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Yerel Eğitim Tarihi Kaynağı Olarak Diyarbekir Vilayet Gazetesi*

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Yerel Eğitim Tarihi Kaynağı Olarak Diyarbekir Vilayet Gazetesi* AÜÝFD XLVIII (2007), sayý I, s. 135-151 Yerel Eðitim Tarihi Kaynaðý Olarak Diyarbekir Vilayet Gazetesi* TALÝP ATALAY DOÇ. DR., DÝCLE Ü. ÝLAHÝYAT FAKÜLTESÝ e-posta: [email protected] abstract Diyarbekir District Newspaper as a Resource of Local Education History. Official documents, especially Ottoman archives, provide an essential and well-known resource for the studies on history of local and religious education. Even though they have received an insufficient amount of attention so far, district newspapers also prove to be as valuable or sometimes even more valuable resources as Ottoman archives for researchers of local histories of education and religious education since the former includes some information that was left out in the latter. Diyarbekir District Newspaper was published from 1869 to 1931 as the official gazette of Diyarbekir district, which covers a large area that constitutes the focus of many discussions even today. Like its counterparts, Diyarbekir District Newspaper reflects official regulations and practices regarding issues on Muslim and Non-Muslim schools, quality of the educational institutions, exams, etc. at the district level. Moreover, Diyarbekir District Newspaper is a crucial resource since it includes selective essays on education that were published in Istanbul newspapers and many official announcements, such as Ministry of Education regulations and amendments that were published in Babýali. key words Diyarbakýr, newspaper, education, religious education, local, Ottoman, 19th century Türkiye’de genel eðitim ve din eðitimi alanlarýnda yakýn tarihi konu edinen çalýþmalarýn sayýsý gün geçtikçe artmakta, nitelikli ürünler ortaya konul- maktadýr. Bilhassa son yýllarda Osmanlý dönemi yazýlý belgelerinin toplan- dýðý kurumlarda yapýlan tasnif çalýþmalarýndaki önemli ilerlemeler, geçmiþ yýllara oranla daha çok belgeye daha kolay ve hýzlý ulaþabilme fýrsatlarý * Bu makale, dergimizin daha önceki sayýsýnda yazarýn sehven ayný isimle yayýmlanan baþka bir makalesinden tamamen farklý olup, baþlýðý dýþýnda herhangi bir benzerlik taþýmamaktadýr. Düzeltir, özür dileriz. 136 AÜÝFD XLVIII (2007), sayý I sunmaktadýr. Bu belgeler, Osmanlý’nýn çeþitli dönemlerinde gerçekleþtirilen eðitim-öðretimle ilgili çok sayýda veri de barýndýrmaktadýrlar. Bununla birlikte, son dönem Osmanlý eðitim-öðretim tarihi ve özellikle de yerel uy- gulamalar konusunda, ileri düzeyde araþtýrmalara iliþkin þartlarýn mükem- mel olduðunu söylemek için henüz erkendir. Arþiv kaynaklarý açýsýndan bakýldýðýnda, kuþkusuz Osmanlý Maarif Nezareti belgelerinin tasnifinin he- nüz tamamlanamamýþ olmasýndan ötürü yeterince kullanýlamamasý, eði- tim tarihi araþtýrmalarý için en önemli eksikliklerin baþýnda gelmektedir. Arþivin kullanýmýyla ilgili zorluklar, yerel eðitim tarihi alanýndaki çalýþma- larý da olumsuz etkilemektedir. Osmanlý Devleti’nin yenileþme sürecinde uygulamaya koyduðu önemli projelerden birisi, yeni programlý okullardýr. Yeni programlý okullar, ülke genelinde milli birlik ve bütünlüðün saðlanmasý- nýn yanýnda, ülkenin