The Role of the Four Deputies of Imam Mahdi (a) in Shiite Hadith Literature
Morteza Maddahi1
Abstract After the holy Qur’an, Hadith is the second source of Islam in terms of authority and the first in terms of extent. Contrary to the Qur’an, hadith is SURQHWRPDQLSXODWLRQDQGIRUJHU\DVWKH3URSKHW V ZDUQHGDERXWLWDQG history testifies to it. Prior to the era of occultation, many hadiths were presented to the Imams, and they rejected some of them and corrected RUH[SODLQHGWKHRWKHUV$O6KD\NKDOৡDGnjT G JDWKHUHGPDQ\ of these hadiths in his 0DҵƗQƯ DODNKEƗU. On the other hand, the most important Shiite hadith books were compiled after the occultation of the Twelfth Imam. The period of the Minor Occultation was a crucial time in Shiite history. With a historical and analytical approach, this article studies the identity and conditions of the Four Deputies and their role in guiding the Shiite community in relation to Hadith. In this regard, the article discusses the stance of the Four deputies against the hadiths of false FODLPHUVOLNH6KDOPDJƗQƯ G WKHLUUHODWLRQZLWKWKHVFKRODUVRI Qom, the reason why DO.ƗIL was not presented to them so as to obtain the DSSURYDORI,PDP0DKGL D DQGILQDOO\WKHUHODWLRQEHWZHHQDO.XOD\QL G DQGWKH)RXU'HSXWLHV Keywords +DGLWK WKH )RXU 'HSXWLHV DO.XOD\QƯ DO.ƗIƯ 0LQRU Occultation.
1$VVLဧDQWSURIHVVRUDWDO0XဧDID,QWHUQDWLRQDO8QLYHUVLW\ Journal of Al-Mustafa International University Vol. 3 (2020), Issue 1
The Infallible Imams and the Correction of Ahadith Hadith being the largest source of Islamic teachings, and gaining authenticity from Qur›an, contain vast details in a variety of matters. They contain fundamental importance in all subjects of practical Islamic life, and are often the main source of reference for Islamic scholars in different fields. Even general public of Muslims were advised to engage in listening, reciting and reiterating these as per the following, narrated from WKH3URSKHW V WKDW
Ąʜŀķ˩ķšĄ ĆňˁĄĄ ʤʰĒ ďĸ楥˸ʚ˫Ąćŀ̥Ēď̤ĄĿĄćŀˬň̤ĄĿĄćĿŠİćˆ̤ĄĄęĄʼnćĄ ĵřĘŝĄĵĈˬ *DWKHUWRJHWKHUDQGUHSHDWP\$KDGLWKVLQFHWKHVHDUHDSROLVKIRUWKH KHDUW .XOD\QƯ$+ Contrary to Qur’an, the Hadiths are not the word of Allah , and were QRW FRPSLOHG GXULQJ RU LPPHGLDWHO\ DIWHU WKH GHPLVH RI 3URSKHW V Consequently, these were prone to alteration and forgery. Hence, the Prophet warned anyone who fabricated Hadith on his behalf. ēĈ ̚ĸ楥˺ ļĄĄ ŁĒģ˩ļĄ͑ŀ̛̗̘ķ˫ĄĄĶˬ͑ĄĄĺĸĄĈļĄĄ̌ ķĤĄĄĵĈˬĄĄ˺ ļ :KRHYHUDWWULEXWHVWRPHZKDW,KDYHQRWVDLGPXVWEHSUHSDUHGIRUKLV SODFHLQ+HOO ৡDGnjT$+ However, due to many reasons - including almost one century of ban on writing and compiling Ahadith- many were forged or manipulated. That was the reason why many people tried to refine them and established tough conditions for their acceptance. (YHQ LQ WKH 6KLµD FROOHFWLRQV IDOVH +DGLWK FDQ EH IRXQG DQG 6KLD µ8ODPD H[FHSWIRU$NKEƗULV GLGQRWFRQVLGHUDOOLQDQ\FROOHFWLRQRUERRN as fully authenticated. However, Shi’a collections have the advantage in WKDWWKHVH$KDGLWKZHUHSUHVHQWHGDQGYHULILHGE\WKHLQIDOOLEOH,PDPV D during their lifetimes, spanning almost 230 years.
The Role of the Four Deputies of Morteza Maddahi Imam Mahdi (a) in Shiite Hadith Literature
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This question is very important VLQFH ZH NQRZ WKDW WKH ILUVW PDLQ ERRN RI 6KLµD DO.ƗIL ZDV FRPSLOHG during this time. And as we will discuss later, there is also the question ZKHWKHUWKLVERRNZDVSUHVHQWHGWRWKH1XZZƗE$UELµHKRU,PDP0DKGL D RUQRW Since some orientalists have raised doubts about the authenticity and DXWKRULW\RIWKH)RXU'HSXWLHV 1HZPDQ6K ZHKDYHWRNQRZ who they were and how they were appointed as deputies, even before any discussion about their duties and responsibilities. 2EYLRXVO\ZHNQRZWKDWWKHWZHOIWK,PDP D RIWKH6KLµDWKHVRQRI ,PDP+DVDQ$VNDUL D ZDVLQ2FFXOWDWLRQ+RZHYHULQRUGHUWRSUHSDUH WKHSHRSOHLQJHQHUDODQGWKH6KLµDFRPPXQLW\LQSDUWLFXODUIRUWKHORQJ DEVHQFHRIWKH,PDP D WKHUHLVDSHULRGRIDOPRVWVHYHQW\\HDUVZKHQ VHOHFWHG SHRSOH ZHUH DSSRLQWHG DV WKH PHGLXP EHWZHHQ WKH ,PDP D and his followers. This period is called the Minor Occultation and the 1XZZƗE $UELµHK ZKLFK VRPHWLPHV DUH FDOOHG VSHFLDO UHSUHVHQWDWLYHV :DNLO GHSXWLHV 1ƗµLE RUGRRUV %ƗE RIWKH,PDP D DQGWKH\ZHUH 1. $EXµ$PU8WKPƗQE6DµLGµ$PUL 2. $EX-DµIDU0XKDPPDGEµ2VPƗQE6DµLGµ$PUL 3. $EXDO4ƗVLP+XVDLQE5XK1RZEDNKWL Abu al-Hasan Ali b. Muhammad Samori 6KHLNK 7XVL VDLG WKDW$EX µ$PU 8VPƗQ E 6DµLG µ$PUL ZDV LQ WKH The Role of the Four Deputies of Morteza Maddahi Imam Mahdi (a) in Shiite Hadith Literature KRXVH RI ,PDP +ƗGL D VLQFH KH ZDV MXVW HOHYHQ \HDUV ROG ZKHQ$EX µ$PUZDVDSSRLQWHGE\,PDP+DGL D ,PDP+DVDQ$VNDUL