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Manifestation of Religious Authority on the Internet: Presentation of Twelver Shiite Authority in the Persian Blogosphere By
Manifestation of Religious Authority on the Internet: Presentation of Twelver Shiite Authority in the Persian Blogosphere by Narges Valibeigi A thesis presented to the University of Waterloo in fulfilment of the thesis requirement for the degree of Master of Arts in Sociology Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 2012 © Narges Valibeigi 2012 Author’s Declaration I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. This is a true copy of the thesis, including any required final revisions, as accepted by my examiners. I understand that my thesis may be made electronically available to the public. Narges Valibeigi ii Abstract Cyberspace has diversified and pluralized people’s daily experiences of religion in unprecedented ways. By studying several websites and weblogs that have a religious orientation, different layers of religious authority including “religious hierarchy, structures, ideology, and sources” (Campbell, 2009) can be identified. Also, using Weber’s definition of the three types of authority, “rational-legal, traditional, and charismatic” (1968), the specific type of authority that is being presented on blogosphere can be recognized. The Internet presents a level of liberty for the discussion of sensitive topics in any kind of religious cyberspace, specifically the Islamic one. In this way, the Internet is expanding the number and range of Muslim voices, which may pose problems for traditional forms of religious authority or may suggest new forms of authority in the Islamic world. The interaction between the Internet and religion is often perceived as contradictory, especially when it is religion at its most conservative practice. While the international and national applications of the Internet have increased vastly, local religious communities, especially fundamentalists, perceived this new technology as a threat to their local cultures and practices. -
Qisas Contribution to the Theory of Ghaybah in Twelver Shı
− QisasAA Contribution to the Theory of Ghaybah in Twelver Shı‘ism QisasAA Contribution to the Theory of Ghaybah in Twelver Shı‘ism− Kyoko YOSHIDA* In this paper, I analyze the role of qisasAA (narrative stories) materials, which are often incorporated into the Twelver Shı‘ite− theological discussions, by focusing mainly on the stories of the al-KhidrA (or al- Khadir)A legend in the tenth and the eleventh century ghaybah discussions. The goal is to demonstrate the essential function that the narrative elements have performed in argumentations of the Twelver Shı‘ite− theory of Imam. The importance of qisasAA materials in promulgating the doctrine of Imamah− in the Twelver Shı‘ism− tended to be underestimated in the previous studies because of the mythical and legendary representations of qisasAA materials. My analysis makes clear that qisasAA materials do not only illustrate events in the sacred history, but also open possibilities for the miraculous affairs to happen in the actual world. In this sense, qisasAA materials have been utilized as a useful element for the doctrinal argumentations in the Twelver Shı‘ism.− − Keywords: stories, al-Khidr,A occultation, Ibn Babawayh, longevity Introduction In this paper, I analyze how qisasAA traditions have been utilized in the promulgation of Twelver Shı‘ite− doctrine. The term qisasAA (sing. qissah AA ) means narrative stories addressed in the Qur’an− principally. However, it also includes the orated and elaborated tales and legends based on storytelling that flourished in the early Umayyad era (Norris 1983, 247). Their contents vary: archaic traditions spread in the pre-Islamic Arab world, patriarchal stories from Biblical and Jewish sources, and Islamized sayings and maxims of the sages and the ascetics of the day.1 In spite of a variety of the different sources and origins, Muslim faith has accepted these stories as long as they could support and advocate the Qur’anic− *Specially Appointed Researcher of Global COE Program “Development and Systematization of Death and Life Studies,” University of Tokyo Vol. -
The Role of the Four Deputies of Imam Mahdi (A) in Shiite Hadith Literature
