1 WJP Rule of Law Index 2020 Insights

World Justice Project Rule of Law Index® 2020 Insights Highlights and data trends from the WJP Rule of Law Index® 2020

WJP Rule of Law Index 2020 Insights 1 The World Justice Project (WJP) Rule of Law The Index is intended for a broad audience Index® 2020 is the latest report in an annual that includes policy makers, civil society series measuring the rule of law based on global organizations, academics, citizens, and legal surveys of more than 130,000 households and professionals, among others. It is our hope that 4,000 legal practitioners and experts. It is the this diagnostic tool will help identify strengths world’s leading source for original, independent and weaknesses and encourage policy choices, data on the rule of law. guide program development, and inform research to strengthen the rule of law. The Index presents a portrait of the rule of law in 128 countries and jurisdictions by providing The following pages contain a selection of scores and rankings based on eight factors: key insights and data trends from the WJP Constraints on Government Powers, Absence Rule of Law Index® 2020. The complete 2020 of Corruption, Open Government, Fundamental report—including country profiles, interactive Rights, Order and Security, Regulatory data visualizations, methodology, and Enforcement, Civil Justice, and Criminal Justice. questionnaires—is available at our website: worldjusticeproject.org

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ISBN (print version): 978-1-951330-36-1 ISBN (online version): 978-1-951330-37-8 Table of Contents

05 2020 Highlights: Global Trends in the Rule of Law 06 Overall Rule of Law Scores and Rankings 08 Rule of Law Around the World 10 Rule of Law Around the World by Region 13 Overall Rule of Law Score Changes 14 Improving and Declining Rule of Law 15 Factors of the Rule of Law Over Time 16 Biggest Improvements in Overall Rule of Law Score 17 Year to Year Rule of Law Score Changes 18 One-Year and Five-Year Trends in Rule of Law 19 Biggest Declines in Constraints on Government Powers 2019-2020 20 Biggest Declines in Constraints on Government Powers Since 2015 21 Rule of Law Changes in Europe 22 Rule of Law Changes in East Asia and the Pacific

23 Conceptual Framework of the WJP Rule of Law Index 24 About the WJP Rule of Law Index 25 Defining the Rule of Law 27 About the World Justice Project

ISBN (print version): 978-1-951330-36-1 ISBN (online version): 978-1-951330-37-8 4 2020 Highlights: Global Trends in the Rule of Law

The WJP Rule of Law Index 2020 shows that frame as well. Fundamental Rights showed more countries declined than improved in the most backsliding with 67 countries overall rule of law performance for a third declining in score since 2015. year in a row, continuing a negative slide toward weakening and stagnating rule of Civil Justice showed the most positive law around the world. movement over the previous year, with 47 countries improving versus 41 declining. The declines were widespread and seen in Since 2015, Regulatory Enforcement has all corners of the world. In every region, a improved the most, with 65 countries majority of countries slipped backward or improving versus 29 declining. remained unchanged in their overall rule of law performance since the WJP Rule of Law Denmark, Norway, and Finland topped the Index 2019. WJP Rule of Law Index rankings in 2020. Venezuela, RB, Cambodia, and Democratic At a global level, the highest levels of Republic of Congo had the lowest overall decline over the past year were seen in the rule of law scores—the same as in 2019. areas of Fundamental Rights (54 declined, Countries with the strongest improvement 29 improved), Constraints on Government in rule of law were Ethiopia (5.6% increase Powers (52 declined, 28 improved), and in score) and Malaysia (5.1%). The largest Absence of Corruption (51 declined, 26 decline in the rule of law was seen in improved). This is not a new pattern; WJP Cameroon (-4.4% score change) and Iran data shows the same three factors were (-4.2%). the largest decliners over a five-year time

WJP Rule of Law Index 2020 Insights 5 Overall Rule of Law Scores and Rankings This table presents the scores and rankings of the 128 countries and jurisdictions included in the WJP Rule of Law Index 2020. Scores range from 0 to 1, where 1 signifies the highest score (strong adherence to rule of law) and 0 signifies the lowest possible score (weak adherence to rule of law).

Global Global Global Country/ Overall Score % Score Global Rank Country/ Overall Score % Score Global Rank Country/ Overall Score % Score Global Rank Jurisdiction Score* Change* Change Rank Change† Jurisdiction Score* Change* Change Rank Change† Jurisdiction Score* Change* Change Rank Change†

Afghanistan 0.36 0.02 4.3% 122 3 Colombia 0.50 0.00 0.8% 77 5 Honduras 0.40 0.00 0.2% 116 1 Congo, Dem. Hong Kong Albania 0.50 -0.01 -1.2% 78 4 0.34 0.01 2.6% 126 0 0.76 0.00 -0.4% 16 0 Rep. SAR, China Algeria 0.49 -0.01 -2.3% 83 8 Costa Rica 0.68 0.00 -0.5% 25 1 Hungary 0.53 -0.01 -1.1% 60 2 Angola 0.43 0.01 3.1% 110 4 Cote d'Ivoire 0.46 0.00 -0.4% 95 0 India 0.51 0.00 -0.5% 69 0 Antigua and 0.63 0.00 0.5% 34 1 Barbuda Croatia 0.61 0.01 1.1% 39 3 Indonesia 0.53 0.01 1.3% 59 4 Czech Iran 0.43 -0.02 -4.2% 109 3 Argentina 0.58 0.00 -0.5% 48 2 0.73 0.00 0.6% 18 1 Republic Australia 0.80 0.00 -0.3% 11 0 Italy 0.66 0.00 0.5% 27 1 Denmark 0.90 0.00 0.0% 1 0 Austria 0.82 -0.01 -0.6% 8 1 Jamaica 0.57 0.00 0.8% 49 1 Dominica 0.58 0.00 -0.6% 46 1 The Bahamas 0.61 -0.01 -0.9% 41 2 Japan 0.78 0.00 0.0% 15 0 Dominican 0.48 0.01 3.1% 90 7 Jordan 0.57 0.00 -0.1% 50 1 Bangladesh 0.41 -0.01 -1.6% 115 2 Republic Kazakhstan 0.52 0.00 0.9% 62 4 Barbados 0.65 0.00 -0.7% 29 0 Ecuador 0.49 0.01 2.0% 86 3 Kenya 0.45 0.00 -0.2% 102 3 Belarus 0.51 0.00 -0.5% 68 1 Egypt 0.36 0.00 0.1% 125 2 Kosovo 0.54 - - 54 - Belgium 0.79 0.00 -0.5% 14 0 El Salvador 0.49 0.02 3.2% 84 2 Kyrgyz Belize 0.48 0.00 0.1% 89 1 Estonia 0.81 0.00 0.0% 10 0 0.48 0.01 1.4% 87 0 Republic Benin 0.50 0.00 -0.4% 81 0 Ethiopia 0.41 0.02 5.6% 114 6 Lebanon 0.45 -0.02 -3.3% 96 4 Bolivia 0.38 0.00 0.3% 121 0 Finland 0.87 0.00 -0.1% 3 0 Liberia 0.45 -0.01 -1.3% 98 1 Bosnia and 0.52 -0.01 -1.4% 64 2 France 0.73 -0.01 -1.3% 20 3 Herzegovina Madagascar 0.44 0.01 2.4% 105 4 The Gambia 0.50 - - 74 - Botswana 0.60 0.01 1.7% 43 1 Malawi 0.52 0.00 0.7% 65 3 Georgia 0.60 -0.01 -1.1% 42 1 Brazil 0.52 -0.02 -2.9% 67 7 Malaysia 0.58 0.03 5.1% 47 4 Germany 0.84 0.00 0.1% 6 0 Bulgaria 0.55 0.00 0.5% 53 1 Mali 0.44 -0.01 -2.8% 106 2 Ghana 0.57 -0.01 -1.9% 51 3 Burkina Faso 0.51 0.00 -0.1% 70 1 Mauritania 0.36 0.01 4.0% 123 1 Greece 0.61 -0.01 -0.9% 40 4 Cambodia 0.33 0.00 0.7% 127 0 Mauritius 0.61 0.00 -0.1% 38 1 Grenada 0.59 -0.01 -1.8% 44 1 Cameroon 0.36 -0.02 -4.4% 124 2 Mexico 0.44 -0.01 -2.8% 104 3 Guatemala 0.45 -0.01 -2.3% 101 3 Canada 0.81 0.00 -0.2% 9 0 Moldova 0.50 0.01 2.2% 82 3 Guinea 0.42 -0.02 -3.9% 111 4 Chile 0.67 -0.01 -0.9% 26 1 Mongolia 0.53 -0.01 -2.2% 57 3 Guyana 0.50 0.00 0.2% 73 3 China 0.48 -0.01 -1.5% 88 4 Morocco 0.50 0.00 -0.5% 79 3

*Scores and change in scores are rounded to two decimal places. Percentage change in score is rounded to one decimal place. †The change in rankings was calculated by comparing the positions of the 126 countries and jurisdictions measured in the 2019 Index with the rankings of the same 126 countries and jurisdictions in 2020, exclusive of the two new additions to the 2020 Index. The two new countries and jurisdictions added to the Index are: Kosovo and The Gambia.

