Type of hardship: Accidental illness & injury Problem sorted itself out 9% 1% Satisfaction 5% Citizenship & ID Decision by third party or authority Are90% satisfied with the outcome Stress related illness 6% 5% 2% Community & natural resources Gave up or moved away Relationship breakdown 9% 1% 3% Consumer Other Relocated or lost employment 4% 0% Debt 88%Knew where to get advice Problems with alcohol or drugs 2% Employment Legal 1% Education Capability 93%Were confident they could achieve a fair outcome 1% Family 7% Housing Got78% all the expert help they wanted 2% Land 0% Law enforcement

6% Money 5% Violence Ongoing Satisfaction Public services 18%Are satisfied with the process so far

2%Reported that one party 21%Have not resolved resorted to physical violence the problem 67%Knew where to get advice Legal

Capability 75%Were confident they could achieve a Note: The survey was conducted in the fall of 2017 using a probability sample of 1,004 adults age 18+ in the three largest cities fair outcome (Jakarta, Surabaya, and Bandung).

Due to rounding, some figures may not add to 100%. 52%Got all the expert help they wanted Source: WJP General Population Poll 2017, Dispute Resolution Module

II: Country Profiles 28 World Justice Project Italy Global Insights on Access to Justice

Incidence of Action or Inaction Done Duration Hardship 13.62Average time Monthsto solve the problem Legal Problems

76% 43% FEMALE FEMALE Experienced75% a legal 14%Turned to an authority or third 68%Have fully resolved or are Experienced41% a problem in the last party to help resolve the problem done with the problem Financial hardship as a result Reported19% that it was difficult or two years 74% of their legal problem 39% MALE Difficulty impossible to pay costs incurred to MALE resolve problem Manner in which the problem

Incidence by type of problem: was resolved: Did86% NOT turn to an authority or third 9% party to help resolve the problem 64% Type of hardship: Accidental illness & injury Problem sorted itself out 11% 4% Satisfaction 21% Citizenship & ID Decision by third party or authority Are62% satisfied with the outcome Stress related illness

20% 19% 14% Community & natural resources Gave up or moved away Relationship breakdown 37% 12% 25% Consumer Other Relocated or lost employment 25% 3% Debt 65%Knew where to get advice Problems with alcohol or drugs 18% Employment Legal 10% Education Capability 63%Were confident they could achieve a fair outcome 15% Family 39% Housing Got55% all the expert help they wanted 12% Land

2% Law enforcement

27% Money 37% Violence Ongoing Satisfaction Public services 21%Are satisfied with the process so far

4%Reported that one party 32%Have not resolved resorted to physical violence the problem 58%Knew where to get advice Legal

Capability 46%Were confident they could achieve a Note: The survey was conducted in the fall of 2017 using a probability sample of 1,004 adults age 18+ in the three largest cities fair outcome (Rome, Milan, and Naples).

Due to rounding, some figures may not add to 100%. 40%Got all the expert help they wanted Source: WJP General Population Poll 2017, Dispute Resolution Module

II: Country Profiles 29 World Justice Project Kazakhstan Global Insights on Access to Justice

Incidence of Action or Inaction Done Duration Hardship 7.00Average time Months to solve the problem Legal Problems

29% 37% FEMALE FEMALE Experienced26% a legal 12%Turned to an authority or third 75%Have fully resolved or are Experienced40% a problem in the last party to help resolve the problem done with the problem Financial hardship as a result Reported26% that it was difficult or two years 24% of their legal problem 45% MALE Difficulty impossible to pay costs incurred to MALE resolve problem Manner in which the problem

Incidence by type of problem: was resolved: Did88% NOT turn to an authority or third 5% party to help resolve the problem 77% Type of hardship: Accidental illness & injury Problem sorted itself out 4% 2% Satisfaction 23% Citizenship & ID Decision by third party or authority Are72% satisfied with the outcome Stress related illness

4% 11% 13% Community & natural resources Gave up or moved away Relationship breakdown 12% 10% 22% Consumer Other Relocated or lost employment 5% 6% Debt 63%Knew where to get advice Problems with alcohol or drugs 6% Employment Legal 3% Education Capability 64%Were confident they could achieve a fair outcome 5% Family 7% Housing Got57% all the expert help they wanted 6% Land

2% Law enforcement

5% Money 8% Violence Ongoing Satisfaction Public services 31%Are satisfied with the process so far

4%Reported that one party 25%Have not resolved resorted to physical violence the problem 59%Knew where to get advice Legal

Due to rounding, some figures may not add to 100%. 35%Got all the expert help they wanted Source: WJP General Population Poll 2017, Dispute Resolution Module

II: Country Profiles 30 World Justice Project Lebanon Global Insights on Access to Justice

Incidence of Action or Inaction Done Duration Hardship 6.05Average time Months to solve the problem Legal Problems

46% 40% FEMALE FEMALE Experienced49% a legal 19%Turned to an authority or third 67%Have fully resolved or are Experienced39% a problem in the last party to help resolve the problem done with the problem Financial hardship as a result Reported21% that it was difficult or two years 52% of their legal problem 39% MALE Difficulty impossible to pay costs incurred to MALE resolve problem Manner in which the problem

Incidence by type of problem: was resolved: Did81% NOT turn to an authority or third 13% party to help resolve the problem 75% Type of hardship: Accidental illness & injury Problem sorted itself out 11% 8% Satisfaction 26% Citizenship & ID Decision by third party or authority Are68% satisfied with the outcome Stress related illness

18% 7% 16% Community & natural resources Gave up or moved away Relationship breakdown 21% 10% 21% Consumer Other Relocated or lost employment 12% 8% Debt 59%Knew where to get advice Problems with alcohol or drugs 12% Employment Legal 8% Education Capability 74%Were confident they could achieve a fair outcome 16% Family 24% Housing Got52% all the expert help they wanted 17% Land

4% Law enforcement

13% Money 14% Violence Ongoing Satisfaction Public services 25%Are satisfied with the process so far

10%Reported that one party 33%Have not resolved resorted to physical violence the problem 48%Knew where to get advice Legal

Due to rounding, some figures may not add to 100%. 44%Got all the expert help they wanted Source: WJP General Population Poll 2017, Dispute Resolution Module

II: Country Profiles 31 World Justice Project Macedonia, FYR Global Insights on Access to Justice

Incidence of Action or Inaction Done Duration Hardship 26.00Average time Monthsto solve the problem Legal Problems

46% 45% FEMALE FEMALE Experienced47% a legal 13%Turned to an authority or third 52%Have fully resolved or are Experienced46% a problem in the last party to help resolve the problem done with the problem Financial hardship as a result Reported26% that it was difficult or two years 48% of their legal problem 47% MALE Difficulty impossible to pay costs incurred to MALE resolve problem Manner in which the problem

Incidence by type of problem: was resolved: Did87% NOT turn to an authority or third 8% party to help resolve the problem 61% Type of hardship: Accidental illness & injury Problem sorted itself out 5% 4% Satisfaction 33% Citizenship & ID Decision by third party or authority Are55% satisfied with the outcome Stress related illness

8% 8% 10% Community & natural resources Gave up or moved away Relationship breakdown 23% 27% 27% Consumer Other Relocated or lost employment 12% 3% Debt 67%Knew where to get advice Problems with alcohol or drugs 8% Employment Legal 6% Education Capability 67%Were confident they could achieve a fair outcome 6% Family 12% Housing Got53% all the expert help they wanted 16% Land 1% Law enforcement

11% Money 10% Violence Ongoing Satisfaction Public services 18%Are satisfied with the process so far

4%Reported that one party 48%Have not resolved resorted to physical violence the problem 53%Knew where to get advice Legal

Capability 62%Were confident they could achieve a Note: The survey was conducted in the fall of 2017 using a probability sample of 1,017 adults age 18+ in the three largest cities fair outcome (Skopje, Kumanovo, and Bitola).