D DQG,PDP 0DKGL D DVWKH1L\DEDW GHSXW\ RIWKHth,PDP D ৫njVƯ$+ $IWHUWKHGHPLVHRI,PDP$OLDO1DTL D LQ KHEHFDPH WKH VSHFLDO UHSUHVHQWDWLYH RI ,PDP +DVDQ$VNDUL D ,PDP +DVDQ D XVHGWRVD\ $EXµ$PULVDUHOLDEOHDQGWUXVWZRUWK\SHUVRQDQGKLVZRUGV DUH LQ IDFW P\ ZRUGV .XOD\QƯ $+ +H DOVR EHFDPH WKH VSHFLDOUHSUHVHQWDWLYHRI,PDP+DVDQ$VNDUL" D DQGKHZDVWKHKHDG of the representatives. Sheikh Tusi said that ten people worked under his LQVWUXFWLRQV ৫njVƯ$+ In a congregation of forty reliable and selected people, during the ODVWGD\VRI,PDP+DVDQ$VNDUL D KHLQWURGXFHG,PDP0DKGL D WR WKHP+HFRQILUPHGWKH,PDPDWHRI,PDP0DKGL D DQGGLVFXVVHGKLV 2FFXOWDWLRQ7KHQKHHPSKDVL]HGWKHUHSUHVHQWDWLRQRI,PDP0DKGL D E\8WKPƗQE6DµLGDQGVDLG $FFHSWZKDWHYHUKHVD\VDQGREH\KLPDV KHLVWKHUHSUHVHQWDWLYHRI\RXU,PDP D DQGKHKDVWKDWDXWKRULW\ ৫njVƯ $+ Sheikh Tusi commented that he also managed the funeral proceedings RI,PDP+DVDQ$VNDUL D ৫njVƯ$+ The most important tasks that the first deputy had were to prove that WKH,PDP D KDGDVRQDQGWKDWKHZDVLQRFFXOWDWLRQ+HDOVRKDGWR prove the concept of Occultation and prove that he was the appointed VSHFLDOUHSUHVHQWDWLYHRIWKH,PDP D 7KHRWKHUWKUHHGHSXWLHVRQO\KDG to prove their appointment to this position as the issues of representation and occultation were already established. What aggravated the problem for him was that he had to do all of this in secret because of the belligerent Abbasid government. In ensuring that the spies of the government could not detect the first deputy’s activities, KHZDVLQYROYHGLQWKH YHJHWDEOH RLOEXVLQHVVDQGKHKDGWKHQLFNQDPH Journal of Al-Mustafa International University Vol. 3 (2020), Issue 1 RI =D\\DW RLOYHQGHU 7KHUH VHHPHG WR EH D PRUH UHOD[HG DQG RSHQ DWPRVSKHUHLQWKH%DJKGDGFRPPXQLW\DQG8WKPƗQE6DµLGPRYHGWKHUH to continue his duties as the caretaker of the office of Imamate until the HQGRIKLVOLIH 0RGDUUHVL Although, it was reported that the entire community agreed to recognize him as the deputy of the Imam, there were also signs indicating that some JURXSVRIWKH6KLµDFRPPXQLW\ZHUHLQVHULRXVGRXEW+RZHYHUKHGLG his job the date of his death is uncertain but it is estimated to be between DQG :KHQWKH)LUVW'HSXW\SDVVHGDZD\D7DZTLµ VHDOHGOHWWHU IURP,PDP 0DKGL D ZDVLVVXHGWRKLVVRQ0XKDPDGE8WKPƗQSUDLVLQJKLVIDWKHU DQGRIIHULQJFRQGROHQFHVRQKLVSDVVLQJ ৫njVƯ$+ ৡDGnjT AH 7KLV7DZTLµDVZHOODVWKHZLOORI,PDP+DVDQ$VNDUL D LQ ZKLFKKHKDGLQWURGXFHG8WKPƗQDQGKLVVRQWREHKLVGHSXWLHV ৫njVƯ $+ VHUYHGDVWKHDXWKRULW\DQGDSSRLQWPHQWRI0XKDPPDGE 8WKPƗQDVWKHVHFRQG:DNLORU1DµLEIRU,PDP0DKGL D ,QDQRWKHU7DZTLµLQWKHKDQGZULWLQJRI,PDP0DKGL D WKDW,VKƗTE The Role of the Four Deputies of Morteza Maddahi Imam Mahdi (a) in Shiite Hadith Literature deputyship and, miraculously, also foretold about Muhammad b. Ali b. 0DK]\ƗU ৫njVƯ$+ His long deputyship continued until 305/917 and in the last days of his life, he gathered a group of close companions who elected Husain b. Ruh DO1RZEDNKWLDVKLVVXFFHVVRUDQGWKH1ƗµLERI,PDP D 7KHIDPLO\RI Nowbakhti was famous and they made uncountable contributions to the 6KLµDFRPPXQLW\7KH\DOVRZURWHERRNVLQGHEDWHZLWKWKH*KROƗWVDQG VHUYLFHGWKHSHRSOHLQRIILFLDOSRVLWLRQV VHH)DUDKPDQGSXU6K Husain b. Ruh, as Sheikh Tusi narrates, was respected by al-Muqtadir WKH $EEDVLG FDOLSK +LV PRWKHU ZDV D 6D\HGDK DQG HYHQ WKH 6XQQL FRPPXQLW\ UHVSHFWHG KLP DQG KH XVHG WR REVHUYH 7DTL\DK ৫njVƯ $+ 7KHIROORZLQJDOVRVKRZVWKDWKHZDVKLJKO\UHJDUGHGE\WKH government: Ą̘̅˩ ̤ĄŞ ˖ď̡Ąĺ ĘĈ ˩ĸćĄŀ̠͑Ą˸ĈİĄĿĄłƸ˚ ģ̤ĄĈ˖̡͑Ą̅ļĈģĸćĄʣ ̣ĈİĄĿĄĺʧ˚ ĤĄē Ē ̛˩ƸĸćĄĿĄ̂Ē ̘ ėĸćĄĒ̚ĤĄ ĶďļĄłĸĄ˸Ĉİ ¢Ĉ˫ŀ ˃ĄĿ 6HLNK 6DGXT QDUUDWHV WKDW RQH RI WKH 6KLµD SHRSOH KDG D ILQDQFLDO SUREOHPEXWWKHPLQLVWHU$OLEµ,VƗGLGQRWOLVWHQWRKLP7KHQ1RZEDNKWL VHQWDPHVVDJHWRWKHPLQLVWHUWKDWVROYHGKLVSUREOHP ৡDGnjT$+ Despite all of this, he spent five years in the Abbasid’ prison, for any of the following hypothesized reasons: 1. Financial: refraining from paying what government had asked for. 2. 3ROLWLFDO KDYLQJ UHODWLRQV ZLWK 4DUPDWLDQV 'KDKDEƯ $+ 3. 