Toward a Rule of Law Culture: Practical Guide
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TOWARD A RULE OF LAW CULTURE Exploring Effective Responses to Justice and Security Challenges PRACTICAL GUIDE Leanne McKay TOWARD A RULE OF LAW CULTURE Exploring Effective Responses to Justice and Security Challenges PRACTICAL GUIDE Written by Leanne McKay and edited by Adewale Ajadi and Vivienne O’Connor With contributions by Adewale Ajadi, Diane de Gramont, Hamid Khan, Rachel Kleinfeld, George Lopez, Tom Parker, and Colette Rausch UNITED STATES INSTITUTE OF PEACE Washington, D.C. United States Institute of Peace 2301 Constitution Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20037 www.usip.org © 2015 by the Endowment of the United States Institute of Peace. All rights reserved. First published 2015 To request permission to photocopy or reprint materials for course use, contact the Copyright Clearance Center at www.copyright.com. For print, electronic media, and all other subsidiary rights e-mail [email protected] Printed in the United States of America The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standards for Information Science—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984. This guide is available in English, Arabic, and French at www.usip.org. The views expressed in this publication are those of the author alone. They do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Institute of Peace. ii TOWARD A RULE OF LAW CULTURE A RULE OF LAW TOWARD Contents List of Figures .............................................................................................................................. iv Foreword ................................................................................................................................... vii Acknowledgments ...................................................................................................................... ix Author and Editors .................................................................................................................... xi List of Abbreviations ................................................................................................................... xii About This Guide ..................................................................................................................... xiii How to Use This Guide ............................................................................................................ xiii Introduction .............................................................................................................................. xv CHAPTER 1: EXPLORING RULE OF LAW Part 1: Exploring Rule of Law ....................................................................................3 Benefits of Rule of Law ......................................................................................5 The Role of Rule of Law in Balancing Justice and Security.................................6 Part 2: Defining “Rule of Law” ................................................................................ 12 Part 3: Toward a Rule of Law Culture ...................................................................... 16 The Rule of Law Culture in Practice ................................................................ 21 Reader Exercise: Taking Back Palermo ............................................................. 21 Part 4: Rule of Law and Related Concepts .............................................................. 25 Human Security, National Security, and Rule of Law....................................... 26 Rule of Law and Transitional Justice ................................................................ 28 Rule of Law and Human Rights ...................................................................... 30 Democracy, Good Governance, and Rule of Law ............................................. 33 Power, Politics, and Rule of Law ...................................................................... 39 Part 5: International Rule of Law Assistance ........................................................... 45 Approaches to International Rule of Law Promotion ....................................... 45 Reader Exercise: Rule of Law Assistance in Albania.......................................... 48 Reflections on Moving beyond a Rule of Law Orthodoxy Approach ................ 51 International Rule of Law Assistance Actors ..................................................... 53 Part 6: Guiding Principles for the International Rule of Law Community........... 63 CHAPTER 2: THE JUSTICE SYSTEM Part 1: An Effective Justice System ........................................................................... 67 Understanding the Justice System .................................................................... 67 Seeing the System as a Whole .......................................................................... 68 Elements of the Justice System ......................................................................... 68 Institutions and Actors within the Justice System............................................. 71 The Functions of the State Justice System ........................................................ 78 The Role of People ........................................................................................... 90 Part 2: Understanding the Domestic Legal System ................................................. 93 Formal Legal Systems ...................................................................................... 97 Customary Justice Systems ............................................................................ 100 Religious Legal Systems ................................................................................. 101 Reflections on the Relationship between Islamic Law, State Law, and Custom ............................................................................................ 103 Reader Exercise: Mapping My Legal System .................................................. 106 iii TOWARD A RULE OF LAW CULTURE A RULE OF LAW TOWARD CHAPTER 3: THE ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW IN DOMESTIC LEGAL FRAMEWORKS Part 1: Introduction ................................................................................................ 111 Part 2: An Overview of International Law ............................................................. 113 What Is International Law? ............................................................................ 113 Binding Law .................................................................................................. 114 Nonbinding Law ........................................................................................... 118 Regional Frameworks .................................................................................... 120 Part 3: The Public International Law Framework ................................................. 122 Overview of International Human Rights Law .............................................. 122 Overview of International Humanitarian Law ............................................... 127 Overview of International Criminal Law ....................................................... 129 Overview of International Refugee Law ......................................................... 130 Relationships between the Four Pillars of Public International Law ............... 132 Part 4: Translating International Norms and Standards into Domestic Law and Practice ................................................................................... 133 Monist and Dualist Systems .......................................................................... 133 Reader Exercise: Defining the Term “Promptly”............................................. 135 Part 5: A Process Approach to Law Reform ........................................................... 136 Reader Exercise: Law Reform and the Crime of Piracy................................... 141 Reader Exercise: Assessing the Potential Impact of a New Antitorture Law ...................................................................................... 145 Reader Exercise: A Process Approach to Counterterrorism Legislation .............................................................................................. 147 Part 6: Rule of Law and Counterterrorism ............................................................ 149 Rule of Law and Counterterrorism ................................................................ 149 The Interaction between Counterterrorism, Criminal Justice, and Promoting Rule of Law .................................................................... 152 The Relationship between Counterterrorism and Other International Legal Regimes .................................................................... 153 Select Online International Law Courses and Teaching Materials .................. 156 CHAPTER 4: A SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO RULE OF LAW Part 1: A Systematic Approach ............................................................................... 165 What Is a System? .......................................................................................... 165 What Is a Systematic Approach? .................................................................... 165 Phases of the Systematic Approach ................................................................ 167 A Guide to the PLAN Phase .......................................................................... 168 Diagnosis ....................................................................................................... 169 Stakeholders .................................................................................................