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Restoring Hawaii's Dry Forests

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Restoring Hawaii's Dry Forests Features Restoring Hawaii’s Dry Forests Research on Kona slope shows promise for native ecosystem recovery BY WILLIAM ALLEN half-dozen black feral goats looked up with a A start as Robert Cabin emerged from the stand of trees. Wild and wary, they had been scrounging for food in the rough lava field on the Kona slope of the island of Hawaii. “There’s the enemy right there,”said Cabin (pronounced CAY-bin), a plant ecologist with the US Forest Service’s Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry, in Hilo. Almost before he got the words out, the goats turned and darted over a ridge and out of view. Robert Cabin, US Forest Service plant ecologist, examines ilima (Sida fallax) at the Goats, pigs, and other feral ungulates, Kaupulehu preserve on the Kona slope of Hawaii. This and other native species have or hooved animals, are “the enemy” on begun to take hold in the preserve since Cabin and his colleagues removed the Big Island and elsewhere in Hawaii nonnative fountain grass. Photo: Robert Cabin. because these alien (nonnative) species wreak havoc on forests and other ecosys- But here at a region called Kaupulehu, is sobering. Kaupulehu mauka, a mere tems, eating native plants and digging up Cabin and fellow biologists and conser- six-acre fenced area, is one of the few soil. Ungulates are a major reason Hawaii vationists have begun an important remnants of the hundreds of thousands is the extinction capital of the United demonstration project for reclaiming of acres of tropical dry forest that once States. With less than 1 percent of the US Hawaii’s degraded dry forests. The blanketed the lowland leeward slopes land mass, Hawaii is home to more than demonstration site is protected from of all the Hawaiian Islands. Many of 30 percent of the nation’s endangered ungulates by a fence. In just a few years these areas are slowly degrading, vic- and rare species. More than 1000 na- of research at the site, the biologists have tims of alien animals and plants and the tive Hawaiian species are known to be begun to assemble much-needed infor- rogue fires that come with them. extinct. mation about how degraded forests re- Yet in just 3 years of weed whacking, The particular ecosystem that con- spond to fencing out the enemy and spraying with herbicide, and other toil cerns Cabin is the tropical dry forest. about what other steps may be necessary on these sun-baked slopes, Cabin and his The dry forests of Hawaii receive about for restoring the forests. colleagues have seen signs that the for- 20 inches of rain a year, while rain forests “We’re standing among all kinds of est—with a little help—can restore itself. can get about 10 times as much. On the species right on the edge of extinction,” At the study site, native tree seedlings, Hawaiian Islands, feral ungulates, cattle Cabin said in June as he led a journalist shrubs, and vines are rising anew out of ranching, alien grasses, and other bio- through the upper part of the site. The the shallow soil and rough lava amid logical insults have eliminated 90 percent upper part, called Kaupulehu mauka, is dead, gray clumps of the invasive African of the state’s original dry forests. By separated from the lower section by the bunch grass known as fountain grass comparison, about 40 percent of main highway running upslope from (Pennisetum setaceum).“I’m continually Hawaii’s rain forests are gone. the resort area of Kailua-Kona. The scene amazed at how many natives are December 2000 / Vol. 50 No. 12 • BioScience 1037 Features Hawaii’s dry forests, especially about how the ecosystem operates across the Kona landscape’s patchwork of different lava flows. This challenge typifies the so-called Nero dilemma of conservation biology. Conservation biology project leaders can choose to make immediate tactical decisions about a conservation prob- lem before they know all of the prob- lem’s complex dimensions and range of solutions, or they can wait until all the data are in—that is, like Nero, they can fiddle while Rome burns. But the North Kona working group believes it has the tools to stop fiddling and start fighting Native vines like the awikiwiki (Canavalia hawaiiensis) have made a strong comeback the fire. Through research, education, since nonnative fountain grass has been removed from the experimental plots. and demonstration, they believe, dozens Photo: Robert Cabin. of endangered and rare species, mainly popping up here and there, regenerating left today are these tiny little fragments plants, can be recovered once the over- on their own,”Cabin said. of dry forest, and we’re standing in one all structure of the forest is restored. of the best in the state,”Cabin said.