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At the Margins of Europe

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At the Margins of Europe At the margins of Europe The externalisation of migration controls 2010-2011 Report Migreurop member organisations BELGIUM : CIRÉ Coordination et initiatives pour et avec les refugiés et étrangers / CNCD Centre national de coopération au développement / LDH Ligue des droits de l’homme / SAD Syndicat des avocats pour la démocratie SPAIN : Andalucia acoge /APDHA Asociación pro derechos humanos de Andalucía / CEAR Comisión española de ayuda al refugiado / SOS Racismo / ACSUR-Las Segovias FRANCE : ACORT Assemblée citoyenne des originaires de Turquie / Act Up-Paris / ANAFE Association nationale d’assistance aux frontières pour les étrangers / ATMF Association des travailleurs maghrébins de France / FASTI Fédération des associations de solidarité avec les travailleurs immigrés / FTCR Fédération des Tunisiens pour une citoyenneté des deux rives / GAS Groupe accueil et solidarité / GISTI Groupe d’information et de soutien des immigrés / IPAM Initiatives pour un autre monde / JRS France Jesuit Refugee Service / La Cimade/ MRAP Mouvement contre le racisme et pour l’amitié entre les peuples ITALY : ARCI Associazione ricreativa culturale italiana / ASGI Associazione studi giuridici sull’immigrazione / Melting Pot / NAGA Associazione volontaria di assistenza socio- sanitaria e per i diritti di stranieri e nomadi MALI : AME Association malienne des expulsés / ARACEM Association des refoulés d’Afrique centrale au Mali MOROCCO : ABCDS-Oujda Association Beni Znassen pour la culture, le développement et la solidarité / AFVIC Association des amis et familles des victimes de l’immigration clandestine / AMDH Association marocaine des droits humains / AMERM Association marocaine d’études et de recherches sur les migrations / GADEM Groupe antiraciste d’accompagnement et de défense des étrangers et migrants / Pateras de la vida MAURITANIA : AMDH Association mauritanienne des droits de l’homme PORTUGAL : SOLIM Solidariedade Imigrante UNITED KINGDOM : Statewatch / Barbed wire britain network LEBANON : Frontiers SWITZERLAND : Solidarité sans frontières TOGO : Attac Togo TURKEY : HCA Helsinki Citizens’ Assembly / RASP Refugee advocacy and support programm The network also includes around thirty individual members. Table of contents Introduction : When peoples rebel, the Union fortifies itself 6 Part 1 – On Turkey’s border: the last eastern wall 11 I. Between Iran and Turkey: a high mountain border 12 Random controls 12 The ordeal of crossing 13 An area marked by a significant number of irregular entries 13 Extreme climatic conditions 14 Militarisation of the region 14 Inhumane treatment 16 Hunting foreigners 17 The legal procedure 17 Turkish authorities’ practices on the Iranian border 17 II. Van, the net 20 "Satellite city", jail-city 21 An endless internment 21 Refugee strategies 21 An NGO support network under construction 22 A dehumanising asylum system 22 The UNHCR local branch 22 The foreigners’ police 24 Multiple forms of oppression: painful survival in a camp-city 25 Harassment and exploitation of women 25 The paradoxes of the right to asylum 26 Psychological distress and depression 26 At the service of the EU: exclusion and organisation of returns 27 The future "reception" centre 27 The future detention camp 28 Part 2 – "Stowaways" in harbours and at sea 29 Glossary and acronysm 32 III. " Grains of sand " in sea freight 33 Travelling on board of merchant navy ships 33 Humans in the midst of merchandise 33 Invisibility of "stowaways" in ports 34 Some authentic migration odysseys 36 The extreme vulnerability of "stowaways" 39 Human tragedies 39 Pact of silence concerning asylum requests 41 The presence of unaccompanied minors among the "stowaways" 44 IV. Financial stakes and security measures 46 People caught up in huge financial stakes 46 The penalties incurred by "stowaways" 46 The risk of fines and economic losses for carriers 47 Securing port areas to the hilt 49 The securitarian drift introduced by the ISPS code 50 Perimeters and control of entry points 51 Reinforcing controls around ships arriving from "risk" ports 53 V. The detention of maritime "stowaways" 58 Onboard, during the journey 58 Interviewing people after they are found 58 Confinement in a cabin 61 Additional work for seamen 62 In the ports, places of detention 64 Confinement on board of a ship 64 Surveillance by seamen and resorting to private security companies 66 Other detention spaces: waiting areas and informal facilities 67 "Stowaways" who have scant information about their rights 69 Random availability of interpreting 69 The weakness of jurisdictional control on detention 70 Requesting protection: a difficult right to exercise 71 VI. Towards a privatisation of returns 75 The growing role of insurance companies in the management of "stowaways" 75 A variety of public and private actors 75 The key role played by P&I clubs 79 Objective: getting rid of them at any cost 83 Repatriation by flight : acting quickly without regard for rights 84 Arrest upon return 87 Repatriation by boat 88 "Assisted" escapes in ports 91 Appendix 93 "country sheets" Migratory situation in merchent harbours 94 Germany (Hamburg) 94 Bulgaria (Varna and Burgas) 95 Cyprus-EU(Limassol) 96 Spain 97 France 98 Italy (Genoa and Naples) 99 The Netherlands (Rotterdam) 100 "Arab revolutions and migrations", inter-NGO press releases by Migreurop 102 Lampedusa (Italy): Europe must not be afraid of democracy in North Africa 102 Until when will EU’s migration policy rest on South Mediterranean dictatorships? 