6 Global Global Global Country/ Overall Score % Score Global Rank Country/ Overall Score % Score Global Rank Country/ Overall Score % Score Global Rank Jurisdiction Score* Change* Change Rank Change† Jurisdiction Score* Change* Change Rank Change† Jurisdiction Score* Change* Change Rank Change† Mozambique 0.41 -0.01 -3.4% 113 2 Slovenia 0.69 0.01 1.7% 24 2 Venezuela, 0.27 -0.01 -2.6% 128 0 RB Myanmar 0.42 0.00 0.0% 112 0 South Africa 0.59 0.01 1.4% 45 2 Vietnam 0.49 0.00 0.6% 85 2 Namibia 0.63 0.00 0.6% 35 1 Spain 0.73 0.01 1.3% 19 2 Zambia 0.45 -0.01 -2.6% 97 3 Nepal 0.53 0.00 -0.7% 61 0 Sri Lanka 0.52 0.00 -0.2% 66 2 Zimbabwe 0.39 -0.01 -1.5% 119 1 Netherlands 0.84 0.00 -0.5% 5 0 St. Kitts and 0.63 -0.01 -2.1% 33 3 Nevis New Zealand 0.83 0.00 0.3% 7 1 St. Lucia 0.62 0.00 0.7% 36 2 Nicaragua 0.39 -0.01 -2.6% 118 2 St. Vincent Niger 0.45 0.00 -1.0% 103 0 and the 0.64 0.02 2.8% 31 4 Nigeria 0.43 0.00 -0.9% 108 0 Grenadines North Suriname 0.50 -0.01 -1.8% 76 5 0.53 -0.01 -0.9% 58 1 Macedonia Sweden 0.86 0.00 0.2% 4 0 Norway 0.89 0.00 0.1% 2 0 Tanzania 0.47 0.00 0.5% 93 0 Pakistan 0.39 0.00 -0.7% 120 1 Thailand 0.51 0.00 0.9% 71 6 Panama 0.52 0.00 0.5% 63 2 Togo 0.45 0.00 -0.8% 99 3 Peru 0.50 -0.01 -1.5% 80 7 Trinidad and 0.54 0.00 -0.7% 55 1 Philippines 0.47 0.00 0.8% 91 0 Tobago Poland 0.66 -0.01 -1.1% 28 1 Tunisia 0.54 0.00 0.7% 56 3 Portugal 0.70 -0.01 -1.1% 23 1 Turkey 0.43 0.00 0.3% 107 3 Republic of Uganda 0.40 -0.01 -1.8% 117 2 0.73 0.00 0.0% 17 1 Korea Ukraine 0.51 0.00 0.8% 72 6 Romania 0.63 -0.01 -1.5% 32 1 United Arab 0.65 0.00 0.6% 30 2 Russian Emirates 0.47 -0.01 -1.4% 94 4 Federation United 0.79 -0.01 -1.7% 13 1 Rwanda 0.62 0.01 1.3% 37 3 Kingdom Senegal 0.55 0.00 -0.1% 52 0 United 0.72 0.00 -0.6% 21 1 States Serbia 0.50 0.00 0.6% 75 5 Uruguay 0.71 0.00 0.7% 22 1 Sierra Leone 0.45 0.00 -0.9% 100 0 Uzbekistan 0.47 0.01 1.7% 92 4 Singapore 0.79 -0.01 -0.9% 12 1

WJP Rule of Law Index 2020 Insights 7 Rule of Law Around the World Weaker Stronger Scores and rankings of the 128 countries and jurisdictions included in the WJP Rule of Law Index 2020. 0.0 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.0 Scores range from 0 to 1, where 1 signifies the highest score (strong adherence to rule of law) and 0 signifies the lowest possible score (weak adherence to the rule of law).

8 Weaker Stronger

0.0 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.0 Overall Global Overall Global Overall Global Overall Global Overall Global Country/Jurisdiction Score* Rank Country/Jurisdiction Score* Rank Country/Jurisdiction Score* Rank Country/Jurisdiction Score* Rank Country/Jurisdiction Score* Rank Denmark 0.90 1 Barbados 0.65 29 Trinidad and Moldova 0.50 82 Iran 0.43 109 0.54 55 Tobago Norway 0.89 2 United Arab Algeria 0.49 83 Angola 0.43 110 0.65 30 Emirates Tunisia 0.54 56 Finland 0.87 3 El Salvador 0.49 84 Guinea 0.42 111 St. Vincent and the Mongolia 0.53 57 0.64 31 Sweden 0.86 4 Grenadines Vietnam 0.49 85 Myanmar 0.42 112 North Macedonia 0.53 58 Netherlands 0.84 5 Romania 0.63 32 Ecuador 0.49 86 Mozambique 0.41 113 Indonesia 0.53 59 Germany 0.84 6 St. Kitts and Nevis 0.63 33 Kyrgyz Republic 0.48 87 Ethiopia 0.41 114 Hungary 0.53 60 New Zealand 0.83 7 Antigua and China 0.48 88 Bangladesh 0.41 115 0.63 34 Nepal 0.53 61 Austria 0.82 8 Barbuda Belize 0.48 89 Honduras 0.40 116 Kazakhstan 0.52 62 Canada 0.81 9 Namibia 0.63 35 Dominican Uganda 0.40 117 0.48 90 Panama 0.52 63 Republic Estonia 0.81 10 St. Lucia 0.62 36 Nicaragua 0.39 118 Bosnia and Philippines 0.47 91 Rwanda 0.62 37 0.52 64 Australia 0.80 11 Herzegovina Zimbabwe 0.39 119 Mauritius 0.61 38 Uzbekistan 0.47 92 Singapore 0.79 12 Malawi 0.52 65 Pakistan 0.39 120 Croatia 0.61 39 Tanzania 0.47 93 United Kingdom 0.79 13 Sri Lanka 0.52 66 Bolivia 0.38 121 Greece 0.61 40 Russian Federation 0.47 94 Belgium 0.79 14 Brazil 0.52 67 Afghanistan 0.36 122 The Bahamas 0.61 41 Cote d'Ivoire 0.46 95 Japan 0.78 15 Belarus 0.51 68 Mauritania 0.36 123 Lebanon 0.45 96 Hong Kong SAR, Georgia 0.60 42 Cameroon 0.36 124 0.76 16 India 0.51 69 China Botswana 0.60 43 Zambia 0.45 97 Burkina Faso 0.51 70 Egypt 0.36 125 Republic of Korea 0.73 17 Grenada 0.59 44 Liberia 0.45 98 Thailand 0.51 71 Congo, Dem. Rep. 0.34 126 Czech Republic 0.73 18 South Africa 0.59 45 Togo 0.45 99 Ukraine 0.51 72 Cambodia 0.33 127 Spain 0.73 19 Dominica 0.58 46 Sierra Leone 0.45 100 Guyana 0.50 73 Venezuela, RB 0.27 128 France 0.73 20 Malaysia 0.58 47 Guatemala 0.45 101 The Gambia 0.50 74 United States 0.72 21 Argentina 0.58 48 Kenya 0.45 102 Serbia 0.50 75 Uruguay 0.71 22 Jamaica 0.57 49 Niger 0.45 103 Suriname 0.50 76 Portugal 0.70 23 Jordan 0.57 50 Mexico 0.44 104 Colombia 0.50 77 Slovenia 0.69 24 Ghana 0.57 51 Madagascar 0.44 105 Albania 0.50 78 Costa Rica 0.68 25 Senegal 0.55 52 Mali 0.44 106 Morocco 0.50 79 Chile 0.67 26 Bulgaria 0.55 53 Turkey 0.43 107 Peru 0.50 80 Italy 0.66 27 Kosovo 0.54 54 Nigeria 0.43 108 Benin 0.50 81 Poland 0.66 28

*Scores are rounded to two decimal places.

WJP Rule of Law Index 2020 Insights 9 Rule of Law Around the World by Region Weaker Stronger 0.0 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.0 East Asia & Pacific Change in Change Regional Overall Overall % Score Global in Global Country/Jurisdiction Rank Score* Score* Change Rank Rank† New Zealand 1/15 0.83 0.00 0.3% 7 1 Indonesia 9/15 0.53 0.01 1.3% 59 4 Australia 2/15 0.80 0.00 -0.3% 11 0 Thailand 10/15 0.51 0.00 0.9% 71 6 Singapore 3/15 0.79 -0.01 -0.9% 12 1 Vietnam 11/15 0.49 0.00 0.6% 85 2 Japan 4/15 0.78 0.00 0.0% 15 0 China 12/15 0.48 -0.01 -1.5% 88 4 Hong Kong SAR, China 5/15 0.76 0.00 -0.4% 16 0 Philippines 13/15 0.47 0.00 0.8% 91 0 Republic of Korea 6/15 0.73 0.00 0.0% 17 1 Myanmar 14/15 0.42 0.00 0.0% 112 0 Malaysia 7/15 0.58 0.03 5.1% 47 4 Cambodia 15/15 0.33 0.00 0.7% 127 0 Mongolia 8/15 0.53 -0.01 -2.2% 57 3

Eastern Europe & Central Asia Change in Change Regional Overall Overall % Score Global in Global Country/Jurisdiction Rank Score* Score* Change Rank Rank† Georgia 1/14 0.60 -0.01 -1.1% 42 1 Serbia 8/14 0.50 0.00 0.6% 75 5 Kosovo 2/14 0.54 - - 54 - Albania 9/14 0.50 -0.01 -1.2% 78 4 North Macedonia 3/14 0.53 -0.01 -0.9% 58 1 Moldova 10/14 0.50 0.01 2.2% 82 3 Kazakhstan 4/14 0.52 0.00 0.9% 62 4 Kyrgyz Republic 11/14 0.48 0.01 1.4% 87 0 Bosnia and Herzegovina 5/14 0.52 -0.01 -1.4% 64 2 Uzbekistan 12/14 0.47 0.01 1.7% 92 4 Belarus 6/14 0.51 0.00 -0.5% 68 1 Russian Federation 13/14 0.47 -0.01 -1.4% 94 4 Ukraine 7/14 0.51 0.00 0.8% 72 6 Turkey 14/14 0.43 0.00 0.3% 107 3