7KHRORJLFDO *KXOƗW H[DJJHUDWRUV RIKLVRSSRQHQWVZKRPDOLJQHG KLPWRWKHJRYHUQPHQW ޏ$LP]ƗGHK6K However, the third reason is rather weak since the government itself Journal of Al-Mustafa International University Vol. 3 (2020), Issue 1 ZDV DJDLQVW WKHP DQG +XVDLQ E 0DQVXU +DOODM DQG 6KDOPDJKƗQL ZHUH KDQJHGGXHWRWKHLUH[DJJHUDWLYHLGHDV ޏ$LP]ƗGHK6K Considering that Nowbakhti was extremely cautious and he was always observing Taqiyah, the second reason is also possess less weight. Furthermore, there was no reason for his tendency towards the Qarmatians. Proof of observing Taqiyah and keeping his belief secret lies in the fact that in one of his meetings with some Sunnis, he praised the first and the second Caliph then one of his companions quietly laughed. When the session ended, Ibn Ruh came to that companion and threatened: I swear E\\RXUOLIHLI\RXGRLWDJDLQ,ZLOOOHDYH\RXIRUHYHU ৫njVƯ$+ It seems that rather the first mentioned financial reason was the cause of his imprisonment. During this period, the government of the Abbasids had financial problems to the extent that, according to some reports, positions in the ministries were given to anyone who could give sufficient money to the Caliph. Moreover, according to reports there was even a special office to deliver a definite amount to the caliph and his family from expropriated SURSHUWLHV ৫njVƯ$+ ,QDGGLWLRQLWLVPRVWOLNHO\WKDWVLQFH1RZEDNKWLZDVWKHWKLUG1DµLE and this position was established at this time, he could have owned many SURSHUWLHV6RPHUHSRUWVRI6KHLNK7XVLDOVRVXJJHVWWKLV ৫njVƯ$+ +HQFHLWPDNHVVHQVHWKDWJUHHGZDVWKHUHDVRQIRUGLVDJUHHPHQW with the government and maybe also his wealth were the reasons why PDQ\IDOVH1DµLEFODLPHGWREHWKHGHSXW\RI,PDP D GXULQJKLVWLPH ৫njVƯ$+ Regardless, some important events occurred during Ibn Ruh’s twenty RQH\HDUVRIGHSXW\VKLS 6RPH\HDUVEHIRUHKLVFDSWXUH KHKDGDKLGGHQOLIHEHWZHHQ WR ,EQ5XKZDVIUHHGLQ DQG VRRQ UHJDLQHG KLV SRVLWLRQ LQ PDQDJLQJ WKH 6KLµD DIIDLUV 'KDKDEƯ$+ 'XULQJWKLVWLPHKHDSSRLQWHG6KDOPDJKƗQL The Role of the Four Deputies of Morteza Maddahi Imam Mahdi (a) in Shiite Hadith Literature as his successor and this person created many problems for him. When Ibn Ruh was about to leave this world, he appointed Ali b. 0XKDPPDGDO6DPRUL ৫njVƯ$+ IURPWKHWULEHRI6DPRULD IDPRXV6KLµDIDPLO\7KH\XVHGWROLYHLQ%DVUDKDQGKDGGHYRWHGKDOI RIWKHLULQFRPHWR,PDP+DVDQ$VNDUL D 6LQFH6DPRULZDVIURPVXFK a noble family, he had fewer objectors to his deputyship. However, his deputyship was rather short - almost three years – and a few days before KLVGHDWKKHUHOHDVHGD7DZTLµIURP,PDP0DKGL D WKDWUHDG ĄĬ̘̠̚ĄĈļĄʣ̘ ļĄỊ̆ʚ˫ĄĬʧ˫Ą Ị̆ć ŀ˃͒Ą Şˁ͑ĄʼnćĄĺ˚Ĥ͑Ą̈ŗ ƸėĸćĄĒ ƸďļĄ˺̠Ą̌ ķĤĄĈ̡ĄĄĺʧ Đ ŞĸćĄ˺Ļ ĐŞĸćĄʼnćĄ ĺ ė̠ Ąň˫Ą̅ļĈ ̛ĸćĄ ̗̅ ̘ ˠ ĸćĄʣģ ˬĿĄ Ē ˩˫ĄĬ ̤Ĉ˫ĿĄ Ē ģ ̠Ą Ĭ ļĈ ˩ļĄ Ĺŀ ˩̘ ˫ĄĒĐ ͑Ąņĸ͒Ąęŀ̤Ą ŇĄĿĄ ī Ş ļ͑ĄĢ Ƹ ˁĈ ˫ĄĹĈ̡͑Ą̛̅ ĘĄ˺ ̘ ̠Ą Ŀ ĄŁŞİ˄Ąņ ĸĈģ̤ĄʼnćĄ ˸ ˄͒Ą Ēģ̠ĄŇ͒Ą ŝřƹ˛ ,Q WKH QDPH RI $OODK WKH FRPSDQLRQDWH WKH PHUFLIXO 2K $OL E 0XKDPPDG DO6DPRUL PD\ $OODK ǚdž űȼ ȼȶ džǎŸȼ LQFUHDVH WKH UHZDUG RI \RXU EURWKHUVRYHU\RXUORVV Journal of Al-Mustafa International University Vol. 3 (2020), Issue 1 +RZHYHURQWKHRWKHUKDQGWKLVGLYHUJHQFHLQWKH6KLµDFRPPXQLW\ happened after the demise of almost every Imam, yet every time there was an heir of the present Imam to solve the problem. But this time, there was QHLWKHUDSUHVHQW,PDPQRUKLVKHLU In addition, many of the previous Shi’a factions that split from the PDLQVWUHDP XVHG WKH FRQFHSW RI *KL\EDK 7KH .D\VDQLWHV FODLPHG IRU 0XKDPDGE$OLDO+DQDIL\DK G WKH1DZXVL\DKIRU,PDP6DGLT D G WKH:DTLIL\DKIRU,PDP0XVD.D]LP D G $QGQRZDWWKLVWLPHWKH1XZZƗE$UELµHKKDGWRSURYHWKHVDPHIRU ,PDP 0DKGL D 6LQFH DOO WKRVH HDUOLHU IDFWLRQV ZHUH ZURQJ LQ WKHLU beliefs, there was doubt in the minds of the people, especially about the FODLPRIWKHILUVW1XZZƗE $QRWKHU SUREOHP IRU WKH 1XZZƗE ZDV WKH IDOVH 0DKGLV DQG IDOVH 1XZZƗE6KHLNK7XVLKDVDFKDSWHULQKLVERRNDO*KL\EDKPHQWLRQLQJ VHYHQ SHRSOH ZKR FODLPHG WR EH 1ƗµLE DQG WKH\ ZHUH GHIHDWHG E\ WKH 1XZZƗE ৫njVƯ$+ :KDWH[DFHUEDWHGWKHSUREOHPZDVWKDW ,PDP+DVDQ$VNDUL¶V D EURWKHU-DµIDUE$OLDOVRFODLPHGWKDWKHZDVKLV EURWKHU¶VVXFFHVVRU .KDৢƯEƯ $+ $QRWKHUSUREOHPZDVFRPPXQLFDWLRQEHWZHHQWKH6KLµDVLQGLIIHUHQW cities and this problem persisted up to the time of sheikh Saduq, who said in the beginning of his Kamal al-Din: When I was traveling for the SLOJULPDJHWRWKHVKULQHRI,PDP5H]D D ,IRXQGSHRSOHDUHLQFRQIXVLRQ EHFDXVHRIWKH2FFXOWDWLRQRI,PDP0DKGL D ৡDGnjT$+ 2Q WKH RWKHU KDQG WKHUH ZHUH DOVR JURXSV RI 4DUPDWLDQV DQG *KROƗWZKR FRQVLGHUHGWKHPVHOYHV6KLµDDQGWKH1XZZƗEKDGWRDOVRGHIHDWWKHP They also had to deal with the six Caliphs who ruled during the period RI0LQRU2FFXOWDWLRQ 0XµWDPLG G 0XµWDGKLG G 0XNWDIL G 0RTWDGLU G 4ƗKLU G DQG5D]L G 'XULQJWKHWHQ \HDUUXOHRI0XµWDGKLGWKH6KLµDIDFHGLQWROHUDEOHSUHVVXUHDQGWKLVZDV The Role of the Four Deputies of Morteza Maddahi Imam Mahdi (a) in Shiite Hadith Literature WKHPDLQUHDVRQZK\WKH1XZZƗEKDGWRRSHUDWHHQWLUHO\LQVHFUHW How Were People Sure That They Were Appointed by the Imams? $VPHQWLRQHGHDUOLHUWKHILUVWDQGWKHVHFRQG1ƗµLEZHUHDSSRLQWHGE\ ,PDP+DVDQ$VNDUL D DQGLQVXSSRUWRIWKHLUUHFRJQLWLRQZDVDOVRKLV letters. One may ask how people were sure that these were not forged. First of all, the people close to the Imams knew their handwriting. Reports mention that some people asked for samples