103 Call for a EU solidary intervention in the Mediterranean 104 Call for a humanitarian evacuation of the 250 Somalian, Ethiopian and Erythrean refugees blocked in Benghazi 105 Emergency of a moratorium of repatriations towards Tunisia and of a decent reception of the Tunisians in the EU! 106 Deadly vice-like grip in the Mediterranean: hundreds of boat Peoples killed by international coalition’s inaction 108 A flotilla to stop the killing in the Mediterranean 109 The Mediterranean: NATO finally comes to the aid of shipwrecked migrants, but the European Union refuses to admit them 110 A NATO ship leaves dozens of migrants dying at sea in the Mediterranean 112 Bibliography 113 Introduction When peoples rebel, mobility in a secure environment so as to address the root causes of migrations"2. The the Union fortifies message is clear: in the field of migration, the itself EU wants to continue following the course that it has set so far. To do so, it will stick to In 2011, a report on the violence of extending and reactivating the agreements migration controls could not ignore the dra- struck with authoritarian regimes that have matic situations which occurred in the Medi- been ousted from power with new provisio- terranean, with the death by drowning or nal governements, following the same direc- exhaustion on board of overloaded and often tion. The Libyan National Transition Council damaged boats of several thousands exiles has understood this well and, hardly a month seeking to flee Libya, but lawfully prevented after the start of the uprising in Lybia, one of from doing so because of the surveillance of its leaders stated that his movement wished sea borders implemented in the south of the to combat illegal migration if it were to seize European Union (EU). While the fieldwork power, in particular by respecting the "frien- dship treaty" signed in 2008 by Silvio Ber- on which this report is based was mainly car- 3 ried out before the outbreak of the Libyan lusconi and Muammar Gaddafi . Far from uprising in February, Migreurop has closely hearing the call for change expressed by the followed this tragic demonstration of Wes- Arab revolts, Europe primarily seeks to perpe- tern selfishness when faced by the movement tuate the system established since the end of of refugees1. the 1990s that keeps migrants at a distance. A system that gives rise to many human This is because the revolutionary Arab rights violations, which Migreurop regularly movements, applauded – sometimes belate- reports. dly – by European governments, have not led the latter to reconsider the issue of popula- This 2010-2011 report focusses once tion movements from these southern Medi- again on two pillars of European migration terranean neighbours. While they included it policy that Migreurop has often described: in the agenda of the summit held in Brussels the subcontracting of controls and the deten- in June 2011, it was to express their concern tion of migrants and asylum seekers, this about "massive migratory movements pro- time surveyed in their maritime and eastern voked by the events (...)" and to decide to dimensions. The research conducted in seve- implement partnerships with neighbouring ral European ports and on the eastern Turkish countries to the south and east to "manage 2. Conclusions of the European Council of 23 and 24 June 2011. 1. See press releases in appendix 2. 3. AFP, 29 March 2011 6 border, shed new light on these mechanisms contracting, these trasfers of competencies are that have not been documented extensively to a further incentive for violations of rights and date. of the law because, as they happen in secret and there is lttle information about them, Subcontracting and if there is any at all. The development of transfer of migration detention practices is one of the most blatant examples of this. controls The externalisation of migratory controls Detention takes on many varied forms: the EU’s deci- In its commentary on its first map of sion, in the wake of the Tunisian revolution, ‘camps for foreigners in Europe’ in 2003, to deploy Frontex on the high seas off the Migreurop already raised the matter of the Tunisian and Libyan shores, in order to dis- diversity of administrative mechanisms suade the populations freed from the yoke of aimed at grouping migrants together, and dictatorship from heading towards Europe, called to "move beyond the sole reference is an example of the delocalisation of bor- to detention and consider any place used to ders, embodied by radars, drones and other exclude migrants as a camp" 4.
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