Due to rounding, some figures may not add to 100%. 40%Got all the expert help they wanted Source: WJP General Population Poll 2017, Dispute Resolution Module

II: Country Profiles 32 World Justice Project Madagascar Global Insights on Access to Justice

Incidence of Action or Inaction Done Duration Hardship 6.50Average time Months to solve the problem Legal Problems

34% 58% FEMALE FEMALE Experienced35% a legal 19%Turned to an authority or third 67%Have fully resolved or are Experienced60% a problem in the last party to help resolve the problem done with the problem Financial hardship as a result Reported22% that it was difficult or two years 37% of their legal problem 63% MALE Difficulty impossible to pay costs incurred to MALE resolve problem Manner in which the problem

Incidence by type of problem: was resolved: Did81% NOT turn to an authority or third 5% party to help resolve the problem 66% Type of hardship: Accidental illness & injury Problem sorted itself out 5% 3% Satisfaction 39% Citizenship & ID Decision by third party or authority Are62% satisfied with the outcome Stress related illness 8% 18% 22% Community & natural resources Gave up or moved away Relationship breakdown 9% 13% 39% Consumer Other Relocated or lost employment 4% 9% Debt 77%Knew where to get advice Problems with alcohol or drugs 7% Employment Legal 4% Education Capability 69%Were confident they could achieve a fair outcome 6% Family 16% Housing Got52% all the expert help they wanted 13% Land 2% Law enforcement

3% Money 4% Violence Ongoing Satisfaction Public services 15%Are satisfied with the process so far

24%Reported that one party 33%Have not resolved resorted to physical violence the problem 63%Knew where to get advice Legal

Capability 61%Were confident they could achieve a Note: The survey was conducted in the fall of 2017 using a probability sample of 1,000 adults age 18+ in the three largest cities fair outcome (Antananarivo, Toamasina, and Antsirabe).

Due to rounding, some figures may not add to 100%. 36%Got all the expert help they wanted Source: WJP General Population Poll 2017, Dispute Resolution Module

II: Country Profiles 33 World Justice Project Malawi Global Insights on Access to Justice

Incidence of Action or Inaction Done Duration Hardship 4.65Average time Months to solve the problem Legal Problems

74% 50% FEMALE FEMALE Experienced73% a legal 8%Turned to an authority or third 46%Have fully resolved or are Experienced54% a problem in the last party to help resolve the problem done with the problem Financial hardship as a result Reported16% that it was difficult or two years 72% of their legal problem 57% MALE Difficulty impossible to pay costs incurred to MALE resolve problem Manner in which the problem

Incidence by type of problem: was resolved: Did92% NOT turn to an authority or third 1% party to help resolve the problem 79% Type of hardship: Accidental illness & injury Problem sorted itself out 1% 6% Satisfaction 41% Citizenship & ID Decision by third party or authority Are69% satisfied with the outcome Stress related illness 6% 6% 10% Community & natural resources Gave up or moved away Relationship breakdown 39% 9% 22% Consumer Other Relocated or lost employment 1% 8% Debt 65%Knew where to get advice Problems with alcohol or drugs 4% Employment Legal 2% Education Capability 57%Were confident they could achieve a fair outcome 13% Family 9% Housing Got42% all the expert help they wanted 11% Land 1% Law enforcement

3% Money 4% Violence Ongoing Satisfaction Public services 27%Are satisfied with the process so far

10%Reported that one party 54%Have not resolved resorted to physical violence the problem 52%Knew where to get advice Legal

Capability 33%Were confident they could achieve a Note: The survey was conducted in the fall of 2017 using a probability sample of 1,039 adults age 18+ in the three largest cities fair outcome (Lilongwe, Blantyre, and Mzuzu).

Due to rounding, some figures may not add to 100%. 26%Got all the expert help they wanted Source: WJP General Population Poll 2017, Dispute Resolution Module

II: Country Profiles 34 World Justice Project Malaysia Global Insights on Access to Justice

Incidence of Action or Inaction Done Duration Hardship 3.14Average time Months to solve the problem Legal Problems

70% 30% FEMALE FEMALE Experienced71% a legal 14%Turned to an authority or third 66%Have fully resolved or are Experienced32% a problem in the last party to help resolve the problem done with the problem Financial hardship as a result Reported11% that it was difficult or two years 71% of their legal problem 34% MALE Difficulty impossible to pay costs incurred to MALE resolve problem Manner in which the problem

Incidence by type of problem: was resolved: Did86% NOT turn to an authority or third 7% party to help resolve the problem 77% Type of hardship: Accidental illness & injury Problem sorted itself out 4% 4% Satisfaction 16% Citizenship & ID Decision by third party or authority Are78% satisfied with the outcome Stress related illness

17% 9% 12% Community & natural resources Gave up or moved away Relationship breakdown 41% 10% 17% Consumer Other Relocated or lost employment 12% 6% Debt 75%Knew where to get advice Problems with alcohol or drugs 15% Employment Legal 5% Education Capability 75%Were confident they could achieve a fair outcome 11% Family 38% Housing Got64% all the expert help they wanted 10% Land

2% Law enforcement

13% Money 10% Violence Ongoing Satisfaction Public services 39%Are satisfied with the process so far

4%Reported that one party 34%Have not resolved resorted to physical violence the problem 65%Knew where to get advice Legal

Due to rounding, some figures may not add to 100%. 46%Got all the expert help they wanted Source: WJP General Population Poll 2017, Dispute Resolution Module

II: Country Profiles 35 World Justice Project Mexico Global Insights on Access to Justice

Incidence of Action or Inaction Done Duration Hardship 6.83Average time Months to solve the problem Legal Problems

38% 55% FEMALE FEMALE Experienced38% a legal 11%Turned to an authority or third 66%Have fully resolved or are Experienced49% a problem in the last party to help resolve the problem done with the problem Financial hardship as a result Reported16% that it was difficult or two years 38% of their legal problem 43% MALE Difficulty impossible to pay costs incurred to MALE resolve problem Manner in which the problem

Incidence by type of problem: was resolved: Did89% NOT turn to an authority or third 3% party to help resolve the problem 72% Type of hardship: Accidental illness & injury Problem sorted itself out 3% 4% Satisfaction 29% Citizenship & ID Decision by third party or authority Are68% satisfied with the outcome Stress related illness

10% 13% 15% Community & natural resources Gave up or moved away Relationship breakdown 19% 11% 32% Consumer Other Relocated or lost employment 5% 3% Debt 63%Knew where to get advice Problems with alcohol or drugs 4% Employment Legal 3% Education Capability 67%Were confident they could achieve a fair outcome 7% Family 13% Housing Got63% all the expert help they wanted 8% Land

2% Law enforcement

4% Money 5% Violence Ongoing Satisfaction Public services 21%Are satisfied with the process so far

9%Reported that one party 34%Have not resolved resorted to physical violence the problem 54%Knew where to get advice Legal

Capability 54%Were confident they could achieve a Note: The survey was conducted in the fall of 2017 using a probability sample of 1,000 adults age 18+ in the three largest cities fair outcome (Mexico City, Guadalajara, and Monterrey).