of the handwriting of WKH,PDP D LQRUGHUWRUHFRJQL]HWKHYDOLGLW\RIWKHVHOHWWHUV,QRQHFDVH $KPDGE,VKƗT$VKµULZKRLVGHVFULEHGE\1DMƗVKƯDVEHLQJWKHKHDGRI WKH6KLµDRI4RP 1DMƗVKƯ$+ $QRWKHUZDVVRPHRQHWKDW,PDP +DVDQ$VNDUL D LQWURGXFHGWR,PDP0DKGL D ৡDGnjT$+ ZKRVDLG 2QFH,DVNHG,PDP+DVDQ$VNDUL D WRZULWHVRPHWKLQJIRU me so that I may know his handwriting and he did. In my heart I wished I could ask him to give me his pen and he gave it without me expressing my ZLVK .XOD\QƯ$+ :HDOVRNQRZWKDW$KPDGE,VKƗTOLYHG GXULQJWKHWLPHRIWKHILUVWDQGWKHVHFRQG1DµLE 7KHUHTXHVWRI$KPDGE,VKƗTIRUDKDQGZULWLQJVDPSOHVKRZVWKDW LWZDVLPSRUWDQWIRUWKHUHPRWHFRPPXQLWLHVWRUHFRJQL]HWKH,PDP¶V D handwriting. According to some sources, the handwriting of Imam Mahdi D ZDV H[DFWO\ OLNH WKDW RI KLV IDWKHU ,PDP +DVDQ$VNDUL D ,Q RQH UHSRUWDIWHUWKHGHPLVHRI,PDP+DVDQ$VNDUL D WKHUHZDVDGLVDJUHHPHQW DPRQJWKH6KLµDSHRSOHRI5D\DERXWKLVVRQ7KH\WKHQZURWHDOHWWHUWR Baghdad and received the answer in his handwriting, despite the fact that KH KDG SDVVHG DZD\ VRPH WLPH HDUOLHU ৫njVƯ $+ ,Q DQRWKHU UHSRUW$EGROODKE-DµIDU+LP\DULVD\V ĄĔ ˨ģˁĄ̼̠͑Ą̅ ļĈˬʚ̠Ą ł ̠ĄĄ ʡ̤Ĉ į̣ĄĈ̚İĄĄ̈ˆ ĸćĄĞ ˀĸĈ̠Ą ʡ̛įĸćĄĈ̛̤͑̚Ął̚ĤĄņĸĈģ̤ĄʼnćĄ̌ ˗ ŝĄĿŗ ƸĤĄŀ̠͑Ąņ˖ļĄĈƸĸ Ął̚ĤĄʼnćĄ ̌ ˗ ŝ :KHQWKHILUVW1ƗµLESDVVHGDZD\KLVVRQ$EX-DµIDUGHOLYHUHGOHWWHUV Journal of Al-Mustafa International University Vol. 3 (2020), Issue 1 WRXVZLWKH[DFWO\WKHVDPHKDQGZULWLQJWKDWZHXVHGWRUHFHLYHIURPDEX µ$PU ৫njVƯ$+ $GGLWLRQDOO\VRPHRIWKH7DZTLµDWZHUHLVVXHGLQDPLUDFXORXVZD\ and this was a sign to the community and the companions to recognize WKHDXWKHQWLFLW\RIWKHFODLPHU)RUH[DPSOHWKH7DZTLµWKDWUHQRXQFHG 6KDOPDJKƗQLZDVLVVXHGWRWKHWKLUG1ƗµLE,EQ5XKZKHQKHZDVLQSULVRQ ৫njVƯ$+ 0DMOLVƯ$+ $QRWKHUH[DPSOHLVWKDW $EX DO+XVDLQ DO$VDGL VDLG WKDW KH UHDG RQH7DZTLµ DQG WKLV UDLVHG D VHFRQGTXHVWLRQLQKLVPLQG:KHQKHORRNHGDWWKH VDPH OHWWHUIRUWKH VHFRQGWLPHKHIRXQGWKHDQVZHUWRLW ৡDGnjT$+ $QRWKHU 7DZTLµIRUHWROGWKHGHDWKRIWKHODVW1DµLELQVL[GD\VDQGLWKDSSHQHG ৫njVƯ $+ 6KHLNK7XVLDOVRQDUUDWHGWKDWRQFH6DPRULWKHODVW1ƗµLE VSRQWDQHRXVO\VDLG 0D\$OODKKDYHPHUF\RQ$OLE+XVDLQE%ƗEZH\K and the audiences recorded the date of that saying only to discover later WKDWKHKDGSDVVHGDZD\RQWKDWH[DFWGD\ ৫njVƯ$+ 0DQ\RI WKHVHPLUDFXORXVVLJQVZHUHUHSRUWHGLQWKHERRNVGXULQJWKH*KL\EDKWKDW VKRZVWKHDXWKHQWLFLW\ DQGWKHDXWKRULW\ RIWKH1XZZƗE They were also very pious people and were even praised in the Sunni ERRNV\HWWKH\GLGQRWUHFRUGDQ\RIWKH,PDP¶V D ZRUGV0XKDPPDG E,EUƗKLPRQHRIWKHFRPSDQLRQVRI+XVDLQE5XKUHSRUWHGWKDWKHZDV with him when another man came and asked a question. He asked whether ,PDP+XVDLQ D ZDVWKHJXDUGLDQRI$OODK VZ DQGLIKLVHQHPLHVZHUH the enemies of Allah, then why did Allah allow them to be dominant over ,PDP+XVDLQ D DQGNLOOKLP",EQ5XKH[SODLQHGZLWKDFRPSUHKHQVLYH DQVZHUDQGWKLVLVDOVRQDUUDWHGLQ6KHLNK6DGXT¶V.DPƗODO'LQ ৡDGnjT $+ 7KHQ0XKDPDGE,EUDKLPVDLGWKDWKHVDZ,EQ5XKDQG asked him about the event of the last day and when he received the answer the next day, he asked whether the answer was from him or from the Imam D +HVDLG 20XKDPPDGE,EUDKLPIDOOLQJIURPWKHVN\DQGWREHHDWHQ by the birds or to be taken by the winds to the deserts is preferable to me The Role of the Four Deputies of Morteza Maddahi Imam Mahdi (a) in Shiite Hadith Literature WKDQVD\LQJDQ\WKLQJRQEHKDOIRIUHOLJLRQWKDWLVP\RZQRSLQLRQ ৡDGnjT $+ Presentation of Ahadith before the Nuwwab and Imam Mahdi (a) 7KH1XZZƗE$UELµHKZHUHXQGHUWRXJKFRQGLWLRQVDQGZHUHUHVWULFWHG in this regard, yet, we have some reports that they contributed to the evaluation of Ahadith in several ways. In the same way that Ahadith were SUHVHQWHGWRWKHHDUOLHU,PDPV EHIRUH WKH\DOVRDFFHSWHGWKHVDPHDV ZHOODVTXHVWLRQVWRIRUZDUGWRWKH,PDP D In one example, Muhammad b. Salih said: I asked about the Hadith WKDWZDVQDUUDWHGWKDWWKH,PDPV D VDLGWKDWWKHLUVHUYDQWVZHUHWKHZRUVW FUHDWLRQV RI $OODK ,Q UHVSRQVH WKH 7DZTLµ FKDVWLVHG WKHP DQG DVNHG whether they recite Qur’an, because according to a single verse, this +DGLWKFDQ¶WEHWUXH ৡDGnjT$+ &RQWUDU\WRZKDWVRPHRIWKHVFKRODUVEHOLHYH 1njUƯ$+ SUHVHQWLQJ$KDGLWKDQGERRNVWR,PDP0DKGL D ZDVQRWFRPPRQ practice except when there were doubts about their authenticity. This can EHGHGXFHGIURPD7DZTLµDWWKDWZDVLVVXHGLQUHVSRQVHWRDTXHVWLRQDERXW one of the people who had narrated Ahadith but later had gone astray. ,PDP D VDLG łķğ ̗̣ĄĿ͑ĄĄłďď ě̚šĄĈ ̘̚ĸ͒Ą ŁĿđŞ˫ĄŁĒ ̡ĄņķĤĄŇ͒Ą Ĭš ˄Ą̌˫Ą ĺį̘ĸ͒Ą ̷Šˀ̡ĄĺĸĄĿ͑Ąłʧ ˫Ą ĺ̛įį˓ĄĈļĄĿ 7KH $KDGLWK WKDW \RX DUH GRXEWIXO DERXW RU D +DGLWK WKDW KDG QR QDUUDWRUH[FHSWWKLVSHUVRQUHIHUWKHPWRXVDQGZHZLOOHLWKHUUHFWLI\RU UHMHFWWKHP ৫njVƯ$+ ,Q WKLV UHJDUG PDQ\ µTXHVWLRQDEOH¶ $KDGLWK ZHUH SUHVHQWHG WR WKH 1XZZDELQRUGHUWREHMXGJHGE\WKH,PDP D 0XKDPPDGEµ$EGROODK