South Asia Change in Change Regional Overall Overall % Score Global in Global Country/Jurisdiction Rank Score* Score* Change Rank Rank† Nepal 1/6 0.53 0.00 -0.7% 61 0 Bangladesh 4/6 0.41 -0.01 -1.6% 115 2 Sri Lanka 2/6 0.52 0.00 -0.2% 66 2 Pakistan 5/6 0.39 0.00 -0.7% 120 1 India 3/6 0.51 0.00 -0.5% 69 0 Afghanistan 6/6 0.36 0.02 4.3% 122 3

10 Latin America & Caribbean Weaker Stronger Change Change in 0.0 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.0 Regional Overall Overall % Score Global in Global Country/Jurisdiction Rank Score* Score* Change Rank Rank† Uruguay 1/30 0.71 0.00 0.7% 22 1 Brazil 16/30 0.52 -0.02 -2.9% 67 7 Costa Rica 2/30 0.68 0.00 -0.5% 25 1 Guyana 17/30 0.50 0.00 0.2% 73 3 Chile 3/30 0.67 -0.01 -0.9% 26 1 Suriname 18/30 0.50 -0.01 -1.8% 76 5 Barbados 4/30 0.65 0.00 -0.7% 29 0 Colombia 19/30 0.50 0.00 0.8% 77 5 St. Vincent and the Peru 20/30 0.50 -0.01 -1.5% 80 7 5/30 0.64 0.02 2.8% 31 4 Grenadines El Salvador 21/30 0.49 0.02 3.2% 84 2 St. Kitts and Nevis 6/30 0.63 -0.01 -2.1% 33 3 Ecuador 22/30 0.49 0.01 2.0% 86 3 Antigua and Barbuda 7/30 0.63 0.00 0.5% 34 1 Belize 23/30 0.48 0.00 0.1% 89 1 St. Lucia 8/30 0.62 0.00 0.7% 36 2 Dominican Republic 24/30 0.48 0.01 3.1% 90 7 The Bahamas 9/30 0.61 -0.01 -0.9% 41 2 Guatemala 25/30 0.45 -0.01 -2.3% 101 3 Grenada 10/30 0.59 -0.01 -1.8% 44 1 Mexico 26/30 0.44 -0.01 -2.8% 104 3 Dominica 11/30 0.58 0.00 -0.6% 46 1 Honduras 27/30 0.40 0.00 0.2% 116 1 Argentina 12/30 0.58 0.00 -0.5% 48 2 Nicaragua 28/30 0.39 -0.01 -2.6% 118 2 Jamaica 13/30 0.57 0.00 0.8% 49 1 Bolivia 29/30 0.38 0.00 0.3% 121 0 Trinidad and Tobago 14/30 0.54 0.00 -0.7% 55 1 Venezuela, RB 30/30 0.27 -0.01 -2.6% 128 0 Panama 15/30 0.52 0.00 0.5% 63 2 EU, EFTA, & NA Change in Change Regional Overall Overall % Score Global in Global Country/Jurisdiction Rank Score* Score* Change Rank Rank† Denmark 1/24 0.90 0.00 0.0% 1 0 Spain 13/24 0.73 0.01 1.3% 19 2 Norway 2/24 0.89 0.00 0.1% 2 0 France 14/24 0.73 -0.01 -1.3% 20 3 Finland 3/24 0.87 0.00 -0.1% 3 0 United States 15/24 0.72 0.00 -0.6% 21 1 Sweden 4/24 0.86 0.00 0.2% 4 0 Portugal 16/24 0.70 -0.01 -1.1% 23 1 Netherlands 5/24 0.84 0.00 -0.5% 5 0 Slovenia 17/24 0.69 0.01 1.7% 24 2 Germany 6/24 0.84 0.00 0.1% 6 0 Italy 18/24 0.66 0.00 0.5% 27 1 Austria 7/24 0.82 -0.01 -0.6% 8 1 Poland 19/24 0.66 -0.01 -1.1% 28 1 Canada 8/24 0.81 0.00 -0.2% 9 0 Romania 20/24 0.63 -0.01 -1.5% 32 1 Estonia 9/24 0.81 0.00 0.0% 10 0 Croatia 21/24 0.61 0.01 1.1% 39 3 United Kingdom 10/24 0.79 -0.01 -1.7% 13 1 Greece 22/24 0.61 -0.01 -0.9% 40 4 Belgium 11/24 0.79 0.00 -0.5% 14 0 Bulgaria 23/24 0.55 0.00 0.5% 53 1 Czech Republic 12/24 0.73 0.00 0.6% 18 1 Hungary 24/24 0.53 -0.01 -1.1% 60 2

WJP Rule of Law Index 2020 Insights 11 Rule of Law Around the World by Region Weaker Stronger 0.0 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.0 Middle East & North Africa Change in Change Regional Overall Overall % Score Global in Global Country/Jurisdiction Rank Score* Score* Change Rank Rank† United Arab Emirates 1/8 0.65 0.00 0.6% 30 2 Algeria 5/8 0.49 -0.01 -2.3% 83 8 Jordan 2/8 0.57 0.00 -0.1% 50 1 Lebanon 6/8 0.45 -0.02 -3.3% 96 4 Tunisia 3/8 0.54 0.00 0.7% 56 3 Iran 7/8 0.43 -0.02 -4.2% 109 3 Morocco 4/8 0.50 0.00 -0.5% 79 3 Egypt 8/8 0.36 0.00 0.1% 125 2

Sub-Saharan Africa Change in Change Regional Overall Overall % Score Global in Global Country/Jurisdiction Rank Score* Score* Change Rank Rank† Namibia 1/31 0.63 0.00 0.6% 35 1 Sierra Leone 17/31 0.45 0.00 -0.9% 100 0 Rwanda 2/31 0.62 0.01 1.3% 37 3 Kenya 18/31 0.45 0.00 -0.2% 102 3 Mauritius 3/31 0.61 0.00 -0.1% 38 1 Niger 19/31 0.45 0.00 -1.0% 103 0 Botswana 4/31 0.60 0.01 1.7% 43 1 Madagascar 20/31 0.44 0.01 2.4% 105 4 South Africa 5/31 0.59 0.01 1.4% 45 2 Mali 21/31 0.44 -0.01 -2.8% 106 2 Ghana 6/31 0.57 -0.01 -1.9% 51 3 Nigeria 22/31 0.43 0.00 -0.9% 108 0 Senegal 7/31 0.55 0.00 -0.1% 52 0 Angola 23/31 0.43 0.01 3.1% 110 4 Malawi 8/31 0.52 0.00 0.7% 65 3 Guinea 24/31 0.42 -0.02 -3.9% 111 4 Burkina Faso 9/31 0.51 0.00 -0.1% 70 1 Mozambique 25/31 0.41 -0.01 -3.4% 113 2 The Gambia 10/31 0.50 - - 74 - Ethiopia 26/31 0.41 0.02 5.6% 114 6 Benin 11/31 0.50 0.00 -0.4% 81 0 Uganda 27/31 0.40 -0.01 -1.8% 117 2 Tanzania 12/31 0.47 0.00 0.5% 93 0 Zimbabwe 28/31 0.39 -0.01 -1.5% 119 1 Cote d'Ivoire 13/31 0.46 0.00 -0.4% 95 0 Mauritania 29/31 0.36 0.01 4.0% 123 1 Zambia 14/31 0.45 -0.01 -2.6% 97 3 Cameroon 30/31 0.36 -0.02 -4.4% 124 2 Liberia 15/31 0.45 -0.01 -1.3% 98 1 Congo, Dem. Rep. 31/31 0.34 0.01 2.6% 126 0 Togo 16/31 0.45 0.00 -0.8% 99 3

12 Overall Rule of Law Score Changes Biggest improvement and decline in overall rule of law score by region over the last year. Figures reflect percentage change in overall rule of law score.

Russian Federation -1.4%

Slovenia Moldova 1.7% 2.2%

Afghanistan 4.3%

United Kingdom -1.7%

Mongolia -2.2%

Tunisia 0.7% Bangladesh -1.6%

Iran Malaysia El Salvador -4.2% 5.1% 3.2% Cameroon -4.4%

Brazil -2.9%

Ethiopia 5.6%

*Percentage change in score Declining Improving is rounded to one decimal place. -6.0% – -4.1% -4.0% – -2.1% -2.0% – -0 .1% 0.0% 0.1% – 2.0% 2.1% – 4.0% 4.1% – 6.0%

WJP Rule of Law Index 2020 Insights 13 Improving and Declining Rule of Law Weaker Stronger Categorization of countries according to whether their overall WJP Rule of Law Index score is above 0.0 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.0 or below the median, and whether it has improved or declined in the last year. Stable countries —those with a percentage score change between -0.5% and 0.5% — are not shown.