Due to rounding, some figures may not add to 100%. 43%Got all the expert help they wanted Source: WJP General Population Poll 2017, Dispute Resolution Module

II: Country Profiles 36 World Justice Project Mongolia Global Insights on Access to Justice

Incidence of Action or Inaction Done Duration Hardship 4.45Average time Months to solve the problem Legal Problems

64% 50% FEMALE FEMALE Experienced64% a legal 4%Turned to an authority or third 62%Have fully resolved or are Experienced47% a problem in the last party to help resolve the problem done with the problem Financial hardship as a result Reported29% that it was difficult or two years 64% of their legal problem 44% MALE Difficulty impossible to pay costs incurred to MALE resolve problem Manner in which the problem

Incidence by type of problem: was resolved: Did96% NOT turn to an authority or third 13% party to help resolve the problem 73% Type of hardship: Accidental illness & injury Problem sorted itself out 7% 1% Satisfaction 35% Citizenship & ID Decision by third party or authority Are71% satisfied with the outcome Stress related illness

17% 15% 11% Community & natural resources Gave up or moved away Relationship breakdown 27% 11% 28% Consumer Other Relocated or lost employment 12% 3% Debt 66%Knew where to get advice Problems with alcohol or drugs 19% Employment Legal 14% Education Capability 76%Were confident they could achieve a fair outcome 11% Family 19% Housing Got60% all the expert help they wanted 21% Land 1% Law enforcement

25% Money 23% Violence Ongoing Satisfaction Public services 15%Are satisfied with the process so far

5%Reported that one party 38%Have not resolved resorted to physical violence the problem 46%Knew where to get advice Legal

Due to rounding, some figures may not add to 100%. 29%Got all the expert help they wanted Source: WJP General Population Poll 2017, Dispute Resolution Module

II: Country Profiles 37 World Justice Project Nepal Global Insights on Access to Justice

Incidence of Action or Inaction Done Duration Hardship 5.19Average time Months to solve the problem Legal Problems

83% 15% FEMALE FEMALE Experienced84% a legal 5%Turned to an authority or third 70%Have fully resolved or are Experienced19% a problem in the last party to help resolve the problem done with the problem Financial hardship as a result Reported8% that it was difficult or two years 85% of their legal problem 23% MALE Difficulty impossible to pay costs incurred to MALE resolve problem Manner in which the problem

Incidence by type of problem: was resolved: Did95% NOT turn to an authority or third 12% party to help resolve the problem 82% Type of hardship: Accidental illness & injury Problem sorted itself out 5% 1% Satisfaction 11% Citizenship & ID Decision by third party or authority Are80% satisfied with the outcome Stress related illness

30% 7% 4% Community & natural resources Gave up or moved away Relationship breakdown 45% 11% 9% Consumer Other Relocated or lost employment 3% 2% Debt 68%Knew where to get advice Problems with alcohol or drugs 4% Employment Legal 4% Education Capability 70%Were confident they could achieve a fair outcome 5% Family 25% Housing Got46% all the expert help they wanted 16% Land 0% Law enforcement

18% Money 17% Violence Ongoing Satisfaction Public services 20%Are satisfied with the process so far

5%Reported that one party 30%Have not resolved resorted to physical violence the problem 62%Knew where to get advice Legal

Capability 51%Were confident they could achieve a Note: The survey was conducted in the fall of 2017 using a probability sample of 1,000 adults age 18+ in the three largest cities fair outcome (Kathmandu, Pokhara, and Lalitpur).

Due to rounding, some figures may not add to 100%. 34%Got all the expert help they wanted Source: WJP General Population Poll 2017, Dispute Resolution Module

II: Country Profiles 38 World Justice Project New Zealand Global Insights on Access to Justice

Incidence of Action or Inaction Done Duration Hardship 7.83Average time Months to solve the problem Legal Problems

67% 47% FEMALE FEMALE Experienced63% a legal 13%Turned to an authority or third 69%Have fully resolved or are Experienced46% a problem in the last party to help resolve the problem done with the problem Financial hardship as a result Reported11% that it was difficult or two years 59% of their legal problem 45% MALE Difficulty impossible to pay costs incurred to MALE resolve problem Manner in which the problem

Incidence by type of problem: was resolved: Did88% NOT turn to an authority or third 11% party to help resolve the problem 65% Type of hardship: Accidental illness & injury Problem sorted itself out 6% 4% Satisfaction 36% Citizenship & ID Decision by third party or authority Are71% satisfied with the outcome Stress related illness

11% 19% 15% Community & natural resources Gave up or moved away Relationship breakdown 37% 11% 24% Consumer Other Relocated or lost employment 14% 7% Debt 77%Knew where to get advice Problems with alcohol or drugs 13% Employment Legal 9% Education Capability 73%Were confident they could achieve a fair outcome 13% Family 28% Housing Got67% all the expert help they wanted 13% Land

2% Law enforcement

14% Money 15% Violence Ongoing Satisfaction Public services 30%Are satisfied with the process so far

5%Reported that one party 31%Have not resolved resorted to physical violence the problem 63%Knew where to get advice Legal

Capability 49%Were confident they could achieve a Note: The survey was conducted in the fall of 2017 using a probability sample of 1,000 adults age 18+ in the three largest cities fair outcome (Auckland, Wellington, and Christchurch).

Due to rounding, some figures may not add to 100%. 50%Got all the expert help they wanted Source: WJP General Population Poll 2017, Dispute Resolution Module

II: Country Profiles 39 World Justice Project Nicaragua Global Insights on Access to Justice

Incidence of Action or Inaction Done Duration Hardship 7.16Average time Months to solve the problem Legal Problems

35% 47% FEMALE FEMALE Experienced30% a legal 14%Turned to an authority or third 69%Have fully resolved or are Experienced47% a problem in the last party to help resolve the problem done with the problem Financial hardship as a result Reported16% that it was difficult or two years 26% of their legal problem 46% MALE Difficulty impossible to pay costs incurred to MALE resolve problem Manner in which the problem

Incidence by type of problem: was resolved: Did86% NOT turn to an authority or third 2% party to help resolve the problem 66% Type of hardship: Accidental illness & injury Problem sorted itself out 1% 9% Satisfaction 37% Citizenship & ID Decision by third party or authority Are70% satisfied with the outcome Stress related illness

4% 7% 11% Community & natural resources Gave up or moved away Relationship breakdown 17% 19% 32% Consumer Other Relocated or lost employment 2% 2% Debt 71%Knew where to get advice Problems with alcohol or drugs 2% Employment Legal 2% Education Capability 79%Were confident they could achieve a fair outcome 5% Family 9% Housing Got70% all the expert help they wanted 7% Land 1% Law enforcement

3% Money 2% Violence Ongoing Satisfaction Public services 39%Are satisfied with the process so far

9%Reported that one party 31%Have not resolved resorted to physical violence the problem 58%Knew where to get advice Legal

Capability 63%Were confident they could achieve a Note: The survey was conducted in the fall of 2017 using a probability sample of 1,100 adults age 18+ in the three largest cities fair outcome (Managua, León, and Masaya).