E -DµIDU DO+LP\DUL VDLG , ZURWH WR ,PDP 0DKGL D DVNLQJ DERXW WKH +DGLWKZKLFKLVQDUUDWHGIURP,PDP6ƗGLT D DERXWSUHSDUDWLRQIRUSUD\HU ণXUUDOޏƖPLOƯ$+ Journal of Al-Mustafa International University Vol. 3 (2020), Issue 1 ,QDQRWKHU+DGLWKµ$EGROODKE-DµIDUVDLG ,ZURWHWR,PDP0DKGL D asking about the Hadith that some people narrate that fasting during the ZKROHPRQWKRI5DMDELVFRQVLGHUHGDVVLQ7KH,PDP D DQVZHUHGWKDW WKHPRQWKRI5DMDELVWKHEHVWPRQWKIRU4DঌD FRPSHQVDWLRQ +RZHYHU DO)DTLK ,PDP+DGL D XVHGWRIDVWRQO\ILIWHHQGD\VDQGQRWWKHZKROH PRQWK ণXUUDOޏƖPLOƯ$+YRO 7KHVDPHSHUVRQVDLG ,ZURWHDOHWWHUWRWKH,PDP D DQGDVNHGDERXW WKH+DGLWKWKDWUHSRUWHGWKDW,PDP6DGLT D ZURWHRQWKHVKURXGWKDW>KLV son] ,VPƗµLOWHVWLILHGWKDWWKHUHLVQR*RGEXW$OODKDQGZKHWKHULWZDV permitted for us to write the same on the graves? He answered there is no SUREOHPZLWKWKDW ণXUUDOޏƖPLOƯ$+ Opposition to the Sources of Forged Ahadith 7KHµFRUUHFWLQJ¶UHVSRQVLELOLWLHVRIWKH1XZZƗELQFOXGHGRSSRVLWLRQWR WKH*XOƗW WKRVHZKRH[DJJHUDWHGDERXWWKH,PDPV D DVZHOODVGHIHDWLQJ WKHIDOVHFODLPDQWVRIEHLQJWKH1ƗµLERU,PDP0DKGL D 6KHLNK7XVL PHQWLRQHGVHYHQSHRSOHZKRPDGHVXFKFODLPV7KH\ZHUH +DVDQ6KDULµL 0XKDPPDGE1DVLUDO1RPD\UL $KPDGE+LOƗODO.DUNKL 0XKDPPG E$OLE%LOƗO +XVDLQE0DQVXUDO+DOOƗM $EX-DµIDUE$EXDOµ$]ƗTLU 6KDOPDJKƗQL DQG$EL%DNUDO%DJKGDGL ৫njVƯ$+ The one who had narrated many fake Ahadith is the false claimant 6KDOPDJKƗQLDQG7XVLGHVFULEHGWKDWWKHDEXQGDQFHRIKLVQDUUDWLRQVDW WKHWLPHRI0LQRU2FFXOWDWLRQSURPSWHGRQHRIWKH6KLµDZKRZDVZRUULHG DERXWWKLVPDWWHUWRDVN DGYLFH IURP,EQ5XKWKHWKLUG1DµLE ĆňļĄĈ ƹ̚ļĄĈ ̤̚ŀ̘̠ĄĿĄł ʦ̛į̠Ą ĶƸģ̣Ą˦̘į˫ :KDWPXVWZHGRZLWKKLVQDUUDWLRQV EHFDXVH RXUKRXVHVDUHIXOORI KLV$KDGLWK" ৫njVƯ$+ 6KDOPDJKƗQLZDVWKHDSSRLQWHHRI+XVDLQE5XKEHIRUHJRLQJDVWUD\ When Husain b. Ruh was forced to live a hidden life, he appointed 70 The Role of the Four Deputies of Morteza Maddahi Imam Mahdi (a) in Shiite Hadith Literature 6KDOPDJKƗQLDVKLVGHSXW\EXWRXWRIMHDORXV\ DVUHSRUWHGE\1DMƗVKƯ DQG,EQ'ƗZXG ,EQ'ƗZXG6K 1DMƗVKƯ$+ RU JUHHGIRUWKHZHDOWKRI,EQ5XK DVLWZDVVDLGDERXWWKH:DTHIL\DKOHDGHUV >ণLP\DUƯ $+ @ RU DPELWLRQ ZKLFK ZDV QDWXUDO IRU VXFK D SRVLWLRQKHILUVWFODLPHGWKDWKHLVWKH1DµLE ,QFUHDVLQJO\ KH KDG KDG VRPH H[DJJHUDWLYH GHYLDQW EHOLHIV LQWKDW KHFODLPHGWKDWWKHVRXORI3URSKHW V ZDVUHLQFDUQDWHGLQWKHERG\RI 0XKDPDGE8WKPƗQDQGWKDW,PDP$OL¶V D VRXOZDVLQWKHERG\RI,EQ 5XK ৫njVƯ$+ $QGZRUVHKHEHOLHYHGLQWKHHPERGLPHQWRI $OODK 0DMOLVƯ$+ +RZHYHU,EQ5XKVHQWDPHVVDJHWRWKHSHRSOHRI%DVWƗPWRDEDQGRQ KLP ৫njVƯ$+ but it seemed that they did not obey the message RI,EQ5XK ৫njVƯ$+ DQGKHWKHQUHOHDVHGWKH7DZTLµRIWKH ,PDP D ৫njVƯ$+ 7KHLQWHUHVWLQJWKLQJLVWKDWWKLV7DZTLµ was issued when Ibn Ruh was in prison and Muhammd b. Hammam said WKDWZHVDZWKLV7DZTLµZKLOHLWVLQNKDGQRW\HWGULHG ৫njVƯ$+ 0DMOLVƯ$+ 7KH1XZZƗEUHVSRQGHGLQDVLPLODUPDQQHUDJDLQVWERWK$KPDGE +LODOµ$EDUWDƗ¶LDQG-DµIDUE$OLWKHEURWKHURI,PDP+DVDQ$VNDULEHIRUH they could release their false Ahadith. These confrontations made scholars very cautious about Ahadith already narrated by such people and this is the UHDVRQZK\µTXHVWLRQDEOH¶$KDGLWKZHUHVFUXWLQL]HGE\WKHµ8ODPD -DµIDUWKHEURWKHURI,PDP+DVDQ$VNDULFODLPHGWKDWWKH,PDP D KDG no heir: Ął ̘ Ĝ ĿĄĈ ̣͑ĄĿĄņ ̜̣͑ĄŇĄĿĄ ŢĔİ˄ĄŇĄŢĒĐ ͑Ą˦ķˀ̡Ą ĺ ĸĄĿĄĄ̌ ˃ ͑ĄĒ Ƹ ď ļĄŀ ̠͑ĄĄņ˖ļ 0\EURWKHUGLHGDQGOHIWQRFKLOG QRWPDOHQRUIHPDOHDQG,DPKLV VXFFHVVRU .KDৢƯEƯ $+ $FFRUGLQJ WR $KPDG E ,VKƗT $VKµDUL -DµIDU ZURWH D OHWWHU WR WKH 71 Journal of Al-Mustafa International University Vol. 3 (2020), Issue 1 scholars of Qom introducing himself as a knowledgeable man and the VXFFHVVRURI,PDP+DVDQ7KHQ$VKµDULZURWHDOHWWHUWR%DJKGDGDVNLQJ µ$PULDERXWKLVFODLPDQGLQUHVSRQVHD7DZTLµDUULYHGIURP,PDP0DKGL D WKDWDIWHUDORQJSURORJXHVDLG Ąĺ ʪ̡Ą ˸ ͑ĄĆĈ ˁ ŝĄ ł ĸĄ̌ ńĄ̅ĸĈĐĄ ̡̅ʙ̠Ą̈Ŗđ ͑Ąň˫ĄŁĈ Ĥ đćĄĈ Ƹ ̠Ąʜ ˆįĸćĄʼnćĄņķĤĄ̈ ŗ̛ ˨Ƹ ĸćĄĶğ̗ Ƹ ĸćĄćˆńĄņ Ĥ đćĄ ĒˬĄĿ ÉĄĄʜćŀĜĄĿĄʚğ˃Ą˺̘̠ĄˮŠ ˨̡ĄŇĄĿĄĹć ŞĐĄ˺ļĄ ŇňĐĄˤĔ ģ̡ĄĈļĄʼnćĄ ŀ˫ĄʼnćĄ ˺̡ đĄ̌ ˫Ą ł ˩˨ ̠Ą ͑ĄŁćŀĤđ 7KLVFODLPDQWDQGOLDUDWWULEXWHGOLHVWR$OODK,GRQRWNQRZKRZKHLV JRLQJWRSURYHKLVFODLPDQGLILWLVE\NQRZOHGJH,VZHDUE\$OODKWKDWKH LVQRWDEOHWRGHWHFW+DODOIURP+DUDPDQGKHFDQ¶WGLIIHUHQWLDWHEHWZHHQ ULJKWDQGZURQJ ৫njVƯ$+ 7KLVSUREOHPZDVVROYHGZKHQDJURXSRI6KLµDZHQWWRUHQGHUWKHLU UHOLJLRXV WD[HV WR ,PDP +DVDQ D EXW KH KDG SDVVHG DZD\ DQG -DµIDU claimed it. According to as-Saqud, he asked the Caliph to help him with gaining those properties but the people of Qom asked for extraordinary signs that would prove that he is the legitimate Imam. When he could not present any proof, they decided to leave the city for Qom without giving WKHSURSHUWLHVWRDQ\RQH$IWHUWKHLUGHSDUWXUH,PDP0DKGL D PHWZLWK WKHPVKRZHGWKHVLJQVDQGUHFHLYHGWKHPRQH\ ৡDGnjT$+ 7KHUHZHUHPRUHHIIRUWVLQFRUUHFWLQJ$KDGLWKE\WKH1XZZƗEEXWDV we mentioned before, many of the writers during the time of the Minor 2FFXOWDWLRQDYRLGHGWDONLQJDERXWWKH1XZZƗEDQGQDUUDWLQJIURPWKHP GXH WR REVHUYLQJ 7DTL\DK $OPRVW RQH KXQGUHG 7DZTLµ ZHUH LVVXHG $KPDGL0L\DQDML$+YRO EXWLWLVHVWLPDWHGWKDWWKHUHPXVW have been many more. 3UHVHQWLQJDO.