“It’s Kaupulehu still supports small popula- A devastated ecosystem just this little bread crumb of what was.” tions of the endangered plants kauila The devastation of dry forests is a Behind him, down the parched slope (Colubrina oppositifolia), uhiuhi (Cae- common story everywhere in the trop- to the North Kona beach resorts nearly salpinia kavaiensis), aiea (Nothocestrum ics. They have succumbed to a 2000 feet below, spread an ecological breviflorum), kokio (Kokia drynarioides), modern-day crescendo of extinction desert, a barren carpet of black lava and and hala pepe (Pleomele hawaiiensis). that began with the original human sandy-colored alien grass dotted with “This project is a wonderful example settlement and grew with Western con- single trees, many of them nonnative. of integration of scientific experimenta- tact, large-scale ranching, and a rising Despite what today seems like an austere tion and on-the-ground management,” tide of development. In Hawaii’s case, environment—hot and dry—North says Marie Bruegmann, a biologist with habitat degradation by alien ungulates Kona, like the lowland dry side of all the US Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) was—and still is—the crowning blow. the Hawaiian islands, was once among in Honolulu and one of the working Dry forest is one of the Hawaiian Is- the most species-rich areas in the state. group members. “The work that Bob lands’ most culturally important and To try to reverse the all but completed Cabin and Lisa Hadway are doing with critically endangered habitats. Native trend of dry-forest destruction, a group research grant funding gives us a scien- Hawaiians use plants from the forest for of scientists, conservationists, and vol- tific basis for making management deci- everything from medicines to building unteers formed the North Kona Dry sions. While members of the group don’t materials. Throughout the tropics, dry Forest Working Group in 1993. The always agree on what should be done or forest regions often were the first to be group is an informal partnership of state how, we work through these issues and settled and their resources the first to be and federal agencies, nongovernmental continue to make progress.” consumed. That was largely because organizations, botanical gardens, and The group’s work includes “out- these areas were the most hospitable in native Hawaiian and other local resi- terms of climate and disease and offered dents. Lisa Hadway, formerly a re- planting” hundreds of individuals of fertile soil and accessible resources. searcher at the National Tropical Botan- federally endangered dry forest species— Hawaii’s native species, which evolved ical Garden (NTBG), on Kauai, is that is, transplanting nursery-raised in- amid the oceanic isolation of the mid- coordinator. dividuals to protected areas. The work is Pacific islands, didn’t need to adapt to a The working group is confronting funded by the National Science Foun- wide range of natural enemies, as species one of the fundamental challenges of dation, State of Hawaii, FWS, NTBG, on larger landmasses must do. Thus, conservation biology: restoring a native and other sources. In July, FWS added they were particularly vulnerable to dis- ecosystem without quite understanding $72,000 to boost the effort, hoping to turbance by late-arriving alien species. how it functions, much less the precise provide habitat for the endangered Dry forest species were among the details of what species and ecological Blackburn’s sphinx moth (Manduca hardest hit, mainly because the forests linkages it contained before degrada- blackburni), the state’s largest native were so accessible as habitat. “What’s tion began. Researchers know little about insect. 1038 BioScience • December 2000 / Vol. 50 No. 12 Features Fences and fires The spot from which the goats fled was at the uppermost edge of Kaupulehu mauka, just beyond the fence. From this location, the meaning of an ungulate- excluding fence for native species in Hawaii was clear: On one side were at least some signs of native plant life; on the opposite side, seemingly nothing. The site was chosen by the working group largely because it had been fenced 40 years earlier by the Territory of Hawaii, protecting it from damage by feral ungulates. “It’s not entirely clear why they fenced it,”Cabin said.“Some- body just took it upon themselves to do it. Now this is one of the only dry forest pieces that’s been fenced for any length Lisa Hadway (left), North Kona Dryland Forest Working Group coordinator, of time in the state.” collaborates with Susan Cordell, US Forest Service plant physiological ecologist. The fence also saved Kaupulehu Photo: Robert Cabin. mauka from cattle grazing, bulldozing, paving, and other forms of clearing that Kaupulehu mauka was rife with foun- after more than 40 years of potential re- destroyed dry forest elsewhere. But it tain grass until 1996, when Cabin and his covery time.
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