Due to rounding, some figures may not add to 100%. 58%Got all the expert help they wanted Source: WJP General Population Poll 2017, Dispute Resolution Module

II: Country Profiles 40 World Justice Project Norway Global Insights on Access to Justice

Incidence of Action or Inaction Done Duration Hardship 8.09Average time Months to solve the problem Legal Problems

52% 34% FEMALE FEMALE Experienced57% a legal 8%Turned to an authority or third 65%Have fully resolved or are Experienced41% a problem in the last party to help resolve the problem done with the problem Financial hardship as a result Reported12% that it was difficult or two years 63% of their legal problem 48% MALE Difficulty impossible to pay costs incurred to MALE resolve problem Manner in which the problem

Incidence by type of problem: was resolved: Did92% NOT turn to an authority or third 13% party to help resolve the problem 53% Type of hardship: Accidental illness & injury Problem sorted itself out 3% 3% Satisfaction 33% Citizenship & ID Decision by third party or authority Are61% satisfied with the outcome Stress related illness

7% 28% 9% Community & natural resources Gave up or moved away Relationship breakdown 20% 17% 23% Consumer Other Relocated or lost employment 13% 5% Debt 64%Knew where to get advice Problems with alcohol or drugs 12% Employment Legal 7% Education Capability 66%Were confident they could achieve a fair outcome 11% Family 27% Housing Got54% all the expert help they wanted 9% Land 1% Law enforcement

13% Money 15% Violence Ongoing Satisfaction Public services 32%Are satisfied with the process so far

3%Reported that one party 35%Have not resolved resorted to physical violence the problem 53%Knew where to get advice Legal

Capability 61%Were confident they could achieve a Note: The survey was conducted in the fall of 2017 using a probability sample of 1,007 adults ages 18+ in the three largest cities fair outcome (Oslo, Bergen, and Trondheim).

Due to rounding, some figures may not add to 100%. 42%Got all the expert help they wanted Source: WJP General Population Poll 2017, Dispute Resolution Module

II: Country Profiles 41 World Justice Project Pakistan Global Insights on Access to Justice

Incidence of Action or Inaction Done Duration Hardship 2.57Average time Months to solve the problem Legal Problems

88% 41% FEMALE FEMALE Experienced84% a legal 14%Turned to an authority or third 33%Have fully resolved or are Experienced39% a problem in the last party to help resolve the problem done with the problem Financial hardship as a result Reported19% that it was difficult or two years 81% of their legal problem 36% MALE Difficulty impossible to pay costs incurred to MALE resolve problem Manner in which the problem

Incidence by type of problem: was resolved: Did86% NOT turn to an authority or third 5% party to help resolve the problem 66% Type of hardship: Accidental illness & injury Problem sorted itself out 26% 4% Satisfaction 37% Citizenship & ID Decision by third party or authority Are73% satisfied with the outcome Stress related illness

54% 12% 4% Community & natural resources Gave up or moved away Relationship breakdown 40% 17% 7% Consumer Other Relocated or lost employment 3% 1% Debt 74%Knew where to get advice Problems with alcohol or drugs 3% Employment Legal 7% Education Capability 71%Were confident they could achieve a fair outcome 6% Family 25% Housing Got70% all the expert help they wanted 5% Land 3% Law enforcement

2% Money 30% Violence Ongoing Satisfaction Public services 27%Are satisfied with the process so far

4%Reported that one party 67%Have not resolved resorted to physical violence the problem 54%Knew where to get advice Legal

Capability 47%Were confident they could achieve a Note: The survey was conducted in the fall of 2017 using a probability sample of 1840 adults ages 18+ in the three largest cities fair outcome (Karachi, Lahore, and Faisalabad).

Due to rounding, some figures may not add to 100%. 47%Got all the expert help they wanted Source: WJP General Population Poll 2017, Dispute Resolution Module

II: Country Profiles 42 World Justice Project Panama Global Insights on Access to Justice

Incidence of Action or Inaction Done Duration Hardship 5.40Average time Months to solve the problem Legal Problems

34% 43% FEMALE FEMALE Experienced33% a legal 21%Turned to an authority or third 72%Have fully resolved or are Experienced39% a problem in the last party to help resolve the problem done with the problem Financial hardship as a result Reported17% that it was difficult or two years 31% of their legal problem 33% MALE Difficulty impossible to pay costs incurred to MALE resolve problem Manner in which the problem

Incidence by type of problem: was resolved: Did79% NOT turn to an authority or third 2% party to help resolve the problem 71% Type of hardship: Accidental illness & injury Problem sorted itself out 2% 7% Satisfaction 23% Citizenship & ID Decision by third party or authority Are82% satisfied with the outcome Stress related illness

2% 10% 13% Community & natural resources Gave up or moved away Relationship breakdown 13% 12% 20% Consumer Other Relocated or lost employment 2% 1% Debt 79%Knew where to get advice Problems with alcohol or drugs 4% Employment Legal 2% Education Capability 83%Were confident they could achieve a fair outcome 5% Family 11% Housing Got81% all the expert help they wanted 7% Land

1% Law enforcement

4% Money 4% Violence Ongoing Satisfaction Public services 20%Are satisfied with the process so far

7%Reported that one party 28%Have not resolved resorted to physical violence the problem 56%Knew where to get advice Legal

Capability 69%Were confident they could achieve a Note: The survey was conducted in the fall of 2017 using a probability sample of 1,000 adults ages 18+ in the three largest cities fair outcome (Panama City, San Miguelito, and Las Cumbres).

Due to rounding, some figures may not add to 100%. 55%Got all the expert help they wanted Source: WJP General Population Poll 2017, Dispute Resolution Module

II: Country Profiles 43 World Justice Project Portugal Global Insights on Access to Justice

Incidence of Action or Inaction Done Duration Hardship 23.93Average time Monthsto solve the problem Legal Problems

81% 44% FEMALE FEMALE Experienced81% a legal 14%Turned to an authority or third 68%Have fully resolved or are Experienced45% a problem in the last party to help resolve the problem done with the problem Financial hardship as a result Reported19% that it was difficult or two years 81% of their legal problem 46% MALE Difficulty impossible to pay costs incurred to MALE resolve problem Manner in which the problem

Incidence by type of problem: was resolved: Did86% NOT turn to an authority or third 16% party to help resolve the problem 65% Type of hardship: Accidental illness & injury Problem sorted itself out 7% 3% Satisfaction 24% Citizenship & ID Decision by third party or authority Are68% satisfied with the outcome Stress related illness

13% 21% 14% Community & natural resources Gave up or moved away Relationship breakdown 45% 11% 29% Consumer Other Relocated or lost employment 24% 3% Debt 69%Knew where to get advice Problems with alcohol or drugs 24% Employment Legal 16% Education Capability 74%Were confident they could achieve a fair outcome 16% Family 45% Housing Got55% all the expert help they wanted 14% Land

2% Law enforcement

33% Money 31% Violence Ongoing Satisfaction Public services 19%Are satisfied with the process so far

4%Reported that one party 32%Have not resolved resorted to physical violence the problem 60%Knew where to get advice Legal

Capability 55%Were confident they could achieve a Note: The survey was conducted in the fall of 2017 using a probability sample of 1,016 adults ages 18+ in the three largest cities fair outcome (Lisbon, Porto, and Amadora).