0.85

0.80.80 Spain 0.73; 1.3% 0.750.75

0.70.70 Romania 0.63; -1.5% 0.650.65 Malaysia 0.58; 5.1%

0.60.60 Ghana 0.57; -1.9% 0.550.55

2020 Index Score 2020 Index 0.50.50

0.450.45 Kyrgyz Republic 0.48; 1.4% 0.40.40

0.350.35 Cambodia 0.33; 0.7% Mozambique 0.41; -3.4% Guatemala 0.45; -2.3% 0.30.30

0.25 -5% -4% -3% -2% -1% 0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% -5.00 -4.00 -3.00 -2.00 -1.00Percentage change0.00 in score since 20191.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 Declining Rule of Law Declining Rule of Law Improving Rule of Law Improving Rule of Law Above the Median (25) Below the Median (30) Below the Median (21) Above the Median (19) Austria Hungary Albania Lebanon Russian Afghanistan Malawi Botswana Rwanda The Bahamas Mongolia Algeria Liberia Federation Angola Mauritania Bulgaria Slovenia Barbados Nepal Bangladesh Mali Sierra Leone Cambodia Moldova Croatia South Africa Belgium North Macedonia Belarus Mexico Suriname Colombia Philippines Czech Republic Spain Bosnia and Herzegovina Poland Brazil Morocco Togo Congo, Dem. Rep. Serbia Indonesia St. Lucia Chile Portugal Cameroon Mozambique Uganda Dominican Republic Tanzania Italy St. Vincent and the Costa Rica Romania China Nicaragua Venezuela, RB Ecuador Thailand Jamaica Grenadines Dominica Singapore Guatemala Niger Zambia El Salvador Ukraine Kazakhstan Tunisia France St. Kitts and Nevis Guinea Nigeria Zimbabwe Ethiopia Uzbekistan Malaysia United Arab Emirates Georgia Trinidad and Tobago India Pakistan Kyrgyz Republic Vietnam Namibia Uruguay Ghana United Kingdom Iran Peru Madagascar Greece United States Grenada

14 Factors of the Rule of Law Over Time Percentage of countries whose score has improved or declined for each of the eight factors of the WJP Rule of Law Index. Percentage of countries that declined in the past year is based on the 126 countries and jurisdictions that were covered in 2019.

Constraints on Absence of Open Fundamental Order Regulatory Civil Criminal Government Powers Corruption Government Rights and Security Enforcement Justice Justice

64%

50% 47% 42% 43% 42% 37% 33% 31% 29% 31% 23% 22% 21% 22% 20%

29% 28% 32% 32% 33% 36% 40% 40% 41% 43% 44% 46% 49% 48% 57% 66%

Constraints on Absence of Open Fundamental Order Regulatory Civil Criminal Government Powers Corruption Government Rights and Security Enforcement Justice Justice

Improving Rule of Law Above the Median (19)

% of countries that declined in the past year % of countries that improved in the past year

% of countries that declined in the past 5 years % of countries that improved in the past 5 years

*Percentage of countries that declined in the past five years is based on the 102 countries and jurisdictions that were covered in 2015. *Percentages may not add to 100%”

WJP Rule of Law Index 2020 Insights 15 Biggest Improvements in Overall Rule of Law Score Biggest improvements in overall rule of law score over the last year. Figures reflect change in overall rule of law score in annual percentage terms. For each country or jurisdiction highlighted, the factor in which it improved the most is listed.

Slovenia 1.7% Moldova 2.2% Factor Seven: Civil Justice Factor One: Constraints on Government Powers

Mauritania 4.0% Factor Seven: Civil Justice Uzbekistan 1.7% Factor Two: Absence of Corruption

Dominican Republic 3.1% Factor Six: Regulatory Enforcement

St. Vincent & the Grenadines 2.8% Afghanistan 4.3% Factor Three: Open Government Factor One: Constraints on Government Powers Malaysia 5.1% El Salvador 3.2% Ethiopia 5.6% Factor One: Constraints on Factor Six: Regulatory Enforcement Congo, Dem. Rep. 2.6% Factor One: Constraints on Factor One: Constraints on Government Powers Government Powers Government Powers

Angola 3.1% Madagascar 2.4% Ecuador 2.0% Factor Three: Open Government Factor Seven: Civil Justice Factor Four: Fundamental Rights

Botswana 1.7% Factor One: Constraints on Government Powers

*Percentage change in score Declining Improving is rounded to one decimal place. -6.0% – -4.1% -4.0% – -2.1% -2.0% – -0 .1% 0.0% 0.1% – 2.0% 2.1% – 4.0% 4.1% – 6.0%

16 -2.2% -0.3% 0.9% 4.3% -3.2% 0.8% -0.3% -1.2% -2.3% 3.1% -5.8% 0.1% 0.5% 6.7% 5.0% 0.1% -0.5% 0.5% 0.2% -0.4% -0.3% 1.3% -2.4% 1.0% -0.6% -0.9% 1.5% -0.9% -2.1% 0.2% 1.4% -1.6% -2.8% 0.2% -0.7% 1.4% -4.6% 0.8% -0.5% 2.8% -2.0% 2.4% -0.5% -2.8% -0.2% 0.8% 0.1% -0.4% -2.7% -5.2% 0.0% 0.3% -1.7% -4.9% -0.2% -1.4% -9.9% 1.3% 1.3% 1.7% 2.9% -3.1% -1.2% -2.9% -0.8% -2.4% 2.4% 0.5% 3.1% 4.8% 0.5% -0.1% -12.2% -1.1% 0.5% 0.7% -8.0% -0.1% 2.8% -4.4% 3.8% 0.3% -0.1% -0.2% 0.8% -2.4% 1.5% -0.9% 0.3% 3.8% -2.7% -1.5% 1.2% -0.4% -1.4% 0.8% 2.6% 0.4% -0.1% 0.3% -0.5% -1.4% 1.4% -1.3% -0.4% 1.0% 1.0% -0.6% 1.1% 4.1% -1.2% -1.4% 0.6% 1.9% 0.6% 0.8% 0.0% -0.8% -1.8% -0.6% -3.4% -0.4% -0.4% 3.1% -3.4% 3.7% 1.2% 2.0% -16.7% -1.0% -1.1% 0.1% -3.2% -2.8% -0.4% 3.2% 1.8% 1.2% 1.3% 0.0% -9.4% -0.8% 3.3% 5.6% Sheet 1 -9.4% -0.8% 3.3% 5.6% Sheet 1 3.0% -0.3% 0.6% -0.1%