Batý karþýsýndaki kötü gidiþine dur denilebilmesinin çaresi olarak düþünülmüþtür. Ancak yeni bir Osmanlý nesli yetiþtirme amaçlý okullaþma teþebbüslerinin taþradaki geliþim süreci ve alýnan sonuçlara iliþkin yerel eðitim tarihi çalýþmalarý, henüz yeterli düzeyde deðildir. Ayrýca Osmanlý’nýn kadim eðitim kurumlarý olan medreselerin yerel geliþiminin takip edilebileceði çalýþmalara ve yeni kaynaklara da ihtiyaç vardýr. Özellikle arþivden kaynaklanan zorluklar nedeniyle, hem modern okul- larýn yerel hikayeleri hem de geleneksel okullarýn durumlarý hakkýnda baþ- ka baþvuru kaynaklarýna ihtiyaç vardýr. Vilayet gazeteleri, ulaþýlabilme ve faydalanabilme kolaylýðý, güncelliði ve sürekliliði ile aranýlan baþvuru kay- naðý olabilme potansiyeli taþýmaktadýrlar. Aslýnda eðitim tarihi çalýþmala- rýnda Osmanlý basýnýnýn kullanýmý yeni deðildir. Ancak basýn denildiðinde, özellikle basýn konusunu çalýþan akademisyenler ve araþtýrmacýlar dýþýnda, daha çok Ýstanbul basýný akla gelmiþtir. Dolayýsýyla eðitim alanýndaki çalýþ- malarda da daha çok Ýstanbul basýný kullanýlmýþtýr.1 Gerçi eðitim tarihi alanýnda Ýstanbul basýnýnýn bile, birincil kaynak olarak yeterince deðerlen- dirildiðini söylemek güçtür. Aslýnda çok zengin bir arþiv mirasýna sahip olan Türkiye’de, potansiye- line karþýn basýnýn yeterince deðerlendirilmemesinde, çeþitli tasnif grupla- rýnda yer alan belgelerin tam olarak hizmete sunulamamasýnýn etkisi bü- yüktür. Çünkü araþtýrmacýlarýn dikkatleri öncelikli olarak arþiv kaynaklarý- na yöneliktir. Arþive verilen deðer ve oradaki belgelere ulaþma isteði, psi- kolojik olarak alternatif kaynaklar arama ve onlara yönelme konusunda yavaþlatýcý rol oynamaktadýr. Arþiv, sihirli bir kavramdýr. En deðerlisi var- 1 “Basýn” kavramýnýn doðrudan Ýstanbul basýný için kullanýldýðý çalýþmalara örnek olarak bkz. M. Talat Uzunyaylalý, Tanzimat’tan Günümüz Türkiye’de Basýnýn Ýslamiyete Bakýþý, Ahd Yay., Ýstanbul, Tarihsiz. Yerel Eðitim Tarihi Kaynaðý Olarak Diyarbekir Vilayet Gazetesi 137 ken, daha alt düzeydekilerle uðraþmak, araþtýrmacýda, zaten kýymetli olan zamanýný boþa harcamýþlýk psikolojisi oluþturmaktadýr. Oysa doðrudan eði- tim amaçlý çýkarýlanlar bir tarafa, Osmanlý döneminde çýkarýlan gazete ve mecmualar bütün olarak okuyucusunu eðitme, dönüþtürme amacýný gü- den, tamamý çok deðerli kaynaklardýr. Ancak bunlar arasýnda, yerel gazete- ler ayrýcalýklý bir konuma sahiptirler. Çünkü bu gazeteler, ülkenin en ücra köþelerine ulaþabilmiþ, dünyayý yerele taþýmýþ ve yerelle bütünleþtirmiþ, ha- ber verme yanýnda halký eðitme amacýný güden öðrenme aracý rolünü de üstlenmiþlerdir. Yerel nitelikli olmalarý nedeniyle de kimi zaman resmi bel- gelerde yer almayacak türde yerel eðitim uygulamalarýna iliþkin veriler içer- meleri bakýmýndan tarih çalýþmalarýnda vazgeçilemeyecek kýymettedirler.2 Genellikle Takvim-i Vekayi ile baþlatýlan Osmanlý Türk basýn tarihi3 baþta Ýzmir ve Ýstanbul’da olmak üzere Tanzimat sonrasýnda, yabancýlarýn, yerli Gayrimüslimlerin ve Müslüman Osmanlýlarýn da gazete çýkarmaya baþla- masýyla önemli bir ivme kazanmýþtýr.4 Zamanla daha çok Ýstanbul’da yo- ðunlaþmýþ olan Osmanlý basýnýnýn ülke genelindeki yaygýnlýðý sýnýrlýydý. 