Due to rounding, some figures may not add to 100%. 37%Got all the expert help they wanted Source: WJP General Population Poll 2017, Dispute Resolution Module

II: Country Profiles 44 World Justice Project Senegal Global Insights on Access to Justice

Incidence of Action or Inaction Done Duration Hardship 6.00Average time Months to solve the problem Legal Problems

70% 28% FEMALE FEMALE Experienced70% a legal 5%Turned to an authority or third 44%Have fully resolved or are Experienced28% a problem in the last party to help resolve the problem done with the problem Financial hardship as a result Reported7% that it was difficult or two years 71% of their legal problem 28% MALE Difficulty impossible to pay costs incurred to MALE resolve problem Manner in which the problem

Incidence by type of problem: was resolved: Did95% NOT turn to an authority or third 7% party to help resolve the problem 68% Type of hardship: Accidental illness & injury Problem sorted itself out 35% 3% Satisfaction 20% Citizenship & ID Decision by third party or authority Are67% satisfied with the outcome Stress related illness

19% 7% 3% Community & natural resources Gave up or moved away Relationship breakdown 31% 22% 14% Consumer Other Relocated or lost employment 9% 0% Debt 57%Knew where to get advice Problems with alcohol or drugs 11% Employment Legal 6% Education Capability 64%Were confident they could achieve a fair outcome 8% Family 20% Housing Got35% all the expert help they wanted 6% Land 1% Law enforcement

23% Money 10% Violence Ongoing Satisfaction Public services 8%Are satisfied with the process so far

4%Reported that one party 56%Have not resolved resorted to physical violence the problem 39%Knew where to get advice Legal

Capability 42%Were confident they could achieve a Note: The survey was conducted in the fall of 2017 using a probability sample of 1,012 adults ages 18+ in the three largest cities fair outcome (Pikine, Dakar, and Thiès).

Due to rounding, some figures may not add to 100%. 27%Got all the expert help they wanted Source: WJP General Population Poll 2017, Dispute Resolution Module

II: Country Profiles 45 World Justice Project Serbia Global Insights on Access to Justice

Incidence of Action or Inaction Done Duration Hardship 8.58Average time Months to solve the problem Legal Problems

49% 41% FEMALE FEMALE Experienced50% a legal 14%Turned to an authority or third 60%Have fully resolved or are Experienced42% a problem in the last party to help resolve the problem done with the problem Financial hardship as a result Reported22% that it was difficult or two years 51% of their legal problem 43% MALE Difficulty impossible to pay costs incurred to MALE resolve problem Manner in which the problem

Incidence by type of problem: was resolved: Did86% NOT turn to an authority or third 9% party to help resolve the problem 61% Type of hardship: Accidental illness & injury Problem sorted itself out 3% 5% Satisfaction 28% Citizenship & ID Decision by third party or authority Are63% satisfied with the outcome Stress related illness

7% 21% 9% Community & natural resources Gave up or moved away Relationship breakdown 21% 14% 28% Consumer Other Relocated or lost employment 15% 1% Debt 67%Knew where to get advice Problems with alcohol or drugs 12% Employment Legal 4% Education Capability 74%Were confident they could achieve a fair outcome 5% Family 20% Housing Got51% all the expert help they wanted 8% Land 1% Law enforcement

11% Money 13% Violence Ongoing Satisfaction Public services 20%Are satisfied with the process so far

4%Reported that one party 40%Have not resolved resorted to physical violence the problem 58%Knew where to get advice Legal

Capability 61%Were confident they could achieve a Note: The survey was conducted in the fall of 2017 using a probability sample of 1,002 adults ages 18+ in the three largest cities fair outcome (Belgrade, Novi Sad, and Nis).

Due to rounding, some figures may not add to 100%. 36%Got all the expert help they wanted Source: WJP General Population Poll 2017, Dispute Resolution Module

II: Country Profiles 46 World Justice Project Singapore Global Insights on Access to Justice

Incidence of Action or Inaction Done Duration Hardship 8.53Average time Months to solve the problem Legal Problems

50% 45% FEMALE FEMALE Experienced50% a legal 13%Turned to an authority or third 67%Have fully resolved or are Experienced45% a problem in the last party to help resolve the problem done with the problem Financial hardship as a result Reported15% that it was difficult or two years 49% of their legal problem 45% MALE Difficulty impossible to pay costs incurred to MALE resolve problem Manner in which the problem

Incidence by type of problem: was resolved: Did87% NOT turn to an authority or third 10% party to help resolve the problem 59% Type of hardship: Accidental illness & injury Problem sorted itself out 5% 4% Satisfaction 31% Citizenship & ID Decision by third party or authority Are65% satisfied with the outcome Stress related illness

4% 22% 20% Community & natural resources Gave up or moved away Relationship breakdown 18% 15% 24% Consumer Other Relocated or lost employment 13% 6% Debt 68%Knew where to get advice Problems with alcohol or drugs 14% Employment Legal 10% Education Capability 65%Were confident they could achieve a fair outcome 9% Family 20% Housing Got59% all the expert help they wanted 7% Land

2% Law enforcement

19% Money 11% Violence Ongoing Satisfaction Public services 47%Are satisfied with the process so far

7%Reported that one party 33%Have not resolved resorted to physical violence the problem 65%Knew where to get advice Legal

Capability 63%Were confident they could achieve a Note: The survey was conducted in the fall of 2017 using a nationally representative probability sample of 1,000 adults age 18+ fair outcome in Singapore.

Due to rounding, some figures may not add to 100%. 53%Got all the expert help they wanted Source: WJP General Population Poll 2017, Dispute Resolution Module

II: Country Profiles 47 World Justice Project Slovenia Global Insights on Access to Justice

Incidence of Action or Inaction Done Duration Hardship 30.60Average time Monthsto solve the problem Legal Problems

41% 37% FEMALE FEMALE Experienced42% a legal 20%Turned to an authority or third 62%Have fully resolved or are Experienced40% a problem in the last party to help resolve the problem done with the problem Financial hardship as a result Reported15% that it was difficult or two years 42% of their legal problem 44% MALE Difficulty impossible to pay costs incurred to MALE resolve problem Manner in which the problem

Incidence by type of problem: was resolved: Did80% NOT turn to an authority or third 7% party to help resolve the problem 72% Type of hardship: Accidental illness & injury Problem sorted itself out 1% 5% Satisfaction 27% Citizenship & ID Decision by third party or authority Are68% satisfied with the outcome Stress related illness

2% 15% 15% Community & natural resources Gave up or moved away Relationship breakdown 15% 8% 20% Consumer Other Relocated or lost employment 10% 4% Debt 78%Knew where to get advice Problems with alcohol or drugs 9% Employment Legal 4% Education Capability 78%Were confident they could achieve a fair outcome 6% Family 13% Housing Got67% all the expert help they wanted 7% Land 0% Law enforcement

11% Money 7% Violence Ongoing Satisfaction Public services 20%Are satisfied with the process so far

5%Reported that one party 38%Have not resolved resorted to physical violence the problem 66%Knew where to get advice Legal

Capability 67%Were confident they could achieve a Note: The survey was conducted in the fall of 2017 using a probability sample of 1,006 adults ages 18+ in the three largest cities fair outcome (Ljubljana, Maribor, and Celje).

Due to rounding, some figures may not add to 100%. 52%Got all the expert help they wanted Source: WJP General Population Poll 2017, Dispute Resolution Module

II: Country Profiles 48 World Justice Project Sri Lanka Global Insights on Access to Justice

Incidence of Action or Inaction Done Duration Hardship 6.88Average time Months to solve the problem Legal Problems

26% 36% FEMALE FEMALE Experienced25% a legal 15%Turned to an authority or third 45%Have fully resolved or are Experienced37% a problem in the last party to help resolve the problem done with the problem Financial hardship as a result Reported10% that it was difficult or two years 24% of their legal problem 38% MALE Difficulty impossible to pay costs incurred to MALE resolve problem Manner in which the problem

Incidence by type of problem: was resolved: Did85% NOT turn to an authority or third 1% party to help resolve the problem 70% Type of hardship: Accidental illness & injury Problem sorted itself out 2% 3% Satisfaction 23% Citizenship & ID Decision by third party or authority Are61% satisfied with the outcome Stress related illness

5% 15% 8% Community & natural resources Gave up or moved away Relationship breakdown 7% 11% 16% Consumer Other Relocated or lost employment 1% 10% Debt 78%Knew where to get advice Problems with alcohol or drugs 1% Employment Legal 2% Education Capability 83%Were confident they could achieve a fair outcome 1% Family 7% Housing Got63% all the expert help they wanted 3% Land 1% Law enforcement

2% Money 3% Violence Ongoing Satisfaction Public services 33%Are satisfied with the process so far

7%Reported that one party 55%Have not resolved resorted to physical violence the problem 58%Knew where to get advice Legal

Capability 54%Were confident they could achieve a Note: The survey was conducted in the fall of 2017 using a probability sample of 1,010 adults age 18+ in the three largest cities fair outcome (Colombo, Kaduwela, and Mahargama).