ƗILEHIRUH1XZZƗE 1RZZHFDQWXUQWRWKHTXHVWLRQZKHWKHUDO.ƗILZDVSUHVHQWHGWRWKHP WRDFTXLUHWKHDSSURYDORIWKH,PDP D RUQRWDQGLIQRWZKDWWKHUHDVRQ was. 72 The Role of the Four Deputies of Morteza Maddahi Imam Mahdi (a) in Shiite Hadith Literature 2QWKHLVVXHRISUHVHQWLQJDO.ƗILWR1XZZƗEWKHUHDUHWKUHHRSLQLRQV 1. 7KHILUVWRSLQLRQZDVWKDW$O.ƗILZDVSUHVHQWHGWRWKH,PDP D and received admiration from him. Seyed b. Tawus is one of the people who claimed that since Kulayni lived at the time of the Four Deputies and was also in the city of Baghdad, KHPXVWKDYHSUHVHQWHGKLVERRNWRWKHP ,EQ৫ƗZnjV6K $WWKH time of the Akhbaris, most of them believed that all Ahadith of the Four %RRNVDUH6DKLK DXWKHQWLFDWHG DQGVRPHRIWKHPHYHQFODLPHGWKDWDO .ƗILZDVSUHVHQWHGWRWKH,PDP D 6RPHVFKRODUVWDWHGWKDW łʩėďʪĘćĄĿĄʡĐĈěĸćĄĒńĈ˓ĄĒˬĄłģĻˁĈʯĄ̌˫ĈįĸćĄ˸ć $O.ƗILZDVSUHVHQWHGWRWKH,PDP D DQGKHKDGSUDLVHGLW .XOD\QƯ $+ $OVRVRPHVFKRODUVEHOLHYHGWKDW,PDP D KDGVDLGWKHIROORZLQJLQ YLUWXHRIDO.ƗIL Ĉʩʪģʧ˒ĸĄˤĈİĄ̌˫Ĉįĸć $O.ƗILLVVXIILFLHQWIRURXU6KLµD>IROORZHUV@ .XOD\QƯ 6K In some of the issues of this al-Kafi, the publisher had this sentence carved on its cover. In addition, while the Muhadith Nuri stated that this narration is not recognized as a Hadith, he tried to prove that the book ZDVSUHVHQWHGEHIRUHWKH1XZZƗEDQG,PDP0DKGL D 1njUƯ$+ +HVDLGWKDWEHFDXVHVRPHERRNVVXFKDVWKHDO7DNOLIRI 6KDOPDJKƗQLZDVSUHVHQWHGWRWKHPWKLVERRN DO.DIL ZKLFKZDVPRUH comprehensive, demanded to be presented to them as well. Muhadith Nuri says that Kulayni stayed for twenty years in Baghdad, and it is less likely that while people went to them for any dispensable PDWWHU.XOD\QLKDYHQRWSUHVHQWHGKLVERRNWRWKH1XZZƗE+HQFHVRPH questions remain: Why did Kulayni not refer to them for such a great 73 Journal of Al-Mustafa International University Vol. 3 (2020), Issue 1 ERRNZKLFKLVDSLYRWIRU6KLµDWKRXJKW 1njUƯ$+ " And shouldn’t there have been normal relations between them? This was not because of conflict between them but rather because of the difficult circumstances for the Shi’a under the Abbaside persecution but also because of the absence of any need for that.1 Both Aga Bozorg 7HKUDQLDQGƖ\DWROOƗK6REKDQLVXSSRUWHGWKLVRSLQLRQ 6XEতƗQƯ$+ It seems that the third opinion is more sensible and preferred. Firstly, the first opinion is not acceptable since there is insufficient proof, as the proposed Hadith had no root, and also because of another +DGLWKLQ0DµƗQLDO$NKEƗURI6DGXT ĄĄ˺ĤĄłĸʙė˫ĄĶˁŝĄł ̘ķĤĄĶ˃Ē˫ĄġĄĔ ˬĈ ̗ĸćĄĒ ƸďļĄ˺ ̠ĄĔ ˨ģˁĄĒ̚ĤĄ ʞŞ˖ĐĄ¥ĵĈˬĄł̘ ̠͑Ą˺ĤĄ̂ŝĈƸĤĄ˺ ̠ĄĒ Ƹďļ ¢ĄĺƹĸĄ̌ ĸţĿĄĈ ̡Ą ĺ ƹĸĄđĈ ńĄĈńĄĈ̚ʪģʧ ˒ šĄĄ ˤĈ İĄˤĈİĄġĄĵĈ˩˫ĄĄĚģʧŃİ $SHUVRQDVNHGIURP,PDP6DGLT D DERXW.D+D 1$JKƗ%X]XUJ7LKUƗQƯEHOLHYHVLQWKLVLGHD VHH৫LKUDQƯ6K The Role of the Four Deputies of Morteza Maddahi Imam Mahdi (a) in Shiite Hadith Literature RI6KDOPDJKƗQL WKDWWKH6KLµDKRXVHVDUHIXOORI KHDQVZHUHGWKDWKLV UHVSRQVHLVWKHVDPHDVWKDWRI,PDP+DVDQ$VNDUL D DERXWWKHERRNVRI %DQX)DঌƗO 'RDFFHSWZKDWWKH\QDUUDWHGEXWUHMHFW WKHRSLQLRQV WKDW WKH\VWDWHG ৫njVƯ$+ 7KH SUREDELOLW\ RI PDQLSXODWLRQ RI WKH ZULWLQJV RI 6KDOPDJKƗQL was extremely high, so-much-so that the people of Qom once received VRPH OHWWHUV IURP %DJKGDG EXW WKH\ ZHUH DIUDLG WKDW 6KDOPDJKƗQLKDG manipulated their content. They wrote a letter to Bagdad to ask Nowbakhti about the contents of these letters and he confirmed the fact that they were QRW ৫njVƯ$+ . Accordingly, there was sufficient reason to present his book before the 1XZZƗEIRUDXWKHQWLFDWLRQ+RZHYHULQWKHFDVHRIDO.ƗILWKHUHZDVQR reason to do so. Aga Bozorg Tehrani said that the presentation of books to WKH1XZZƗEZDVTXLWHLPSRVVLEOHDQGWKLVSUDFWLFHZDVQRWSUHYDOHQWDQG UDWKHUWKHH[FHSWLRQDVLQWKHFDVHRI$O7DNOLIRI6KDOPDJKƗQL ৫LKUDQƯ 6K (YHQ6KHLNK.XOD\QLKDGQRGRXEWWKDWDOO$KDGLWKLQDO .