The Role of the Four Deputies of Imam Mahdi (a) in Shiite Hadith Literature Morteza Maddahi1 Abstract After the holy Qur’an, Hadith is the second source of Islam in terms of authority and the first in terms of extent. Contrary to the Qur’an, hadith is SURQHWRPDQLSXODWLRQDQGIRUJHU\DVWKH3URSKHW V ZDUQHGDERXWLWDQG history testifies to it. Prior to the era of occultation, many hadiths were presented to the Imams, and they rejected some of them and corrected RUH[SODLQHGWKHRWKHUV$O6KD\NKDOৡDGnjT G JDWKHUHGPDQ\ of these hadiths in his 0DҵƗQƯ DODNKEƗU. On the other hand, the most important Shiite hadith books were compiled after the occultation of the Twelfth Imam. The period of the Minor Occultation was a crucial time in Shiite history. With a historical and analytical approach, this article studies the identity and conditions of the Four Deputies and their role in guiding the Shiite community in relation to Hadith. In this regard, the article discusses the stance of the Four deputies against the hadiths of false FODLPHUVOLNH6KDOPDJƗQƯ G WKHLUUHODWLRQZLWKWKHVFKRODUVRI Qom, the reason why DO.ƗIL was not presented to them so as to obtain the DSSURYDORI,PDP0DKGL D DQGILQDOO\WKHUHODWLRQEHWZHHQDO.XOD\QL G DQGWKH)RXU'HSXWLHV Keywords +DGLWK WKH )RXU 'HSXWLHV DO.XOD\QƯ DO.ƗIƯ 0LQRU Occultation. 1$VVLဧDQWSURIHVVRUDWDO0XဧDID,QWHUQDWLRQDO8QLYHUVLW\ Journal of Al-Mustafa International University Vol. 3 (2020), Issue 1 The Infallible Imams and the Correction of Ahadith Hadith being the largest source of Islamic teachings, and gaining authenticity from Qur›an, contain vast details in a variety of matters. They contain fundamental importance in all subjects of practical Islamic life, and are often the main source of reference for Islamic scholars in different fields. -
Shi'ism Jihad
Islam – Shi‘a The article will examine the origins of the Shi‘as and discuss their distinctive perspective on war. The term Shi‘a refers to the party of ‘Ali, the cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad. The Shi‘as claimed that ‘Ali was the only legitimate successor (imam) to the Prophet Muhammad having been explicitly designated by him at Ghadir Khum and other occasions. The Shi‘as further restricted leadership of the community to the family (ahl al-bayt) of the Prophet. Such leadership was designated by the term imam and is passed on from father to blood successor through a mode of conferring titled nass. With the coming of ‘Ali to power in 656 CE, Shi‘ism emerged as an effective religious movement. The massacre of Husayn, the son of ‘Ali, and his forces at Kerbala during his uprising against the Caliph Yazid in 681 was an important milestone in Shi‘i history as it affirmed notions of injustices endured by the progeny of the Prophet and exacerbated a passion for martyrdom. Husayn’s activist movement was followed by other militant movements like those of Mukhtar b. ‘Ubayd al-Thaqafi (d. 687) and Zayd b. ‘Ali (d. 740), the grandson of Husayn. Shi‘i Theology and Jurisprudence Shi‘i theology and jurisprudence took definitive shape in the times of the fifth and sixth imams, Muhammad al-Baqir (d. 733-737) and Ja‘far al-Sadiq (d. 765). The later, in particular, was largely responsible for the construction of a Shi‘i legal edifice and the formulation of the Shi‘i doctrine of the imamate. -
Extremism in Islamic Shi'ite's Faith
Extremism in Islamic Shi’ite's Faith Abbas Maleki1 Conference Roots and Routes of Democracy and Extremism Oct. 10-12, 2005 Porvoo, Finland I-Introduction The growing power of Islam itself is a significant topic for discussion but there is a new reassertion of an important sect within Islam: Shi’ism. The emergence of this new power has potential impacts on different issues like the geopolitics of Islamic World, energy, international relations and so on. For this reason, the proper way for dealing with this new phenomenon is to think in the framework of different scenarios for the future of this power. Not long ago, in the West in particular Shi’ism was typically viewed as a relatively small and unimportant sect of Islam, whereas today it is increasingly seen as a major influence in international affairs. During the past few decades, parallel to the political developments in the world of Shi’ism there has been a corresponding resurgence in Shiite studies. II-Basics on Islam It is interesting to know what the definition of religion in Koran is. Koran believes “religion is a path that God has placed before man so that by treading it man can reach Him”. Koran also says Man has no choice but to follow religion. The root of the word of “Islam” is also conductive. Etymologically, Islam means surrender and obedience. Islam is the religion which invites men toward this end. Since its general purpose is the surrender of man to the laws governing the Universe and men, with the result that through this surrender worships only the One God and obeys only His command. -