Due to rounding, some figures may not add to 100%. 50%Got all the expert help they wanted Source: WJP General Population Poll 2017, Dispute Resolution Module

II: Country Profiles 49 World Justice Project Tunisia Global Insights on Access to Justice

Incidence of Action or Inaction Done Duration Hardship 11.35Average time Monthsto solve the problem Legal Problems

49% 33% FEMALE FEMALE Experienced46% a legal 14%Turned to an authority or third 51%Have fully resolved or are Experienced30% a problem in the last party to help resolve the problem done with the problem Financial hardship as a result Reported10% that it was difficult or two years 42% of their legal problem 26% MALE Difficulty impossible to pay costs incurred to MALE resolve problem Manner in which the problem

Incidence by type of problem: was resolved: Did86% NOT turn to an authority or third 4% party to help resolve the problem 52% Type of hardship: Accidental illness & injury Problem sorted itself out 2% 8% Satisfaction 22% Citizenship & ID Decision by third party or authority Are50% satisfied with the outcome Stress related illness

12% 21% 9% Community & natural resources Gave up or moved away Relationship breakdown 29% 19% 13% Consumer Other Relocated or lost employment 3% 1% Debt 51%Knew where to get advice Problems with alcohol or drugs 4% Employment Legal 1% Education Capability 47%Were confident they could achieve a fair outcome 5% Family 14% Housing Got44% all the expert help they wanted 9% Land 1% Law enforcement

4% Money 10% Violence Ongoing Satisfaction Public services 26%Are satisfied with the process so far

5%Reported that one party 49%Have not resolved resorted to physical violence the problem 40%Knew where to get advice Legal

Capability 34%Were confident they could achieve a Note: The survey was conducted in the fall of 2017 using a probability sample of 1,001 adults age 18+ in the three largest cities fair outcome (Big Tunis, Sfax, and Sousse).

Due to rounding, some figures may not add to 100%. 33%Got all the expert help they wanted Source: WJP General Population Poll 2017, Dispute Resolution Module

II: Country Profiles 50 World Justice Project Ukraine Global Insights on Access to Justice

Incidence of Action or Inaction Done Duration Hardship 9.93Average time Months to solve the problem Legal Problems

47% 39% FEMALE FEMALE Experienced43% a legal 7%Turned to an authority or third 68%Have fully resolved or are Experienced37% a problem in the last party to help resolve the problem done with the problem Financial hardship as a result Reported30% that it was difficult or two years 37% of their legal problem 35% MALE Difficulty impossible to pay costs incurred to MALE resolve problem Manner in which the problem

Incidence by type of problem: was resolved: Did93% NOT turn to an authority or third 3% party to help resolve the problem 75% Type of hardship: Accidental illness & injury Problem sorted itself out 4% 3% Satisfaction 27% Citizenship & ID Decision by third party or authority Are67% satisfied with the outcome Stress related illness

7% 14% 14% Community & natural resources Gave up or moved away Relationship breakdown 23% 8% 18% Consumer Other Relocated or lost employment 8% 6% Debt 59%Knew where to get advice Problems with alcohol or drugs 5% Employment Legal 4% Education Capability 53%Were confident they could achieve a fair outcome 4% Family 9% Housing Got54% all the expert help they wanted 4% Land 0% Law enforcement

3% Money 10% Violence Ongoing Satisfaction Public services 19%Are satisfied with the process so far

5%Reported that one party 32%Have not resolved resorted to physical violence the problem 44%Knew where to get advice Legal

Capability 40%Were confident they could achieve a Note: The survey was conducted in the fall of 2017 using a probability sample of 1,079 adults age 18+ in the three largest cities fair outcome (Kyiv, Kharkiv, and Odessa).

Due to rounding, some figures may not add to 100%. 40%Got all the expert help they wanted Source: WJP General Population Poll 2017, Dispute Resolution Module

II: Country Profiles 51 World Justice Project United Kingdom Global Insights on Access to Justice

Incidence of Action or Inaction Done Duration Hardship 8.96Average time Months to solve the problem Legal Problems

67% 39% FEMALE FEMALE Experienced63% a legal 7%Turned to an authority or third 72%Have fully resolved or are Experienced40% a problem in the last party to help resolve the problem done with the problem Financial hardship as a result Reported9% that it was difficult or two years 59% of their legal problem 40% MALE Difficulty impossible to pay costs incurred to MALE resolve problem Manner in which the problem

Incidence by type of problem: was resolved: Did93% NOT turn to an authority or third 7% party to help resolve the problem 54% Type of hardship: Accidental illness & injury Problem sorted itself out 3% 2% Satisfaction 31% Citizenship & ID Decision by third party or authority Are62% satisfied with the outcome Stress related illness

13% 25% 10% Community & natural resources Gave up or moved away Relationship breakdown 28% 18% 18% Consumer Other Relocated or lost employment 12% 5% Debt 66%Knew where to get advice Problems with alcohol or drugs 12% Employment Legal 6% Education Capability 61%Were confident they could achieve a fair outcome 8% Family 30% Housing Got54% all the expert help they wanted 8% Land 0% Law enforcement

11% Money 20% Violence Ongoing Satisfaction Public services 22%Are satisfied with the process so far

3%Reported that one party 28%Have not resolved resorted to physical violence the problem 57%Knew where to get advice Legal

Capability 45%Were confident they could achieve a Note: The survey was conducted in the fall of 2017 using a probability sample of 1,020 adults age 18+ in the three largest cities fair outcome (London, Birmingham, and Manchester).

Due to rounding, some figures may not add to 100%. 39%Got all the expert help they wanted Source: WJP General Population Poll 2017, Dispute Resolution Module

II: Country Profiles 52 World Justice Project United States Global Insights on Access to Justice

Incidence of Action or Inaction Done Duration Hardship 5.88Average time Months to solve the problem Legal Problems

46% 43% FEMALE FEMALE Experienced48% a legal 23%Turned to an authority or third 53%Have fully resolved or are Experienced49% a problem in the last party to help resolve the problem done with the problem Financial hardship as a result Reported9% that it was difficult or two years 50% of their legal problem 56% MALE Difficulty impossible to pay costs incurred to MALE resolve problem Manner in which the problem

Incidence by type of problem: was resolved: Did77% NOT turn to an authority or third 10% party to help resolve the problem 63% Type of hardship: Accidental illness & injury Problem sorted itself out 10% 7% Satisfaction 30% Citizenship & ID Decision by third party or authority Are70% satisfied with the outcome Stress related illness

12% 15% 21% Community & natural resources Gave up or moved away Relationship breakdown 22% 16% 28% Consumer Other Relocated or lost employment 17% 11% Debt 79%Knew where to get advice Problems with alcohol or drugs 14% Employment Legal 10% Education Capability 73%Were confident they could achieve a fair outcome 12% Family 27% Housing Got67% all the expert help they wanted 13% Land

4% Law enforcement

19% Money 15% Violence Ongoing Satisfaction Public services 54%Are satisfied with the process so far

13%Reported that one party 47%Have not resolved resorted to physical violence the problem 74%Knew where to get advice Legal

Capability 68%Were confident they could achieve a Note: The survey was conducted in the fall of 2017 using a probability sample of 1,004 adults age 18+ in the three largest cities fair outcome (New York, Los Angeles, and Chicago).