FF11 FF22 FF33 FF44 FF55 -2.9% 2.8% 0.0% -1.3% -2.2% -0.3% 0.9% 4.3% Sheet 1 AAffgghhaanniissttaann -2-2.1.25% -0-0.2.38% 00.9.91% 44.3.34% -0.2% -6.7% -0.2% -1.1% -3.2% 0.8% -0.3% -1.2% AAllbbaanniiaa -3-3.2.20% 00.8.84% -0-0.3.34% -1-1.1.26% GermaFn1y 2.F72% 0.F03% 0.F04% 0.F15% AAllggeerriiaa -2-2.2.37% Ghana -3.7% 2.4% -2.5% -1.9% AAnnggoollaa 33.1.10% Greece -0.2% 0.5% 2.3% -0.9% AAnnttiigguuaa aanndd BBaarrbbuuddaa -5-5.7.85% 00.1.1% 00.4.56% Grenada -7.8% -1.4% -1.8% AArrggeennttiinnaa 66.6.76% 45.9.05% 00.0.18% -0-0.4.57% Guatemala -0.1% 0.1% 4.6% -2.3% AAuussttrraalliiaa 00.4.58% 00.1.25% -0-0.4.4% -0-0.2.36% Guinea -3.9% AAuussttrriiaa 11.2.39% -2-2.4.44% 11.0.04% -0-0.6.62% Guyana 1.9% 0.0% 0.2% TThhee BBaahhaammaass -0-0.8.96% 11.4.5% -0-0.9.92% Honduras -0.5% -3.9% -0.3% 0.2% BBaannggllaaddeesshh -2-2.0.17% 00.2.25% 11.3.48% -1-1.5.65% Hong Kong SAR, China 1.3% -0.4% -0.2% -0.4% BBaarrbbaaddooss -2-2.8.84% 00.1.26% -0-0.7.73% Hungary -1.3% -3.9% -2.2% -1.1% BBeellaarruuss 11.3.47% -4-4.6.60% 00.8.85% -0-0.5.53% India 1.4% 0.9% -1.2% -0.5% BBeellggiiuumm 22.8.83% -1-2.9.09% 22.3.47% -0-0.5.54% Indonesia -0.1% -0.9% 0.9% 1.3% BBeelliizzee -2-2.8.83% -0-0.1.26% 00.7.85% 00.1.10% Iran 7.5% 1.8% -6.2% -4.2% BBeenniinn -0-0.3.46% Italy 0.1% 0.6% 0.9% 0.5% BBoolliivviiaa -2-2.7.74% -5-5.2.20% -00.0.05%% 00.3.34% Jamaica 1.5% 0.7% -2.0% 0.8% BBoossnniiaa aanndd HHeerrzzeeggoovviinnaa -1-1.7.75% -4-4.8.97% -0-0.2.20% -1-1.4.4% Japan -0.8% 1.1% -0.8% 0.0% BBoottsswwaannaa -9-9.9.91% 11.2.37% 11.3.32% 11.6.7% Jordan 4.1% 1.5% -4.8% -0.1% BBrraazziill 22.8.97% -3-3.0.18% -1-1.1.26% -2-2.9.92% Kazakhstan 1.3% 2.2% 0.9% 0.9% BBuullggaarriiaa -0-0.7.88% -2-2.3.46% 22.3.46% 00.5.51% Kenya -3.5% 4.0% 0.5% -0.2% BBuurrkkiinnaa FFaassoo 33.1.10% 44.8.83% 00.4.59% -0-0.1.10% Kyrgyz Republic -0.7% 0.7% 0.9% 1.4% CCaambbooddiiaa -1-122.2.23% -1-1.0.15% 00.5.54% 00.6.7% Lebanon -5.4% 2.7% 0.2% -3.3% CCaameerroooonn -7-8.9.07% -0-0.1.11% 22.8.82% -4-4.4.43% Liberia 0.1% 1.2% 1.4% -1.3% CCaannaaddaa 33.7.86% 00.3.33% -0-0.1.13% -0-0.1.25% Madagascar 0.6% -3.9% -1.4% 2.4% CChhiillee 00.8.85% -2-2.4.41% 11.4.59% -0-0.8.96% Malawi 0.7% 0.6% 0.8% 0.7% CChhiinnaa 00.3.34% 33.8.84% -2-2.7.72% -1-1.5.53% Malaysia -5.2% -0.5% 3.6% 5.1% CCoolloommbbiiaa 11.1.26% -0-0.3.47% -1-1.4.42% 00.8.80% Mali -2.8% CCoonnggoo,, DDeem.. RReepp.. 22.5.68% Mauritania 4.0% CCoossttaa RRiiccaa 00.4.43% -0-0.0.15% 00.3.30% -0-0.5.51% Mauritius -0.1% CCoottee dd''IIvvooiirree -1-1.3.46% 11.4.42% -1-1.3.32% -0-0.3.45% Mexico -1.7% -0.7% -0.2% -2.8% CCrrooaattiiaa 11.0.05% 01.9.07% -0-0.6.60% 11.1.14% Moldova 2.4% -0.5% -1.0% 2.2% CCzzeecchh RReeppuubblliicc 44.1.10% -1-1.1.25% -1-1.4.42% 00.5.68% Mongolia 1.1% 0.8% 0.3% -2.2% DDeennmmaarrkk 11.8.98% 00.5.66% 00.8.82% 00.0.03% Morocco 1.4% -3.4% -1.2% -0.5% DDoommiinniiccaa -0-0.8.83% -1-1.8.83% -0-0.6.63% Mozambique -3.4% DDoomiinniiccaann RReeppuubblliicc -3-3.3.49% -0-0.4.41% -0-0.3.49% 33.1.14% Myanmar 4.0% -3.2% -0.5% 0.0% EEccuuaaddoorr -3-3.4.40% 33.7.74% 11.1.27% 12.9.06% Namibia 0.6% EEggyypptt -1-166.6.76% -0-1.9.05% -1-1.0.18% 00.1.13% Nepal -2.2% 1.1% 0.8% -0.7% Negative Change Positive Change Year to Year Rule of Law ScoreEEll SSChangesaallvvaaddoorr -3-3.1.29% -2-2.8.84% -0-0.3.46% 33.2.24% Netherlands 3.4% -0.7% -1.5% -0.5% EEssttoonniiaa 11.8.82% 11.2.22% 11.3.31% 00.0.03% New Zealand 0.0% -0.3% -0.5% 0.3% Percentage change in score between each edition of the WJP Rule of LawEEtth hIndexiiooppiiaa since-9-9.4.42% 2015.-0-0.8.84 %Countries33.2.36% and55 .jurisdictions6.61% that are new toNic thearag Indexua -1 in.1% 20203 .are2% not- included.6.9% -2.6% Sheet 1 2015 2016 2017/18 2019 Overall FFiinnllaanndd 332015.0.00% -0-20160.3.33% 2017/1800.5.67% -0-20190.0.17% Overall Niger 2015 2016 2017/18 -20191.0% Overall to to to to Score to to to to Score to to to to Score -2.9% 2.8% 0.0% -1.3% 9.0% -1.2% -1.0% -0.9% F1 2016F2 2017/18F3 2019F4 2020F5 2020 Sheet 1 FFrraannccee -2-20162.8.95% 2017/1822.7.89% -002019.0.03%% -1-20201.2.37% 2020 Nigeria 20169.0% 2017/18-1.2% -20191.0% -20200.9% 2020 -0.2% -6.7% -0.2% -1.1% -1.7% -2.3% 1.8% -0.9% Afghanistan -2.2% -0.3% 0.9% 4.3% 0.36 GGeeoorrggiiaa -0-0.1.26% -6-6.6.76% -0-0.1.25% -1-1.0.18% 0.60 North Macedonia -1.7% -2.3% 1.8% -0.9% 0.53 F1 2.F72% 0.F03% 0.F04% 0.F15% 1.7% 0.8% 0.7% 0.1% Albania -3.2% 0.8% -0.3% -1.2% 0.50 GGeerrmmaannyy 22.7.71% 00.0.04% 00.0.04% 00.1.13% 0.84 Sheet 1 Norway 1.7% 0.8% 0.7% 0.1% 0.89 GGhhaannaa -3.7% 2.4% -2.5% -1.9% 1.1% 1.9% -0.2% -0.7% Algeria - - - -2.3% 0.49 -3-3.7.71% 22.3.48% -2-2.4.56% -1-1.9.93% 0.57 Pakistan 1.1% 1.9% -0.2% -0.7% 0.39 Greece -0.2% 0.5% 2.3% -0.9% 0.61 -1.9% -0.3% -0.2% 0.5% Angola - - - 3.1% 0.43 -0-0.1.27% 00.4.56% 22.2.37% -0-0.9.91% PanamF1a -1F.92% -0F.3% -0F.24% 0.F55% 0.52 Grenada -7.8% -1.4% -1.8% 0.59 Peru 3.1% 1.7% -2.9% -1.5% Antigua and Barbuda - -5.8% 0.1% 0.5% 0.63 - -7-7.7.88% -1-1.3.47% -1-1.7.8% 3.1% 1.7% -2.9% -1.5% 0.50 Guatemala -0.1% 0.1% 4.6% -2.3% 0.45 Philippines -3.6% -7.7% 0.4% 0.8% Argentina 6.7% 5.0% 0.1% -0.5% 0.58 -0-0.1.14% 00.1.13% 44.5.6% -2-2.2.35% -3.6% -7.7% 0.4% 0.8% 0.47 Guinea -3.9% 0.42 Poland -0.2% -5.8% -0.9% -1.1% Australia 0.5% 0.2% -0.4% -0.3% 0.80 - - - -3-3.8.9% -0.2% -5.8% -0.9% -1.1% 0.66 Guyana 1.9% 0.0% 0.2% 0.50 Portugal 1.7% 0.9% -0.8% -1.1% 0.70 Austria 1.3% -2.4% 1.0% -0.6% 0.82 - 11.9.90% 00.0.03% 00.1.26% 1.7% 0.9% -0.8% -1.1% Honduras -0.5% -3.9% -0.3% 0.2% 0.40 Republic of Korea -7.7% -1.0% 1.7% 0.0% The Bahamas - -0.9% 1.5% -0.9% 0.61 -0-0.4.59% -3-3.8.96% -0-0.3.30% 00.2.20% -7.7% -1.0% 1.7% 0.0% 0.73 Hong Kong SAR, China 1.3% -0.4% -0.2% -0.4% 0.76 Romania 6.6% -0.7% -1.9% -1.5% Bangladesh -2.1% 0.2% 1.4% -1.6% 0.41 11.3.32% -0-0.4.43% -0-0.1.29% -0-0.4.42% 6.6% -0.7% -1.9% -1.5% 0.63 Hungary -1.3% -3.9% -2.2% -1.1% 0.53 Russian Federation -4.1% 3.2% 1.0% -1.4% Barbados - -2.8% 0.2% -0.7% 0.65 -1-1.3.32% -3-3.9.91% -2-2.1.28% -1-1.1.13% -4.1% 3.2% 1.0% -1.4% 0.47 India 1.4% 0.9% -1.2% -0.5% 0.51 Rwanda 1.3% 0.62 Belarus 1.4% -4.6% 0.8% -0.5% 0.51 11.4.44% 00.9.95% -1-1.2.21% -0-0.5.53% - - - 1.3% Indonesia -0.1% -0.9% 0.9% 1.3% 0.53 Senegal 0.8% -4.0% 0.3% -0.1% Belgium 2.8% -2.0% 2.4% -0.5% 0.79 -0-0.1.15% -0-0.9.90% 00.8.97% 11.2.39% 0.8% -4.0% 0.3% -0.1% 0.55 Iran 7.5% 1.8% -6.2% -4.2% 0.43 Serbia -0.7% -0.3% 0.1% 0.6% Belize -2.8% -0.2% 0.8% 0.1% 0.48 77.5.52% 11.7.89% -6-6.2.2% -4-4.2.23% -0.7% -0.3% 0.1% 0.6% 0.50 Italy 0.1% 0.6% 0.9% 0.5% 0.66 Sierra Leone 1.8% 2.0% 0.1% -0.9% Benin - - - -0.4% 0.50 00.1.13% 00.6.63% 00.9.91% 00.5.54% 1.8% 2.0% 0.1% -0.9% 0.45 Jamaica 1.5% 0.7% -2.0% 0.8% 0.57 Singapore 1.0% -2.6% 0.0% -0.9% Bolivia -2.7% -5.2% 0.0% 0.3% 0.38 11.5.52% 00.7.71% -2-2.0.04% 00.8.80% 1.0% -2.6% 0.0% -0.9% 0.79 Japan -0.8% 1.1% -0.8% 0.0% 0.78 Slovenia 1.9% -0.3% 0.5% 1.7% Bosnia and Herzegovina -1.7% -4.9% -0.2% -1.4% 0.52 -0-0.7.87% 11.0.16% -0-0.7.87% -00.0.02%% 1.9% -0.3% 0.5% 1.7% 0.69 Jordan 4.1% 1.5% -4.8% -0.1% 0.57 South Africa 1.7% 0.3% -1.6% 1.4% 0.59 Botswana -9.9% 1.3% 1.3% 1.7% 0.60 44.0.19% 11.4.58% -4-4.8.83% -0-0.0.17% 1.7% 0.3% -1.6% 1.4% Kazakhstan 1.3% 2.2% 0.9% 0.9% 0.52 Spain 2.0% 0.9% 2.4% 1.3% Brazil 2.9% -3.1% -1.2% -2.9% 0.52 11.3.33% 22.2.24% 00.9.90% 00.8.98% 2.0% 0.9% 2.4% 1.3% 0.73 Kenya -3.5% 4.0% 0.5% -0.2% 0.45 Sri Lanka 0.6% 2.8% -0.9% -0.2% Bulgaria -0.8% -2.4% 2.4% 0.5% 0.55 -3-3.5.50% 44.0.00% 00.4.59% -0-0.2.2% 0.6% 2.8% -0.9% -0.2% 0.52 Kyrgyz Republic -0.7% 0.7% 0.9% 1.4% 0.48 St. Kitts and Nevis -0.5% -2.2% -2.1% Burkina Faso 3.1% 4.8% 0.5% -0.1% 0.51 -0-0.7.71% 00.7.73% 00.8.97% 11.3.45% - -0.5% -2.2% -2.1% 0.63 Lebanon -5.4% 2.7% 0.2% -3.3% 0.45 St. Lucia -2.1% -2.1% 0.7% Cambodia -12.2% -1.1% 0.5% 0.7% 0.33 -5-5.4.40% 22.7.74% 00.2.20% -3-3.2.36% - -2.1% -2.1% 0.7% 0.62 Liberia 0.1% 1.2% 1.4% -1.3% 0.45 St. Vincent and the Grena.. -0.4% 1.6% 2.8% Cameroon -8.0% -0.1% 2.8% -4.4% 0.36 00.1.11% 11.2.21% 11.3.45% -1-1.3.30% St. Vincent and the Grenadines - -0.4% 1.6% 2.8% 0.64 Madagascar 0.6% -3.9% -1.4% 2.4% 0.44 Suriname -3.9% 0.4% -1.8% Canada 3.8% 0.3% -0.1% -0.2% 0.81 00.5.67% -3-3.8.97% -1-1.4.40% 22.3.46% - -3.9% 0.4% -1.8% 0.50 Malawi 00.6.78% 00.5.68% 00.7.89% 00.7.72% 0.52 Sweden 1.3% 0.2% -0.4% 0.2% Chile 0.8% -2.4% 1.5% -0.9% 0.67 0.7% 0.6% 0.8% 0.7% 1.3% 0.2% -0.4% 0.2% 0.86 Malaysia -5-5.1.26% -0-0.4.58% 33.5.69% 55.0.15% 0.58 Tanzania -1.4% 0.2% -0.3% 0.5% 0.47 China 0.3% 3.8% -2.7% -1.5% 0.48 -5.2% -0.5% 3.6% 5.1% -1.4% 0.2% -0.3% 0.5% Malaysia 5.1% Mali -2-2.7.86% 0.44 Thailand -0.3% -1.8% -0.4% 0.9% 0.51 Colombia 1.2% -0.4% -1.4% 0.8% 0.50 - - - -2.8% -0.3% -1.8% -0.4% 0.9% Factor One: Constraints on Mauritania - - - 44.0.01% 0.36 Togo -0.8% 0.45 Government Powers Congo, Dem. Rep. - - - 2.6% 0.34 - - - Mauritius -0-0.0.15% 0.61 Trinidad and Tobago -2.1% -3.0% -0.7% Costa Rica 0.4% -0.1% 0.3% -0.5% 0.68 - - - -0.1% - -2.1% -3.0% -0.7% 0.54 Mexico -1-1.7.71% -0-0.7.70% -0-0.2.21% -2-2.7.8% 0.44 Tunisia -4.6% 0.3% -0.2% 0.7% 0.54 Cote d'Ivoire -1.4% 1.4% -1.3% -0.4% 0.46 -1.7% -0.7% -0.2% -2.8% -4.6% 0.3% -0.2% 0.7% Moldova 22.4.42% -0-0.4.58% -1-1.0.00% 22.2.23% 0.50 Turkey -7.2% -3.1% 2.7% 0.3% Croatia 1.0% 1.0% -0.6% 1.1% 0.61 2.4% -0.5% -1.0% 2.2% -7.2% -3.1% 2.7% 0.3% 0.43 Mongolia 11.0.19% 00.8.84% 00.2.35% -2-2.1.26% 0.53 Uganda -4.1% 2.6% 0.6% -1.8% Czech Republic 4.1% -1.2% -1.4% 0.6% 0.73 1.1% 0.8% 0.3% -2.2% -4.1% 2.6% 0.6% -1.8% 0.40 Morocco 11.3.49% -3-3.4.42% -1-1.1.26% -0-0.5.53% 0.50 Ukraine 1.9% 1.6% 1.0% 0.8% Denmark 1.9% 0.6% 0.8% 0.0% 0.90 1.4% -3.4% -1.2% -0.5% 1.9% 1.6% 1.0% 0.8% 0.51 Mozambique -3-3.4.41% 0.41 United Arab Emirates -2.1% -1.5% -0.7% 0.6% 0.65 Dominica - -0.8% -1.8% -0.6% 0.58 - - - -3.4% -2.1% -1.5% -0.7% 0.6% Myanmar 44.0.04% -3-3.2.23% -0-0.5.53% -00.0.04%% 0.42 United Kingdom 3.0% -0.1% -0.7% -1.7% Dominican Republic -3.4% -0.4% -0.4% 3.1% 0.48 4.0% -3.2% -0.5% 0.0% 3.0% -0.1% -0.7% -1.7% 0.79 Namibia 00.5.69% 0.63 United States 1.4% -1.1% -1.5% -0.6% Ecuador -3.4% 3.7% 1.2% 2.0% 0.49 - - - 0.6% 1.4% -1.1% -1.5% -0.6% 0.72 Nepal -2-2.2.23% 11.0.17% 00.7.86% -0-0.7.70% 0.53 Uruguay 1.9% -1.9% -0.6% 0.7% Egypt -16.7% -1.0% -1.1% 0.1% 0.36 -2.2% 1.1% 0.8% -0.7% 1.9% -1.9% -0.6% 0.7% 0.71 Netherlands 33.3.45% -0-0.7.71% -1-1.4.56% -0-0.5.50% 0.84 Uzbekistan -1.4% 1.9% 1.0% 1.7% 0.47 El Salvador -3.2% -2.8% -0.4% 3.2% 0.49 3.4% -0.7% -1.5% -0.5% -1.4% 1.9% 1.0% 1.7% New Zealand 00.0.01% -0-0.3.35% -0-0.5.54% 00.3.3% 0.83 Venezuela, BR -13.7% 4.0% -3.5% -2.6% Estonia 1.8% 1.2% 1.3% 0.0% 0.81 0.0% -0.3% -0.5% 0.3% Venezuela, RB -13.7% 4.0% -3.5% -2.6% 0.27 Nicaragua -1-1.1.15% 33.2.25% -6-6.9.94% -2-2.6.62% 0.39 Vietnam 2.9% -2.1% -2.4% 0.6% Ethiopia -9.4% -0.8% 3.3% 5.6% 0.41 -1.1% 3.2% -6.9% -2.6% 2.9% -2.1% -2.4% 0.6% 0.49 Niger -1-1.0.04% 0.45 Zambia 0.5% -0.8% -1.2% -2.6% Finland 3.0% -0.3% 0.6% -0.1% 0.87 - - - -1.0% 0.5% -0.8% -1.2% -2.6% 0.45 Nigeria 99.0.02% -1-1.2.23% -1-1.0.04% -0-0.8.9% 0.43 Zimbabwe 0.8% 0.6% 7.1% -1.5% France -2.9% 2.8% 0.0% -1.3% 0.73 9.0% -1.2% -1.0% -0.9% 0.8% 0.6% 7.1% -1.5% 0.39 North Macedonia -1-1.6.77% -2-2.2.38% 11.8.80% -0-0.9.95% Georgia -0.2% -6.7% -0.2% -1.1% -1.7% -2.3% 1.8% -0.9% *Percentage change in score is rounded to one decimal place. Scores are rounded to two decimalNorwa places.y 11.7.72% 00.7.87% 00.6.77% 00.0.18% Germany 2.7% 0.0% 0.0% 0.1% 1.7% 0.8% 0.7% 0.1% Pakistan 11.0.15% 11.8.99% -0-0.2.22% -0-0.6.78% Ghana -3.7% 2.4% -2.5% -1.9% 1.1% 1.9% -0.2% -0.7% Panama -1-1.8.98% -0-0.2.35% -0-0.1.27% 00.4.59% -0.2% 0.5% 2.3% -0.9% -1.9% -0.3% -0.2% 0.5% Peru 33.0.17% 11.7.72% -2-2.9.94% -1-1.5.52% -7.8% -1.4% -1.8% 3.1% 1.7% -2.9% -1.5% WJP Rule of Law Index 2020 Insights 17 -3-3.5.69% -7-7.6.78% 00.4.4% 00.8.80% -0.1% 0.1% 4.6% -2.3% -3.6% -7.7% 0.4% 0.8% -0-0.2.21% -5-5.7.89% -0-0.9.93% -1-1.1.14% -3.9% -0.2% -5.8% -0.9% -1.1% 11.7.70% 00.9.94% -0-0.7.8% -1-1.0.19% 1.9% 0.0% 0.2% 1.7% 0.9% -0.8% -1.1% -7-7.6.7% -0-1.9.08% 11.7.71% -00.0.03%% -0.5% -3.9% -0.3% 0.2% -7.7% -1.0% 1.7% 0.0% 66.5.67% -0-0.7.71% -1-1.8.97% -1-1.4.59% 1.3% -0.4% -0.2% -0.4% 6.6% -0.7% -1.9% -1.5% -4-4.1.12% 33.2.24% 01.9.05% -1-1.4.45% -1.3% -3.9% -2.2% -1.1% -4.1% 3.2% 1.0% -1.4% 11.2.37% 1.4% 0.9% -1.2% -0.5% 1.3% 00.8.84% -4-4.0.01% 00.3.35% -0-0.0.17% -0.1% -0.9% 0.9% 1.3% 0.8% -4.0% 0.3% -0.1% -0-0.7.74% -0-0.2.36% 00.0.19% 00.5.69% 7.5% 1.8% -6.2% -4.2% -0.7% -0.3% 0.1% 0.6% 11.8.81% 22.0.01% 00.0.18% -0-0.9.91% 0.1% 0.6% 0.9% 0.5% 1.8% 2.0% 0.1% -0.9% 11.0.01% -2-2.6.60% 00.0.01% -0-0.8.9% 1.5% 0.7% -2.0% 0.8% 1.0% -2.6% 0.0% -0.9% 11.9.93% -0-0.3.3% 00.4.58% 11.6.7% -0.8% 1.1% -0.8% 0.0% 1.9% -0.3% 0.5% 1.7% 11.7.75% 00.3.3% -1-1.6.63% 11.3.45% 4.1% 1.5% -4.8% -0.1% 1.7% 0.3% -1.6% 1.4% 12.9.09% 00.9.93% 22.3.48% 11.2.36% 1.3% 2.2% 0.9% 0.9% 2.0% 0.9% 2.4% 1.3% 00.6.61% 22.7.86% -0-0.8.97% -0-0.1.28% -3.5% 4.0% 0.5% -0.2% 0.6% 2.8% -0.9% -0.2% -0-0.4.59% -2-2.1.28% -2-2.1.1% -0.7% 0.7% 0.9% 1.4% -0.5% -2.2% -2.1% -2-2.1.13% -2-2.1.1% 00.7.74% -5.4% 2.7% 0.2% -3.3% -2.1% -2.1% 0.7% -0-0.4.43% 11.5.69% 22.8.82% 0.1% 1.2% 1.4% -1.3% -0.4% 1.6% 2.8% -3-3.8.98% 00.4.41% -1-1.7.87% 0.6% -3.9% -1.4% 2.4% -3.9% 0.4% -1.8% 11.2.38% 00.2.2% -0-0.3.48% 00.1.29% 0.7% 0.6% 0.8% 0.7% 1.3% 0.2% -0.4% 0.2% -1-1.4.41% 00.2.23% -0-0.3.3% 00.5.54% -5.2% -0.5% 3.6% 5.1% -1.4% 0.2% -0.3% 0.5% -0-0.3.32% -1-1.7.85% -0-0.3.49% 00.9.92% -2.8% -0.3% -1.8% -0.4% 0.9% -0-0.7.85% 4.0% -0.8% -2-2.1.12% -3-3.0.0% -0-0.6.7% -0.1% -2.1% -3.0% -0.7% -4-4.6.62% 00.3.35% -0-0.1.26% 00.6.78% -1.7% -0.7% -0.2% -2.8% -4.6% 0.3% -0.2% 0.7% -7-7.1.29% -3-3.1.10% 22.7.71% 00.3.31% 2.4% -0.5% -1.0% 2.2% -7.2% -3.1% 2.7% 0.3% -4-4.1.1% 22.6.61% 00.6.64% -1-1.8.82% 1.1% 0.8% 0.3% -2.2% -4.1% 2.6% 0.6% -1.8% 11.8.96% 11.5.69% 11.0.0% 00.8.84% 1.4% -3.4% -1.2% -0.5% 1.9% 1.6% 1.0% 0.8% -2-2.1.15% -1-1.5.54% -0-0.7.75% 00.6.63% -3.4% -2.1% -1.5% -0.7% 0.6% 33.0.03% -0-0.1.13% -0-0.6.76% -1-1.6.79% 4.0% -3.2% -0.5% 0.0% 3.0% -0.1% -0.7% -1.7% 11.3.46% -1-1.1.1% -1-1.5.50% -0-0.5.67% 0.6% 1.4% -1.1% -1.5% -0.6% 11.8.9% -1-1.8.9% -0-0.6.65% 00.6.76% -2.2% 1.1% 0.8% -0.7% 1.9% -1.9% -0.6% 0.7% -1-1.4.41% 11.9.91% 01.9.05% 11.7.72% 3.4% -0.7% -1.5% -0.5% -1.4% 1.9% 1.0% 1.7% -1-133.6.79% 44.0.0% -3-3.4.59% -2-2.6.61% 0.0% -0.3% -0.5% 0.3% -13.7% 4.0% -3.5% -2.6% 22.8.95% -2-2.0.19% -2-2.4.40% 00.5.69% -1.1% 3.2% -6.9% -2.6% 2.9% -2.1% -2.4% 0.6% 00.4.56% -0-0.7.8% -1-1.2.23% -2-2.6.65% -1.0% 0.5% -0.8% -1.2% -2.6% 00.7.8% 00.6.60% 77.1.12% -1-1.5.5% 9.0% -1.2% -1.0% -0.9% 0.8% 0.6% 7.1% -1.5% -1.7% -2.3% 1.8% -0.9% 1.7% 0.8% 0.7% 0.1% 1.1% 1.9% -0.2% -0.7% -1.9% -0.3% -0.2% 0.5% 3.1% 1.7% -2.9% -1.5% -3.6% -7.7% 0.4% 0.8% -0.2% -5.8% -0.9% -1.1% 1.7% 0.9% -0.8% -1.1% -7.7% -1.0% 1.7% 0.0% 6.6% -0.7% -1.9% -1.5% -4.1% 3.2% 1.0% -1.4% 1.3% 0.8% -4.0% 0.3% -0.1% -0.7% -0.3% 0.1% 0.6% 1.8% 2.0% 0.1% -0.9% 1.0% -2.6% 0.0% -0.9% 1.9% -0.3% 0.5% 1.7% 1.7% 0.3% -1.6% 1.4% 2.0% 0.9% 2.4% 1.3% 0.6% 2.8% -0.9% -0.2% -0.5% -2.2% -2.1% -2.1% -2.1% 0.7% -0.4% 1.6% 2.8% -3.9% 0.4% -1.8% 1.3% 0.2% -0.4% 0.2% -1.4% 0.2% -0.3% 0.5% -0.3% -1.8% -0.4% 0.9% -0.8% -2.1% -3.0% -0.7% -4.6% 0.3% -0.2% 0.7% -7.2% -3.1% 2.7% 0.3% -4.1% 2.6% 0.6% -1.8% 1.9% 1.6% 1.0% 0.8% -2.1% -1.5% -0.7% 0.6% 3.0% -0.1% -0.7% -1.7% 1.4% -1.1% -1.5% -0.6% 1.9% -1.9% -0.6% 0.7% -1.4% 1.9% 1.0% 1.7% -13.7% 4.0% -3.5% -2.6% 2.9% -2.1% -2.4% 0.6% 0.5% -0.8% -1.2% -2.6% 0.8% 0.6% 7.1% -1.5% Above average ↑