Presented By: Musawar Hussain
Presented By: Musawar Hussain Passing of knowledge and authority through divine Imams The Sunni Great Scholars & the gap Imam Mahdi (a.s) during minor and major concealment (ghaibat) Names of great Shia Scholars in history Modern era great Shia Scholars P • The Holy Prophet (pbuh) • Imam Ali (a.s.) 1 2 • Imam Hassan (a.s.) 3 • Imam Hussain (a.s.) 4 • Imam Zainal-Abedin (a.s.) 5 • Imam Mohd Baqir (a.s.) 6 • Imam Jafar Sadiq (a.s .) First Islamic University (4000 students) 7 • Imam Musa Kazim (a.s.) • Imam Ali Raza (a.s.) • Imam • Imam 8 Hanifah • Imam Shafi • Imam Malik Hanbal 9 • Imam Mohd Taqi (a.s.) 10 • Imam Ali Naqi (a.s.) 11 • Imam Hassan Askari (a.s.) Ghaibat-us-Sughra Ghaibut-ul-Kubra. 12 (The minor (The major • Imam Mahdi (a.s.) concealment) concealment) Exercise 1) How old was Imam Mahdi (a.s.) when Ghaibat-us Sughra started? 2) How many years did Ghaibat -us Sughra last? 3) How many years have passed since then Imam has been in Ghaibat-ul-Kubra? Imam was born in 255 A.H. / 867 CE Ghaibut -ul - Imam Ghaibat-us-Sughra Kubra was 5 years (The minor concealment) (The major concealment) 260 A.H. / 872 CE 329 A.HA.H.. / 942 CE It lasted for 70 years 1,074 years and we are waiting... Exercise Can you name any of the four special deputies of Imam Mahdi (a.s)? Ghaibat-us-Sughra. (The minor concealment) The Imam appointed 4 special deputies (Na’ibul-khass) to represent him. These great scholars met the Imam. -
Shia-Muslims-Published-By-IMAM.Pdf
Shia Muslims Shia Muslims Our Identity, Our Vision, and the Way Forward Sayyid M. B. Kashmiri Imam Mahdi Association of Marjaeya, Dearborn, MI 48124, www.imam-us.org © 2017, 2018. by Imam Mahdi Association of Marjaeya All rights reserved. Published 2018. Printed in the United States of America ISBN-13: 978-0-9982544-9-4 Second Edition No part of this publication may be reproduced without permission from I.M.A.M., except in cases of fair use. Brief quotations, especially for the purpose of propagating Islamic teachings, are allowed. Contents Preface ............................................................................... vii Our Identity ......................................................................... 1 3 .................................. (التوحيد :Monotheism (Tawhid, Arabic 4 .................................... (المعاد :The Hereafter (Ma’ad, Arabic 7 ....................................................... (العدل :Justice (Adl, Arabic 11 ........................... ( النبوة :Prophethood (Nubuwwah, Arabic 15 ................................. (اﻹمامة :Leadership (Imamate, Arabic Our Vision ......................................................................... 25 Acquiring Moral Attributes ................................................. 27 The Age of Justice ................................................................. 29 The Way Forward .................................................................. 33 Leadership in the Absence of Imam al-Mahdi ........................ 35 Preparation for the Age of the Return -
Civilisations from East to West