Due to rounding, some figures may not add to 100%. 64%Got all the expert help they wanted Source: WJP General Population Poll 2017, Dispute Resolution Module

II: Country Profiles 53 World Justice Project Vietnam Global Insights on Access to Justice

Incidence of Action or Inaction Done Duration Hardship 7.67Average time Months to solve the problem Legal Problems

14% 39% FEMALE FEMALE Experienced14% a legal 9%Turned to an authority or third 78%Have fully resolved or are Experienced39% a problem in the last party to help resolve the problem done with the problem Financial hardship as a result Reported7% that it was difficult or two years 14% of their legal problem 40% MALE Difficulty impossible to pay costs incurred to MALE resolve problem Manner in which the problem

Incidence by type of problem: was resolved: Did91% NOT turn to an authority or third 2% party to help resolve the problem 73% Type of hardship: Accidental illness & injury Problem sorted itself out 1% 1% Satisfaction 25% Citizenship & ID Decision by third party or authority Are69% satisfied with the outcome Stress related illness 2% 14% 16% Community & natural resources Gave up or moved away Relationship breakdown 4% 12% 18% Consumer Other Relocated or lost employment 1% 4% Debt 75%Knew where to get advice Problems with alcohol or drugs 2% Employment Legal 1% Education Capability 71%Were confident they could achieve a fair outcome 2% Family 5% Housing Got54% all the expert help they wanted 3% Land 0% Law enforcement

3% Money 2% Violence Ongoing Satisfaction Public services 45%Are satisfied with the process so far

7%Reported that one party 22%Have not resolved resorted to physical violence the problem 77%Knew where to get advice Legal

Capability 65%Were confident they could achieve a Note: The survey was conducted in the fall of 2017 using a probability sample of 1,000 adults age 18+ in the three largest cities fair outcome (Ho Chi Minh City, Hanoi, and Hai Phong).

Due to rounding, some figures may not add to 100%. 47%Got all the expert help they wanted Source: WJP General Population Poll 2017, Dispute Resolution Module

II: Country Profiles 54

section III

Project Design General Population Poll Methodology

The data presented in this report are Every year, the World Justice Project administers the General Population Poll (GPP) derived from the dispute resolution to collect data from representative samples of the general public, which are used to 6 module of the World Justice Project compute the Index scores and rankings. The data featured in this report are derived General Population Poll (GPP), from the dispute resolution module of the GPP, which is designed to capture data on how ordinary people deal with their legal problems. Questions in the dispute module conducted for the World Justice Project Rule of Law Index® highlight the most common legal conflicts, respondents’ assessment of both formal . The and informal resolution processes, and the experiences of people who did not seek GPP was conducted in 45 countries legal assistance or who were unable to resolve their problem. and jurisdictions between July and December 2017. The dispute resolution module of the GPP includes 72 experience-based questions and 45 perception-based questions, along with socio-demographic information on all respondents. The questionnaire is translated into local languages, adapted to common expressions, and administered by leading local polling companies using a probability sample of 1,000 respondents in the three largest cities of each country. Depending on the particular situation of each country, three different polling methodologies are used: face-to-face, telephone, or online. The GPP is carried out in each country every other year. Detailed information regarding the cities covered, the polling companies contracted to administer the questionnaire, and the polling methodology employed in each of the 45 countries and jurisdictions polled in 2017 is presented in the table that follows.

Data Validation

The data presented in this report are the culmination of an extensive two-year pilot and vetting process, and reflect the consultations of governments, multilaterals, local civil society organizations, and academics from 17 countries. As part of this pilot and vetting process, the WJP developed a pilot dispute resolution survey module in consultation with an advisory stream of expert stakeholders and justice measurement experts convened by the Open Society Justice Initiative (OSJI) and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) to produce methodological guidance on the development, implementation, and use of legal needs surveys. The pilot module was administered in 61 countries between June and September 2016, and the resulting pilot data were vetted in a series of in-country and virtual meetings with justice measurement specialists and local experts.

Following the pilot and vetting process, the WJP refined the dispute resolution survey module of the GPP, which was administered in 45 countries between July and December 2017 to collect the data presented in the report. The WJP has validated and cross-checked the data collected during the 2017 administration

6 The General Population Poll (GPP) is one of two original data sources collected by the WJP to compute Rule of Law Index scores and rankings. The second data source is derived from Qualified Respondent’s Questionnaires (QRQs) for legal professionals with expertise in civil and commercial law, criminal law, labor law, and public health. QRQ data were not used for this study. For the full Index methodology, please see: http://worldjusticeproject.org/methodology.

III: Project Design 57 of the GPP against qualitative and quantitative third-party sources to provide an additional layer of analysis and to identify possible mistakes or inconsistencies within the data. This entailed:

1. Crosschecking WJP data against those of nationally representative legal needs surveys conducted in Australia, Bulgaria, Canada, Hong Kong, Japan, Lebanon, The Netherlands, New Zealand, Macedonia, Tunisia, Ukraine, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

2. Crosschecking our access to justice data collected from 1,000 households in the three largest cities of Afghanistan and Romania against nationally representative studies of more than 3,000 households conducted by the WJP in both countries.

3. Performing multivariate analyses to compare the impact of key variables such as age, income, and education, which the literature has found to have a statistically significant impact on the incidence of disputes, the likelihood of taking action to resolve a dispute, and the likelihood of receiving legal assistance.

4. Crosschecking overall trends in our data against those of Pascoe Pleasance’s 2016 “‘Legal Need’ and Legal Needs Surveys: A Background Paper,” which analyzes legal needs surveys conducted in more than 20 countries over the last 25 years. To the extent that comparisons were possible given the questions and methodology used in these studies as compared to the WJP’s global study, the findings pertaining to the most common courses of action for dealing with legal problems, resolution mechanisms, manner of conclusion, and sources of help were broadly consistent.

Looking ahead, the WJP will continue to conduct a select number of extended polls each year in order to further crosscheck and validate our results.

Strengths and Limitations

The dispute resolution module of the General Population Poll is the first to capture comparable data on legal needs and public access to dispute resolution from a large number of countries. While the majority of previous legal needs surveys varied greatly from country to country and focused primarily on developed nations, the dispute resolution module of the GPP is standardized and allows for comparisons across countries in different regions and with varying levels of economic development. This module can therefore provide general benchmarks for understanding legal needs and dispute resolution as well as additional indicators for measuring access to justice at the global level.

With the aforementioned methodological strengths come a number of limitations. First, data collection has been applied only in three major urban areas in each country. However, the WJP’s exercise to validate the data collected from 1,000 households in the three largest cities of Afghanistan and Romania against nationally representative studies of more than 3,000 households in both countries revealed consistent patterns in the data collected from the urban and nationally

III: Project Design 58 representative samples of each country. This included consistency in the incidence of dispute types, sources of help, courses of action to resolve disputes, and preferred resolution mechanisms. The WJP will continue to conduct a select number of extended, nationally representative polls each year for data validation purposes.