One-Year and Five-Year Trends in Rule of Law The scatter plots below show the annual percentage change in score for each country and jurisdiction over the last year (x-axis) and the average annual percentage change in score for each country and jurisdiction over the last five years (y-axis). The charts to the right show the change in distribution of overall rule of law scores (top) and Factor One scores (bottom) since 2015. The colored bars represent the percentages of countries and jurisdictions that fall within the corresponding score ranges.

Overall Rule of Law Index Score

3 2015 22 countries declined in the past year, 20 countries improved in the past year, but improved in the past five years and improved in the past five years 2.0%2 2016

1 Malaysia Guatemala

0%0 2017

-1

2018 -2.0%-2 Cameroon Philippines

-3 2019

-4.0%-4 Average Percentage change in score since 2015 Percentage Average 28 countries declined in the past year, 21 countries improved in the past year, 25% 50% 75% and declined in the past five years but declined in the past five years Above average ↓ -5 -4.0% -2.0% 0%0 1 2.0%2 3 4.0%4 5 6.0%6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0.00 < Country Score <0.25 0.25 < Country Score <0.50 Percentage change in score since 2019 0.50 < Country Score <0.75 0.75 < Country Score <1.00 Factor One: Constraints on Government Powers 2015 10.0% 19 countries declined in the past year, 18 countries improved in the past year, but improved in the past five years and improved in the past five years

Zimbabwe 2016 5.0% Ecuador

2017 0%

2018 -5.0% Turkey Honduras 41 countries declined in the past year, 21 countries improved in the past year, 2019 and declined in the past five years but declined in the past five years Average Percentage change in score since 2015 Percentage Average -10.0% -8.0% -4.0% 0% 4.0% 8.0% 12.0% 16.0% 25% 50% 75% Percentage change in score since 2019

18 Biggest Declines in Constraints on Government Powers 2019 – 2020 Biggest declines in Constraints on Government Powers (Factor One) over the last year, in annual percentage terms.

Albania Iran -6.8% -5.2% Niger -4.8%

Morocco Pakistan -4.4% -5.6%

Honduras Bangladesh Belize -7.8% -5.2% -5.1% Venezuela, RB Philippines -4.3% Guatemala -5.3% Egypt -4.2% -9.1% Brazil Zambia -5.2% -6.2%

Mozambique -4.7%

*Percentage change in score Declining Improving is rounded to one decimal place. -10.0% – -5.0% -4.9% – -0.1% 0.0% 0.1% – 5.0% 5.1% – 10.0% 10.1% – 15.0% 15.1% – 20.0% 20.1% – 25.0%

WJP Rule of Law Index 2020 Insights 19 Biggest Declines in Constraints on Government Powers Since 2015 Biggest declines in Constraints on Government Powers (Factor One) over the last five years, in average annual percentage terms.