1864 yýlýnda çýkarýlan Vilayet Nizamnamesi5 ile yenilenen idari yapýlanma çerçevesinde her vilayette bir matbaa ve bir de vilayet gazetesi çýkarýlmasý kararý, Osmanlý basýn tarihi açýsýndan önemli bir dönüm noktasý oldu. Bu karar sonrasý her vilayetin en önemli yüzü olan vilayet gazeteleri, basýnýn ülke genelinde güçlü bir aygýt olmasýný saðladý. Ayrýca, bu gazeteler, Os- manlý’nýn son döneminde, Ýstanbul dýþýnda yaþayan halkýn dini, kültürel, sosyal, ekonomik ve eðitim düzeyi baþta olmak üzere bir çok konuda izle- nebileceði önemli bir birikimin bugüne aktarýlmasýný saðladýlar. Vilayet gazeteleri, baþka bir çok konu yanýnda, vilayet merkezlerinde ve baðlý yerleþim birimlerinde yaþayan halkýn eðitim düzeyleri, mevcut eðitim kurumlarý ve ihtiyaçlarý hakkýnda deðerli bilgiler içermektedirler. Yine bu gazeteler, farklý dini gruplara mensup vatandaþlarýn eðitim-öðretime yakla- þýmlarý, eðitimdeki yenileþme projesinin vilayet uygulamalarýnýn yaygýn- laþtýrýlmasý çabalarý, bu çabalarýn ne oranda destek gördüðü ve ne oranda baþarýya ulaþtýðý gibi konularda da kýymetli veriler sunmaktadýrlar. Bunlara 2 Ýlber Ortaylý, Ýmparatorluðun En Uzun Yüzyýlý, Hil Yayýnlarý, 1987, s. 153; Orhan Koloðlu, Ne Kýzýl Sultan, Ne Ulu Hakan Abdulhamit Gerçeði, Gün Yayýnlarý, Ýstanbul, 1987, s. 414; Ayrýca genel olarak vilayet gazetelerinin önemini takip etmek için bkz. Ýlber Ortaylý, Osmanlý Ýmpara- torluðu’nda Ýktisadî Ve Sosyal Deðiþim-Makaleler I, Turhan Yay., Ankara, 2004. 3 Takvim-i Vekayi için bkz. Nesimi Yazýcý, Takvim-i Vekayi- Belgeler, Gazi Üniversitesi Basýn- Yayýn Yüksek Okulu Basýmevi, Ankara, 1983. 4 Atilla Girgin, Türk Basýn Tarihi’nde Yerel Gazetecilik, Ýnkýlap Kitabevi, Ankara, 2001, s. 9-55. 5 Bkz. Ýlber Ortaylý, “Tanzimat’tan Cumhuriyet’e Yerel Yönetimler”, Tanzimat’tan Cumhuriyet’e Türkiye Ansiklopedisi, C: I, Ýletiþim Yayýnlarý, Cilt:5, Ýstanbul, 1985, s. 241-244. 138 AÜÝFD XLVIII (2007), sayý I ek olarak, bir kýsmý eðitim-öðretim ile ilgili pek çok nizamname, emirname ve talimatýn da yer almasý bu gazeteleri ayrýca önemli kýlmaktadýr. Bu makalede, bir vilayet gazetesi olan Diyarbekir, eðitim ve din eðitimi araþtýrmalarý kaynaðý olma niteliði açýsýndan tanýtýlmaya çalýþýlacaktýr. Ayrý- ca, yerel eðitim tarihi araþtýrmalarý açýsýndan gazetenin önemi ortaya konu- lurken genel olarak vilayet gazetelerine de dikkat çekilmiþ olacaðýndan, Osmanlý yerel basýnýnýn akademik çalýþmalarda müracaat kaynaðý olarak kullanýmýnýn teþvikine de katký saðlama amacý güdülmüþtür. Makalede, Diyarbekir Vilayeti’ndeki eðitim-öðretim kurumlarý ve faaliyetlerinin dönem- sel deðerlendirmeleri yapýlmayacaktýr. Gazetenin tanýtýmý yapýldýktan sonra, Osmanlý döneminde çýkan sayýlarýnda yer alan eðitim-öðretime iliþkin haberlerden seçilmiþ örnekler üzerinden gazetenin kaynak olarak deðeri üzerinde durulacaktýr. Bu nedenle, makalenin temel kaynaðý Osmanlý dönemini boyunca yayýmlanmýþ Diyarbekir nüshalarýdýr. Bunlardan günümüze yedi yüze yakýn nüsha ulaþmýþtýr. Makalede, bu nüshalardan sondajlama yoluyla seçilmiþ, deðiþik yýllara ait iki yüzü aþkýn sayýnýn taranmasý sonucu tespit edilen eðitim- öðretim haberlerinden seçilen örnekler kullanýlmýþtýr.* Diyarbekir Vilayeti Osmanlý’da Tanzimat sonrasý düzenlemeleri kapsamýnda, 7 Kasým 1864 yýlýnda çýkarýlan Vilayet Nizamnamesi, idari yapýlanmada “eyalet” siste- minden “vilayet, liva, kaza, nahiye
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