Second, legal needs surveys benefit from larger sample sizes, which reduce measurement error and allow for more in-depth disaggregation by, for example, demographic variables, types of legal problems, and resolution mechanisms. Given the relatively low number of observations per country in this study as compared to other legal needs surveys, point estimates presented in this report should be interpreted with caution. The number of observations used to calculate each of the estimates presented in this report and the standard error are provided in the appendix tabs of the summary statistics, which can be downloaded from the “Appendix” section of this report.

Third, given that the dispute resolution module is one among many in the GPP – constituting 117 of the 344 questions in the GPP – it cannot be as extensive as other surveys focused exclusively on legal needs in order to avoid survey fatigue and ensure high quality responses. However, the dispute resolution module of the GPP nonetheless includes the core components of legal needs surveys and reflects the consensus of justice measurement experts consulted throughout this study’s extensive pilot and validation process.

III: Project Design 59 City Coverage and Polling Methodology

Country/ Cities Covered Polling Company Methodology Sample Jurisdiction Kabul City, Kandahar City, Herat Afghanistan ACSOR, a subsidiary of D3 Systems, Inc. Face-to-face 992 City Austria Vienna, Graz, Linz YouGov Online 1008 Bosnia & Herzegovina Sarajevo, Banja Luka, Tuzla Kantar TNS MIB Face-to-face 1000 Datum Internacional/About Brazil Market Brazil São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Salvador Face-to-face 1049 Research Ouagadougou, Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso Kantar TNS Face-to-face 1029 Koudougou Canada Toronto, Montreal, Calgary YouGov Online 1000 Santiago, Valparaíso/Viña del Mar, Chile Datum Internacional S.A./Cadem S.A. Face-to-face 1011 Antofagasta Cote d'Ivoire Abidjan, Bouaké, Daloa Liaison Marketing Face-to-face 1011 Czech Republic Prague, Brno, Ostrava YouGov Online 1013 Denmark Copenhagen, Aarhus, Aalborg YouGov Online 1016 Estonia Tallinn, Tartu, Narva Norstat Eesti Online 1010 Ethiopia Addis Ababa, Gondar, Nazret Infinite Insight Ltd. Face-to-face 1037 Finland Helsinki, Espoo, Tampere YouGov Online 1014 Georgia Tbilisi, Batumi, Kutaisi ACT Market Research and Consulting Company Face-to-face 1000 Greece Athens, Thessaloniki, Patras YouGov Online 1015 Tegucigalpa, San Pedro Sula, Honduras CID-Gallup Face-to-face 1100 Choloma Hong Kong SAR, China Hong Kong WJP in collaboration with local partner Face-to-face 1004 Hungary Budapest, Debrecen, Szeged Ipsos Hungary Face-to-face 1000 Indonesia Jakarta, Surabaya, Bandung MRI (Marketing Research Indonesia) Face-to-face 1004 Italy Rome, Milan, Naples YouGov Online 1004 Kazakhstan Almaty, Astana, Shymkent WJP in collaboration with local partner Face-to-face 1000 Lebanon Beirut, Tripoli, Sidon REACH SAL Face-to-face 1000 Macedonia, FYR Skopje, Kumanovo, Bitola Ipsos dooel Skopje Face-to-face 1017 Antananarivo, Toamasina, Madagascar DCDM Research Face-to-face 1000 Antsirabe Malawi Lilongwe, Blantyre, Mzuzu Infinite Insight Ltd. Face-to-face 1039 Acorn Marketing & Research Consultant (M) Sdn Malaysia Klang Valley, Johor Bahru, Ipoh Face-to-face 1000 Bhd Mexico City, Guadalajara, Mexico Data Opinión Pública y Mercados Face-to-face 1000 Monterrey Mongolia Ulaanbaatar, Erdenet, Darkhan Mongolian Marketing Consulting Group LLC Face-to-face 1000 Nepal Kathmandu, Pokhara, Lalitpur Solutions Consultant Face-to-face 1000 New Zealand Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch Big Picture Online 1000 Nicaragua Managua, León, Masaya CID-Gallup Face-to-face 1100 Norway Oslo, Bergen, Trondheim YouGov Online 1007 Gallup Pakistan (affiliated with Gallup Pakistan Karachi, Lahore, Faisalabad Face-to-face 1840 International) Panama City, San Miguelito, Las Panama Gallup Panamá Face-to-face 1000 Cumbres Portugal Lisbon, Porto, Amadora YouGov Online 1016

III: Project Design 60 Country/ Cities Covered Polling Company Methodology Sample Jurisdiction Senegal Pikine, Dakar, Thiès Kantar TNS Face-to-face 1012 Serbia Belgrade, Novi Sad, Nis Ipsos Strategic Marketing d.o.o. Face-to-face 1002 Singapore Singapore Survey Sampling International Online 1000 Slovenia Ljubljana, Maribor, Celje Ipsos d.o.o. Face-to-face 1006 Sri Lanka Colombo, Kaduwela, Maharagama Kantar LMRB Face-to-face 1010 Tunisia Big Tunis, Sfax, Sousse BJKA Consulting Face-to-face 1001 Ukraine Kyiv, Kharkiv, Odessa GfK Ukraine Face-to-face 1079 United Kingdom London, Birmingham, Manchester YouGov Online 1020 New York City, Los Angeles, United States YouGov Online 1004 Chicago Vietnam Ho Chi Minh City, Hanoi, Hai Phong Indochina Research (Vietnam) Ltd. Face-to-face 1000 section IV

Appendix Appendix Survey Instrument & Summary

General Population Poll WJP Access to Civil Justice Dispute Resolution Module Summary Statistics

The dispute resolution module of the The WJP Access to Justice Summary General Population Poll (GPP) draws on Statistics summarize the data a comprehensive review of past legal presented in the country profiles for the needs surveys, and builds on what is 45 countries and jurisdictions included known in the literature as the “Paths in the study, and provide additional to Justice” tradition. It was designed information on the incidence of all 38 to capture data on how ordinary disputes, resolution mechanisms, and people deal with their legal problems, the number of observations for each highlighting the most common legal question. The summary statistics conflicts, respondents’ assessment are organized into five tabs, with of both formal and informal resolution corresponding appendix tabs noting the processes, and the experiences of number of observations and standard people who did not seek legal assistance error for each question: 1) Incidence or who were unable to resolve their of Legal Problems; 2) Sources of Help problem. The dispute resolution module & Process; 3) Status & Outcomes; was developed in consultation with an 4) Problem Impact; and 5) Gender advisory stream of expert stakeholders Breakdown. and comprises 117 of the 344 questions • WJP Access to Civil Justice in the GPP survey instrument. Summary Statistics • WJP General Population Poll Dispute Resolution Module

IV: Appendix 63 About the World Justice Project

The World Justice Project® (WJP) is an independent, multidisciplinary organization working to advance the rule of law around the world. The WJP engages citizens and leaders from across the globe and from multiple work disciplines to advance the rule of law. Our work is founded on two premises: 1) the rule of law is the foundation of communities of peace, opportunity, and equity; and 2) multidisciplinary collaboration is the most effective way to advance the rule of law. Based on this, WJP’s mutually- reinforcing lines of business – Research and Scholarship, the WJP Rule of Law Index®, and Engagement – employ a multi-disciplinary, multi-layered approach through original research and data, an active and global network, and practical, on-the- ground programs to advance the rule of law.