ƗILZHUHUHOLDEOHKHQFHWKHUHZDVQRQHHGWRSUHVHQWLW ৫LKUDQƯ6K Thirdly, we know that Kulayni wrote the prologue of his book after its completion and would have mentioned such presentation to the Imam DV +RZHYHU KH GLG VWDWH WKDW KH WULHG KLV EHVW WR JDWKHU RQO\ WKH correct Ahadith. Also it is not clear why Muhadith Nuri claimed that there ZDVDUHODWLRQVKLSDQGFRPSDQLRQVKLSEHWZHHQ.XOD\QLDQGWKH1XZZƗE despite the fact that Kulayni hardly narrated from them, even regarding LVVXHVUHODWHGWR,PDP0DKGL D H[FHSWIRUDIHZIURPWKHILUVWDQGWKH WKLUG1DµLE 6XEতƗQƯ$+ )RXUWKO\ WKH 1XZZƗE LQ YHULILFDWLRQ RI WKH %RRN RI DO7DµGLE RI 6KDOPDJKƗQL UHIHUUHG WR WKH VFKRODUV RI 4RP 6KHLNK 7XVL VDLG WKDW +XVDLQE5XKVHQWWKHERRNRIDO7DµGLEE\6KDOPDJKƗQLWRWKHVFKRODUV 75 Journal of Al-Mustafa International University Vol. 3 (2020), Issue 1 of Qom to see if it contained any defective Ahadith. They replied that H[FHSWIRUWZRSRLQWVWKHUHLVQRWKLQJZURQJLQLW ৫njVƯ$+ 6XEতƗQƯ$+ Even in this case, he could have rather asked the ,PDP D WRYHULI\WKHDXWKHQWLFLW\RIWKLVERRNEXWKHGLGQRW7KLVFDQEH EHFDXVHKHFRQVLGHUHGWUXVWLQJWKHµ8ODPDDQGWUDLQLQJWKHPIRUWKH0DMRU 2FFXOWDWLRQLQVROYLQJVXFKSUREOHPV LQIXWXUH +HQFHLQWKHWLPHRIWKH *KL\EDKLWLVWKHUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKHµ8ODPDDQGWKLVLVWKHSURFHGXUH PHQWLRQHGLQD7DZTLµIURP,PDP0DKGL D ZKRZURWHWKHIROORZLQJWR 0XKDPPDGE8WKPƗQ Ąĺ į̘ķĤĄ̌ʪʾĐĄĺƹ̣ʚ˫ĄĈ̚ʫʰ Ē ĐĄ̂ć ĿşĄņĸ͒ĄĈ ƹʧ˫Ąćŀ ģˁ ŝĈ˫Ą̅ģˬć ŀĸ楥ʟđć ŀďĸćĄĈļ͑ĄĿ ,QWKHFDVHRIXQSUHFHGHQWHGHYHQWV>ZKHQ\RXGRQ¶WNQRZZKDWWRGR@ UHIHUWRWKH+DGLWKQDUUDWRUVWKH\DUHP\SURRIVZLWK\RX ৡDGnjT $+ $QGLQWKHFDVHRIDO.ƗILZKRZDVLQDEHWWHUSRVLWLRQWKDQWKHDXWKRU to verify that? Hence, there was no need for referral. )XUWKHUPRUHKRZFRXOG,PDP D RUWKH1XZZƗESRVVLEOHFRQILUPWKH YROXPLQRXVERRNDO.ƗILILOOHGZLWKWKH,VODPRIWKH6KLµDZKLOHWKH,PDP D DQGWKHPVHOYHVREVHUYHGVHFXULW\DQG7DTL\DK" :HDOVRKDYHPDQ\UHSRUWVWKDWWKH,PDP D XVHGWRJLYHGLIIHUHQW answers to a given issue in order to keep their followers safe. In one H[DPSOH=XUDUDKVDLGWKDWKHZDVZLWK,PDP6DGLT D ZKHQVRPHRQH FDPH DQG DVNHG D TXHVWLRQ DQG WKH ,PDP D DQVZHUHG 7KHQ DQRWKHU SHUVRQ FDPH DQG DVNHG WKH VDPH TXHVWLRQ DQG WKH ,PDP D DQVZHUHG differently. Not long after, a third person asked the same question and the ,PDP D JDYHDWKLUGDQVZHU:KHQWKHSHUVRQOHIWKHDVNHGWKH,PDP D why he gave different answers, and he said: ĄĈ̘̚ķĤĄĕĈ̚ĸćĄĺįˬĒěĸĄĒ Đć ĿĄĔ ļ͑ĄĄņķĤĄĄĺ̛ģƸ̛ˁćĄŀ ĸĄĿĄĺįĸĄĿĄĈ̚ĸĄņ˩̠͑ĄĿĄĈ̚ĸĄŞ̘˃ĄćˆńĄ˸͒Ą ̂ŝćŝ͇ĄĈ̡ĄĵĈ˩˫ª ©Ąĺį̧Ĉ ˩̠Ą ĿĄĈ ̧̚Ĉ ˩̗ šĄ Ķˬ͑Ą˸Ĉ įĸĄĿ The Role of the Four Deputies of Morteza Maddahi Imam Mahdi (a) in Shiite Hadith Literature 7KLV LV EHWWHU IRU XV DQG IRU \RX LW LV VDIH IRU XV DQG IRU \RX WKH IROORZHUV,I\RXDUHFRQFHUWHGRQWKHVDPHLVVXHSHRSOHZLOOILQGRXWZKR ZHDUHDQGWKDWLVKDUPIXOWRRXUVXUYLYDODQG\RXUV .XOD\QƯ$+ 7KHUHIRUHDOORI1XZZƗEREVHUYHG7DTL\DKDQGHYHQWKHTXDOLW\RI WKHLUFKDUDFWHU EHLQJFDXWLRXVDERXWREVHUYLQJ7DTL\D ZDVWKRXJKWWREH RQHRIWKHFULWHULDIRUWKHDSSRLQWPHQWRIWKH1DµLE6KHLNK7XVLQDUUDWHG WKDWRQFH$ED6DKODO1RZEDNKWLZDVDVNHG 77 Journal of Al-Mustafa International University Vol. 3 (2020), Issue 1 any receipt for any payment to them. According to Sheikh Tusi, Muhammad E$OLDO$VZDGVDLG ,XVHGWRSD\VRPHPRQH\WR0XKDPPDGE8WKPƗQ >WKHVHFRQG1DµLE@XQWLOWKHWLPHWKDWKHWROGPHWRJLYHLWWR+XVDLQE5XK and from that time forth and I did. I requested a receipt but he avoided it DQG,FRPSODLQHGDERXWLWWR0XKDPPDGE8WKPƗQEXWKHRUGHUHGPH not to request any receipt from him, saying: Whatever reaches Ibn Ruh reaches me. And after that I gave him the payment without asking for a UHFHLSW ৫njVƯ$+ $VDUHVXOWXQGHUWKHVHFLUFXPVWDQFHVZLWKWKH1XZZƗEOLYLQJXQGHU 7DTL\DKSUHVHQWLQJDERRNOLNHDO.ƗILWRWKHPZDVTXLWHLPSRVVLEOH$JD Bozorg Tehrani said: How could Kulayni present such a huge book to the 1XZZƗEWREHYHULILHGZKLOHWKH\ZHUHOLYLQJXQGHUWKHYHLORI7DTL\DDQG FRXOGQRWH[SRVHWKHLULGHQWLW\DVEHLQJ6KLµDOHWDORQHEHLQJWKH1DµLERI WKH,PDP D "´ ৫LKUDQƯ6K 2. 7KHVHFRQGRSLQLRQLVWKDWDO.ƗILZDVQRWSUHVHQWHGWRWKH,PDP because Kulayni, being from the school of Qom, was against the school of Baghdad. $QGUHZ-1HZPDQLQKLV7KH)RUPDWLYH3HULRGRI7ZHOYHU6KL¶LVP EHOLHYHVWKDWWKHZULWLQJRIDO.ƗILZDVDUHVSRQVHRIWKH$KDGLWKRULHQWHG VFKRRORI4RPWRWKHLQWHOOHFWRULHQWHGVFKRRORI%DJKGDG 1HZPDQ 6K Accordingly, not only did Kulayni not present this book to them but there was also some friction between them. Kulayni’s refrain from PHQWLRQLQJWKHQDPHVRIWKH1XZZƗEDQGWKHLUSRVLWLRQLQDGGLWLRQWR avoiding any narrations of Ahadith from them, can be indications of this IULFWLRQ This opinion is also not acceptable because Kulayni never mentions the LVVXHRI1L\ƗEDWQRUGRHVKHQDUUDWHIURPWKH1XZZƗEH[FHSWWZRRUWKUHH Ahadith from the first and the third 1DµLE+RZHYHUWKLVLVXQUHODWHGWRWKH 78 The Role of the Four Deputies of Morteza Maddahi Imam Mahdi (a) in Shiite Hadith Literature PDWWHURIµGLIIHUHQFHV¶EHWZHHQWKH1XZZƗEDQG.XOD\QL First of all, abstaining from mentioning the name and the position of the 1XZZƗELVQRWVRPHWKLQJSHFXOLDUWRDO.