Poland -6.8%

Hungary -5.3% Serbia -6.2% Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria -5.4% -3.4% Albania China Turkey -4.7% -5.5% -4.7% Honduras -6.4%

Nicaragua Senegal Philippines -6.5% -3.7% Egypt -4.9% -8.5% Cote d’Ivoire -3.4% Cameroon -4.2%

*Percentage change in score Declining Improving is rounded to one decimal place. -10.0% – -5.0% -4.9% – -0.1% 0.0% 0.1% – 5.0% 5.1% – 10.0% 10.1% – 15.0% 15.1% – 20.0% 20.1% – 25.0%

20 Rule of Law Changes in Europe The heat map depicts percentage change in overall rule of law scores in Western Europe over the last year. The table shows the overall rule of law score from the most recent edition of the WJP Rule of Law Index, the change in overall rule of law score over the last year, and the average change in overall rule of law score over the last five years. Average Average % Score Annual % % Score Annual % Overall Change Score Change Overall Change Score Change Country/Jurisdiction Score since 2019 since 2015 Country/Jurisdiction Score since 2019 since 2015 Austria 0.82 -0.6% -0.2% Hungary 0.53 -1.1% -2.1%

Belgium 0.79 -0.5% 0.7% Italy 0.66 0.5% 0.6% Finland Bulgaria 0.55 0.5% -0.1% Netherlands 0.84 -0.5% 0.2% -0.1% Norway Croatia 0.61 1.1% 0.6% Norway 0.89 0.1% 0.8% 0.1% Czech Republic 0.73 0.6% 0.5% Poland 0.66 -1.1% -2.0%

Denmark 0.90 0.0% 0.8% Portugal 0.70 -1.1% 0.2% Sweden Estonia Estonia 0.81 0.0% 1.1% Romania 0.63 -1.5% 0.6% 0.2% 0.0% Finland 0.87 -0.1% 0.8% Slovenia 0.69 1.7% 0.9% France 0.73 -1.3% -0.3% Spain 0.73 1.3% 1.6% Denmark Germany 0.84 0.1% 0.7% Sweden 0.86 0.2% 0.3% 0.0% Greece 0.61 -0.9% 0.4% United Kingdom 0.79 -1.7% 0.1% Netherlands Poland Hungary -0.5% % Score % Score United Kingdom Factor Change Factor Change -1.7% Poland -1.1% Score since 2015 Score since 2015 Germany Czech Republic Constraints on 0.1% 0.6% Government Powers 0.58 -25.0% 0.40 -20.0% Belgium -0.5% Austria Absence of 0.73 12.0% 0.51 2.0% -0.6% Corruption France Open Government 0.60 -11.0% 0.46 -11.0% -1.3% Hungary -1.1% Romania Fundamental Rights 0.64 -17.0% 0.58 -11.0% Slovenia 1.7% -1.5% Croatia Order and Security 0.86 1.0% 0.89 4.0% 1.1% Regulatory Bulgaria 0.62 4.0% 0.47 -8.0% Enforcement 0.5%

Civil Justice 0.63 -4.0% 0.45 -15.0% Spain 1.3% Italy Greece Criminal Justice 0.60 -19.0% 0.47 -15.0% Portugal 0.5% -0.9% -1.1%

*Scores are rounded to two decimal places. Percentage change in score is rounded to Declining Improving one decimal place. -6.0% – -4.1% -4.0% – -2.1% -2.0% – -0 .1% 0.0% 0.1% – 2.0% 2.1% – 4.0% 4.1% – 6.0%

WJP Rule of Law Index 2020 Insights 21 Rule of Law Changes in East Asia and the Pacific Percentage change in overall rule of law scores in East Asia and the Pacific over the last year.

Country/Jurisdiction % Score Change since 2019 Overall Rule of Law Score Malaysia 5.1% 0.58

Indonesia 1.3% 0.53

Thailand 0.9% 0.51 Mongolia -2.2% Philippines 0.8% 0.47 Japan China 0.0% Cambodia 0.7% 0.33 -1.5% Republic of Korea Vietnam 0.6% 0.49 0.0% Hong Kong SAR, Thailand Myanmar China -0.4% New Zealand 0.3% 0.83 0.9% 0.0% Vietnam Cambodia 0.6% 0.7% Philippines Japan 0.0% 0.78 Malaysia 0.8% 5.1% Republic of Korea 0.0% 0.73 Indonesia 1.3% Myanmar 0.0% 0.42

Singapore -0.9% Australia -0.3% 0.80 Australia -0.3% Hong Kong SAR, China -0.4% 0.76

New Zealand Singapore -0.9% 0.79 0.3% China -1.5% 0.48

Mongolia -2.2% 0.53

22 Conceptual Framework of the WJP Rule of Law Index The conceptual framework of the WJP Rule of Law Index is comprised of eight factors further disaggregated into 44 sub-factors. These factors and sub-factors are presented below and described in detail in the section that follows.

Factor One 1.1 Government powers are effectively limited by the legislature Factor Five 5.1 Crime is effectively controlled Constraints on 1.2 Government powers are effectively limited by the judiciary Order and 5.2 Civil conflict is effectively limited Government 1.3 Government powers are effectively limited by independent Security 5.3 People do not resort to violence to redress personal grievances Powers auditing and review 1.4 Government officials are sanctioned for misconduct 1.5 Government powers are subject to non-governmental checks 1.6 Transition of power is subject to the law Factor Six 6.1 Government regulations are effectively enforced Regulatory 6.2 Government regulations are applied and enforced without Factor Two 2.1 Government officials in the executive branch do not use public Enforcement improper influence Absence of office for private gain 6.3 Administrative proceedings are conducted without unreasonable delay Corruption 2.2 Government officials in the judicial branch do not use public 6.4 Due process is respected in administrative proceedings office for private gain 6.5 The government does not expropriate without lawful process and 2.3 Government officials in the police and the military do not use adequate compensation public office for private gain 2.4 Government officials in the legislative branch do not use public office for private gain Factor Seven 7.1 People can access and afford civil justice Civil 7.2 Civil justice is free of discrimination Factor Three 3.1 Publicized laws and government data Justice 7.3 Civil justice is free of corruption Open 3.2 Right to information 7.4 Civil justice is free of improper government influence Government 3.3 Civic participation 7.5 Civil justice is not subject to unreasonable delay 3.4 Complaint mechanisms 7.6 Civil justice is effectively enforced 7.7 Alternative dispute resolution mechanisms are accessible, impartial, and effective

Factor Four 4.1 Equal treatment and absence of discrimination 4.2 The right to life and security of the person is Fundamental 8.1 Criminal investigation system is effective effectively guaranteed Factor Eight Rights 8.2 Criminal adjudication system is timely and effective 4.3 Due process of the law and rights of the accused Criminal 8.3 Correctional system is effective in reducing criminal behavior 4.4 Freedom of opinion and expression is effectively guaranteed Justice 8.4 Criminal justice system is impartial 4.5 Freedom of belief and religion is effectively guaranteed 8.5 Criminal justice system is free of corruption 4.6 Freedom from arbitrary interference with privacy is 8.6 Criminal justice system is free of improper government influence effectively guaranteed 8.7 Due process of the law and rights of the accused 4.7 Freedom of assembly and association is effectively guaranteed 4.8 Fundamental labor rights are effectively guaranteed

WJP Rule of Law Index 2020 Insights 23 About the WJP Rule of Law Index

The WJP Rule of Law Index® is a quantitative A General Population Poll (GPP) conducted assessment tool designed to measure how by leading local polling companies, using a the rule of law is experienced and perceived representative sample of 1,000 respondents in practical, everyday situations by the in each country; general public worldwide. Performance is measured across the eight primary rule of Qualified Respondents’ Questionnaires law factors and 44 sub-factors outlined on (QRQs) consisting of closed-ended questions the previous page. completed by in-country practitioners and academics with expertise in civil and To present an accurate portrait of the rule of commercial law, criminal justice, labor law, law as experienced by ordinary people, each and public health. score of the Index is calculated using a large number of questions drawn from two original For the full methodology of the Index and data sources collected by the WJP in each more detailed country-level information, country: please refer to the World Justice Project Rule of Law Index® 2020 report, available for download at worldjusticeproject.org.

24 Defining the Rule of Law The World Justice Project defines the rule of law as a durable system of laws, institutions, norms, and community commitment that delivers:

Universal Principle One Universal Principle Three Accountability Open Government The government as well as private actors The processes by which the laws are are accountable under the law. enacted, administered, and enforced are accessible, fair, and efficient.

Universal Principle Two Universal Principle Four Just Laws Accessible and Impartial The laws are clear, publicized, and stable; are Dispute Resolution applied evenly; and protect fundamental rights, including the security of persons and contract, Justice is delivered timely by competent, ethical, and property, and human rights. independent representatives and neutrals who are accessible, have adequate resources, and reflect the makeup of the communities they serve.

WJP Rule of Law Index 2020 Insights 25 Effective rule of law reduces corruption, combats poverty and disease, and protects people from injustices large and small.

26 About the World Justice Project

The World Justice Project (WJP) is an independent, multidisciplinary organization working to create knowledge, build awareness, and stimulate action to advance the rule of law worldwide. Effective rule of law reduces corruption, combats poverty and disease, and protects people from injustices large and small. It is the foundation for communities of justice, opportunity, and peace—underpinning development, accountable government, and respect for fundamental rights. Learn more at: worldjusticeproject.org.

WJP Rule of Law Index 2020 Insights 27 WASHINGTON, DC SEATTLE SINGAPORE MEXICO CITY

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