Civilisations from East to West Kinga Dévényi (ed.) Civilisations from East to West Corvinus University of Budapest Department of International Relations Budapest, 2020 Editor: Kinga Dévényi Tartalomjegyzék Szerkesztette: Authors: LászlóDévényi Csicsmann Kinga (Introduction) Kinga Dévényi (Islam) Szerzők: Csicsmann László (Bevezető) Előszó �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 13 Mária DévényiIldikó Farkas Kinga (Japan) (Iszlám) (Japán) BernadettFarkas Lehoczki Mária (Latin Ildikó America) Lehoczki Bernadett (Latin-Amerika) Tamás Matura (China) Matura Tamás (Kína) 1. Bevezetés a regionális–civilizációs tanulmányokba: Az új világrend és a ZsuzsannaRenner Renner Zsuzsanna (India) (India) paradigmák összecsapása – Csicsmann László������������������������������������������� 15 Sz. Bíró Zoltán (Oroszország) Zoltán Sz. Bíró (Russia) 1.1. Bevezetés .............................................................................................. 15 Szombathy Zoltán (Afrika) 1.2. Az új világrend és a globalizáció jellegzetességei ................................ 16 ZoltánZsinka Szombathy László (Africa) (Nyugat-Európa, Észak-Amerika) 1.3. Az új világrend vetélkedő paradigmái ....................................................... 23 LászlóZsom Zsinka Dóra (Western (Judaizmus) Europe, North America) 1.4. Civilizáció és kultúra fogalma(k) és értelmezése(k) .................................. 27 ....................................................... 31 Dóra Zsom (Judaism) 1.5. -
Distinguishing the Virtuous City of Alfarabi from That of Plato in Light of His Unique Historical Context
HTS Teologiese Studies/Theological Studies ISSN: (Online) 2072-8050, (Print) 0259-9422 Page 1 of 9 Original Research Distinguishing the virtuous city of Alfarabi from that of Plato in light of his unique historical context Authors: There is a tendency among scholars to identify Alfarabi’s political philosophy in general and 1 Ishraq Ali his theory of the state in particular with that of Plato’s The Republic. Undoubtedly Alfarabi was Mingli Qin1 well versed in the philosophy of Plato and was greatly influenced by it. He borrows the Affiliations: Platonic concept of the philosopher king and uses it in his theory of the state. However, we 1Faculty of Humanities and argue that the identification of Alfarabi’s virtuous city with that of Plato’sThe Republic is an Social Sciences, Dalian inaccurate assessment as it involves overlooking Alfarabi’s unique religiopolitical context. University of Technology China, Dalian, China Alfarabi was a Muslim political philosopher, and the present article intends to understand Alfarabi’s theory of the state in light of his historical context. The article shows that, viewed Corresponding author: through the prism of Islamic religion and political history, Alfarabi’s virtuous city seems Ishraq Ali, distinct from that of Plato’s The Republic. [email protected] Keywords: Alfarabi; Plato; the Republic; Virtuous city; Utopia; Religion; Politics. Dates: Received: 25 Dec. 2018 Accepted: 22 May 2019 Published: 14 Aug. 2019 Introduction How to cite this article: The Homo sapiens’ need for association has long been acknowledged as a fundamental truth. The Ali, I. & Qin, M., 2019, inherent tendency to form an association is the fundamental characteristic that distinguishes man ‘Distinguishing the virtuous qua man from animals on one hand and God on the other. -
"A New Reading on Authority and Guardianship (Wilayah): Ayatollah Muhammad Mahdi Shamsuddin." Democratic Moments: Reading Democratic Texts
Mavani, Hamid. "A New Reading on Authority and Guardianship (wilayah): Ayatollah Muhammad Mahdi Shamsuddin." Democratic Moments: Reading Democratic Texts. London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2018. 177–184. Bloomsbury Collections. Web. 27 Sep. 2021. <http:// dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781350006195.ch-023>. Downloaded from Bloomsbury Collections, www.bloomsburycollections.com, 27 September 2021, 16:47 UTC. Copyright © Xavier Márquez and Contributors 2018. You may share this work for non- commercial purposes only, provided you give attribution to the copyright holder and the publisher, and provide a link to the Creative Commons licence. CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO A New Reading on Authority and Guardianship (wilayah): Ayatollah Muhammad Mahdi Shamsuddin Hamid Mavani Islam categorically rejects dictatorship because it always leads to oppression, persecution, and uprising.1 From the Islamic point of view, only the divine (most exalted), who has no partner or associate in His Lordship, Authority, and Guardianship (wilayah), has the right to govern and enjoy absolute rule. In essence, no human being has any right to rule over others. The rule and control of God is the only type of guardianship and authority that complies with human reason and intellect. Every mandate of authority and governance (hakimiyyah) for a human being requires a definitive proof. In its absence, therefore, no one has authority over another person, any other existent in the universe, or over nature, including over one’s own life and property. That these set limits cannot be transgressed is a fundamental principle under the subject of authority, as well as a matter that is well-established in jurisprudence and theology . 178 DEMOCRATIC MOMENTS [I]nvoking democracy while the infallible Imam is among us would be religiously unlawful, but . -