ƗIL$OOWKHERRNVRIWKDWWLPHLQ a consonant way, did not mention their names and avoided talking about WKHPDOWRJHWKHU7KHUHIRUHRQHFDQ¶WFRQFOXGHIURPWKHµQHJOLJHQFH¶RI Kulayni in narrating Hadith from them or mentioning their names in his book that somehow they were opposed or in conflict. Moreover, Newman’s theory is based on the popularized idea that Kulayni stayed for twenty years in Baghdad. While, what we know is that he moved to Baghdad and was there in 327/939. Unfortunately, we do not NQRZZKHQKHPRYHGRUKRZORQJKHVWD\HGLQ%DJKGDG 5DKPDWLDQG $KPDGL 6K ,WFDQKRZHYHUEHLQIHUUHGIURPWKHGHVFULSWLRQ RI1DMƗVKƯZKRPHQWLRQHG.XOD\QLDVEHLQJDWWKHKHDGRIWKH>ΎϨΑΎΤλΦϴη ϢϬϬΟϭϭϱήϟΎΑϪΘϗϭϲϓ@6KLµDFRPPXQLW\LQ5D\DQGWKDWKHOLYHG PRVWRIKLV PDVWHUDJHLQ5D\ 1DMƗVKƯ$+ 7KHUHLVHYHQDQRWKHURSLQLRQ WKDWKHVWD\HGRQO\IRUWZR\HDUVLQ%DJGDG 6XEতƗQƯ$+ DQG if this is true, then two matters can be inferred. Firstly, it is most likely that the entire book or most of it, had been duplicated in Qom and Ray by his students, hence presenting it to the 1XZZƗELQ%DJKGDGKDGQREHQHILWDVLWKDGEHHQDOUHDG\SRSXODUL]HG Secondly, Kulayni did not stay long enough in Baghdad to offer his ERRNWRWKH1XZZƗEFRQVLGHULQJWKDWKHWUDYHOHGWR%D¶ODEDNDQGDOVR WKDWWKH1XZZƗEZHUHDOVRWUDYHOLQJRFFDVLRQDOO\ Then after refutation of the two above mentioned ideas the third would PDNHVHQFHWKDWDO.ƗILZDVQRWSUHVHQWHGEHIRUHWKHPQRWEHFDXVHRIWKH difference between the schools of Qom and Baghdad but due to the tough FRQGLWLRQHGWKDW1XZZƗEXVHGWROLYHDQGZHH[SODLQHGIRUPHUO\ 79 Journal of Al-Mustafa International University Vol. 3 (2020), Issue 1 Conclusion 7KH)RXU'HSXWLHV 1XZZƗE$UELµHK ZHUHWKHIRXUPRVWSLRXVSHRSOH DSSRLQWHG E\ ,PDP$VNDUL D DQG ,PDP 0DKGL D WR EH WKH PHGLXP EHWZHHQ ,PDP 0DKGL D DQG WKH SHRSOH 6LQFH LQ WKLV SHULRG WKH ,PDP D KDGFRQWDFWZLWKWKHSHRSOHWKURXJKWKHVHUHSUHVHQWDWLYHVLWLV called the Minor Occultation. The era of the Minor Occultation involved WRXJKFRQGLWLRQVIRU6KLµDFRPPXQLW\DQGWKH1XZZƗE7KH6KLµDZHUH perplexed; deviant ideas were exposed; and proving the existence of an DOLYH,PDPDQGWKDWWKH1XZZƗEZHUHKLVUHSUHVHQWDWLYHV ZHUHQRWHDV\ WDVNV7KH\KDGWROHDGWKH6KLµDFRPPXQLW\ZKLOHREVHUYLQJ7DTL\DK ILJKWZLWKIDOVH1XZZƗEDQGIDOVH0DKGLVZLWKRXWOHDYLQJDQ\WUDFHRI WKHLUDFWLYLWLHVWRWKHVSLHVRIWKHJRYHUQPHQW6WLOOWKH,PDP D WROGWKHP that if they are doubtful about a Hadith to refer that to him and reports LQGLFDWHWKDWPDQ\$KDGLWKZHUHSUHVHQWHGWRKLPWKURXJKWKH1XZZƗE and he responded with specific instructions. 6LJQLILFDQWO\WZRERRNVRI6KDOPDJKƗQLDO7DNOLIDQGDO7DµGLEDUH VWDWHG WR KDYH EHHQ SUHVHQWHG WR WKHP DQG LW ZDV RQO\ 6KDOPDJKƗQL¶V deviation that was the cause of doubt. However, presenting the book of al- .ƗILWRWKHPDQGWKH,PDP D KDGQRSXUSRVHDQGGXHWRWKHFLUFXPVWDQFHV was quite impossible. 'HVSLWHWKLVRQHFDQ¶WFODLPWKDWVLQFHDO.ƗILZDVSUHVHQWHGWRWKH ,PDP D WKDWDOORILWV$KDGLWKDUHDXWKRUL]HG,WLVDOVRQRWFRUUHFWWR say that since Kulayni did not mention the names and the position of WKH1XZZƗELQKLVERRNWKDWWKHUHZDVVRPHRSSRVLWLRQEHWZHHQWKHP 5DWKHUWKH1XZZƗEDOORZHGWKHµ8ODPDRI4RPWRUHFWLI\6KDOPDJKƗQL¶V DO7DµGLEDQGWKLVVKRZVWKDWWKH\DFNQRZOHGJHGHDFKRWKHUDQGSURYHVWKDW WKHµ8ODPDZHUHXOWLPDWHO\LQFKDUJHDWWKHWLPHRIWKH0DMRU2FFXOWDWLRQ This is a clear indication to the people to rather refer to them in their theoretical questions. 80 The Role of the Four Deputies of Morteza Maddahi Imam Mahdi (a) in Shiite Hadith Literature Bibliography $KPDGL0L\DQDML$+0DNƗWƯEDOD¶LPPDK4RP 'ƗUDOণDGƯWK ޏ$LP]ƗGHK ৫ƗKHUHK 6K ³ޏ,ODO GDVWJƯUƯ ণXVD\Q E 5njত 1DZEDNKWƯ´7ƗULNK,VOƗP 13. 'KDKDEƯ 0XতDPPDG E $তPDG DO $+ 7ƗUƯNK DO,VOƗP ZD ZDID\ƗWDOPDVKƗKƯUZDDODµOƗP%HLUXW 'ƗUDO.XWXEDOµƖUDEƯ )DUDKPDQGSXU)DKLPHK6K³7DޏƗPXONKƗQGƗQ1DZEDNKWƯEƗ NKLOƗIDWZDWD¶WKƯUƗQEDUJXVWDULVK7DVKD\\Rޏ´0XܒƗODµƗWWƗUƯNK,VOƗP 2. ণLP\DUƯ ޏ$EG $OODK E -DޏIDU DO $+ 4XUE DOLVQƗG. Qom: 0XގDVVDVDWƖODO%D\W ণXUUDOƖPLOƯ0XতDPPDGEণDVDQDO$+:DVƗ¶LODO6KƯҵD. 4RP 0XގDVVDVDWƖODO%D\W ,EQ'ƗZnjGণDVDQEޏ$OƯ6K$O5LMƗOTheran: Tehran University Press. DMMDKOLWKDPDUDWDOۊOƯE0njVƗ$+.DVKIDOPD$ޏEQ৫ƗZnjV, PXKMDK4RP %njVWƗQ.LWƗE .KDৢƯEƯণXVD\QEণDPGƗQDO $+$O+LGƗ\DWDONXEUƗ Beirut: DO%DOƗJK .XOD\QƯ0XতDPPDGE 81 Journal of Al-Mustafa International University Vol. 3 (2020), Issue 1 1DMƗVKƯ$তPDGEޏ$OƯ6K$O5LMƗO4RP 0XގDVVDVDWDO1DVKU DO,VOƗPƯ 1HZPDQ $QGUHZ 6K )RUPDWLYH 3HULRG RI 7ZHOYHU 6KL¶VLP 7UDQVODWHGWR)DUVLE\7KH6KLµD6WXGLHV,QVWLWXWH4RP 1njUƯ ণXVD\Q E 0XতDPPDG7DTƯ $+ 0XVWDGUDN DO:DVƗ¶LO. 4RP 0XގDVVDVDWƖODO%D\W Rahmati, Muhammad Kazim, and Mahdi Ahmadi. 1389 Sh. 7ƗUƯNK 'ƗUDOণDGƯWK DGƯWK6KƯµDGDUVDGDKƗ\LFKDKƗUXPWDKDIWXPKLMUƯ4RPۊ ৡDGnjT 0XতDPPDG E ޏ$OƯ DO $+ 0D¶ƗQƯ DODNKEƗU. Qom: ,QWLVKƗUƗW,VOƗPƯ ²²²$+.DPƗODOGƯQZDWDPƗPDOPLµPDK4RP 'ƗUDO 0DޏƗULIDO,VOƗPL\\DK ,QWLVKƗUƗW,VOƗPƯ XUXKDOIDTƯK4RPڲۊ²²²$+0DQOƗ\D ৫LKUƗQƯƖJKƗ%X]XUJ6K³5LVƗODIƯDO.ƗIƯ´6DILQDK 2. ৫njVƯ 0XতDPPDG E ণDVDQ $+ $O*KD\EDK 4RP 'ƗU DO 0DޏƗULIDO,VOƗPL\\DK 'ƗU DO.XWXE DO NƗP 7HKUDQۊ7DKGKƯE DOD +$ ²²² ,VOƗPL\\DK 6XEতƗQƯ-DޏIDU$+.XOOL\\ƗWIƯҵLOPDOULMƗO4RP 0XގDVVDVDW DO1DVKUDO,VOƗPƯ 82