Advances in Environmental Biology, 8(10) June 2014, Pages: 1455-1460
Advances in Environmental Biology, 8(10) June 2014, Pages: 1455-1460 AENSI Journals Advances in Environmental Biology ISSN-1995-0756 EISSN-1998-1066 Journal home page: http://www.aensiweb.com/aeb.html A Description of the Theories of Akhbari and Usuli Scholars Regarding Ijtihad Focusing on the Theories of Muhammad Amin Astarabadi and Vahid Behbahani Fatemeh Saeidinasab Department of Agronomy, Yasuj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yasuj, Iran ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: Background: Ijtihad as a discourse refers to a systematic framework in which the Received 25 June 2014 Shias' life principles are produced and unified. Reaching perfection relies on obedience Received in revised form to God's commands, which relies on understanding those commands. It is the 8 July 2014 responsibility of Jurisprudence to understand God's commands and the jurisprudents' Accepted 10 August May 2014 actions are Ijtihad and other people must obey them (Taqlid). The processes of Ijtihad Available online 30 August 2014 and Taqlid have long history and are traceable to the age of the Holy Prophet. Objective: The Shia scholars have also provided rational arguments to prove the Key words: necessity of Ijtihad and Taqlid. It is common to observe discrepancies in the fatawi of Ijtihad, Usuli, Akhbari, Mahammad the jurists and the present study is an attempt to compare the theories of two Usuli and Amin Astarabadi, Vahid Behbahani Akhbari scholars namely Vahid Behbahani and Muhammad Amin Astrabadi regarding Ijtihad. Muhammad Amin Astarabadi is the most prominent of the Akhbaris. They are referred to as a group drawing upon the holy imams' sunnah in deducting Islamic rules and unlike Usulis who refer to four sources of the holy book, sunnah, ijma', and reasoning, they believe that reasoning and ijma are not enough and that many reason- based principles used in Usul-al- Fiqh for deducting laws are invalid and the only way to achieve Islamic laws is to refer to the holy imam's hadith. -
La Littérature Aux Marges Du ʾadab
LA LITTÉRATURE AUX MARGES DU ʾADAB Sous la direction de Iyas Hassan La notion de ʾadab est très importante dès lors qu’on aborde le monde arabe dans sa période dite classique. Le terme est généralement traduit par « littérature », mais à l’origine il recouvre un sens plus large, davantage lié à un savoir-être courtois et urbain, LA LITTÉRATURE comprenant notamment la maîtrise de la prose par des auteurs AUX MARGES DU ʾADAB qui furent en premier lieu de hauts fonctionnaires œuvrant aussi bien à l’administration qu’aux domaines juridiques et religieux. Regards croisés sur la prose arabe classique C’est principalement leurs écrits narratifs ou ceux renvoyant à la morale et à l’éthique que la tradition académique a retenus comme étant le noyau dur à partir duquel se sont développés les canons du ʾadab. Mais qu’en est-il de la riche production qui existe en dehors de ces domaines ? ADAB ʾ Le présent ouvrage s’inscrit dans une nouvelle orientation des études arabes visant à redessiner les frontières du littéraire dans le domaine des sources arabes. Le parti pris est ainsi de s’intéresser DU aux écrits classiques dont on considère, à tort ou à raison, qu’ils ne relèvent pas de ce registre. Neuf contributions issues des études littéraires, islamologiques et historiques sont rassemblées ici afin de permettre à des textes, pourtant différents par leur nature, leur genre ou leurs origines intellectuelles, d’entrer en interaction, MARGES ITTERATURE révélant ainsi des territoires dont l’approche par des outils littéraires L est encore rare, voire inédite.