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Rethinking the Russo-Japanese War, 1904–05 the Following Eighth Session (The Normal Session from 24 December 1894 to 23 March 1895) Was Held in Tokyo

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Rethinking the Russo-Japanese War, 1904–05 the Following Eighth Session (The Normal Session from 24 December 1894 to 23 March 1895) Was Held in Tokyo RETHINKING THE RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR, 1904–05 Volume II THE NICHINAN PAPERS Captain Christopher Packenham RN meets General Nogi during Visit of Foreign Attachés to Front, April 1905 (Churchill College, Cambridge) RETHINKING THE RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR, 1904–05 Volume II THE NICHINAN PAPERS Edited by JOHN W. M. CHAPMAN University of Glasgow & INABA CHIHARU Meijo University, Nagoya RETHINKING THE RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR, 1904–05 VOLUME II: THE NICHINAN PAPERS Edited by John W. Chapman and Inaba Chiharu First published 2007 by GLOBAL ORIENTAL LTD PO Box 219 Folkestone Kent CT20 2WP UK www.globaloriental.co.uk © Global Oriental Ltd 2007 ISBN 978-1-905246-19-9 All rights reserved. No part of this publi ca tion may be reproduced or transmit ted in any form or by any elec tronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or here after invented, including photo cop y ing and record ing, or in any informa tion storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A CIP catalogue entry for this book is available from the British Library Set in 9/10.5pt Stone Serif by Servis Filmsetting Ltd, Manchester Printed and bound in England by Cromwell Press Ltd, Trowbridge, Wilts Contents Preface vii Abbreviations ix Acknowledgements xi List of Contributors xiii List of Tables and Figures xvii List of Conventions xviii Introduction xix Part I: The Force of Personality 1 1. The Emperor Meiji and the Russo-Japanese War 3 ITO YUKIO 2. Komura, the British Alliance and the Russo-Japanese War 22 IAN NISH 3. Kato Takaaki and the Russo-Japanese War 32 NARAOKA SOICHI 4. Theodore Roosevelt and the Portsmouth Peace Conference: The Riddle and Ripple of His Forbearance 50 MATSUMURA MASAYOSHI Part II: Facets of Neutrality 61 5. American Capital and Japan’s Victory in the Russo-Japanese War 63 RICHARD J. SMETHURST 6. Preparing for the Next War: French Diplomacy and the Russo-Japanese War 73 PATRICK BEILLEVAIRE 7. German Policy and the Russo-Japanese War 88 GERHARD KREBS 8. Korea’s Neutrality Policy and the Russo-Japanese War 104 LEE SUNG-HWAN vi Contents 9. Turning Japanese: British Observation of the Russo-Japanese War 119 JOHN FERRIS Part III: The Power of Intelligence 135 10. Issues of Strategic Intelligence: Anglo-German Relations and the Russo-Japanese War 137 JOHN W.M. CHAPMAN 11. Russia and Korea in 1904–1905: ‘Chamberlain’ A.I. Pavlov and his ‘Shanghai Service’ 159 DMITRII B. PAVLOV 12. The Japanese Consular System in China during the Russo-Japanese War 177 CAO DACHEN Part IV: Interior Lines 197 13. Russian Views of the Far East in the Period of the Russo-Japanese War 199 KANO TADASHI 14. The Role of the Home Front in the Russo-Japanese War 218 TSUCHIYA YOSHIHURU 15. Japanese Deportees and Prisoners of War in Siberia, 1904–05 232 VLADIMIR G. DATSYSHEN Part V: Gender and Race 241 16. Russo-Japanese War and Literary Expression: Voice, Gender and Colonialism 243 FAYE YUAN KLEEMAN 17. Japan Under Paternalism: The Changing Image of Japan during the Russo-Japanese War 257 IKURA AKIRA 18. The Russo-Japanese War and the Emergence of the Notion of the ‘Clash of Races’ in Japanese Foreign Policy 274 SVEN SAALER Part VI: Global Repercussions 291 19. The High Road to the First World War? Europe and the Outcomes of the Russo-Japanese War, 1904–14 293 ROTEM KOWNER Bibliography 315 Index 339 Preface here is a famous saying in Japanese ‘Ju yoku gowo seisu’ (Softness over- Tcomes hardness). It means that often the weak win over the more powerful. Indeed, as the proverb says, the Russo-Japanese War that occurred more than a century ago, was a war where a powerful European country, Imperial Russia, was defeated by Japan, a small nation that was at that time in the midst of modernization. Why could a weak country such as Japan win over the far more pow- erful Russia? The reason was because Japan challenged Russia by using a tactic devised as the strategy of limited war. This strategy adopted by Japan included the following understandings: first, the war should last only for a period of one year; second, the Japanese army, despite having the capability to march north into Manchuria from Korea, should not proceed beyond Harbin; third, Japan should find a mediator who would use his good offices for peace talks with Russia on their behalf while Japan continued their fight against Russia. The leaders of the Meiji Government were well aware that should the situation develop into a worldwide conflict, they would not have much hope of winning the war. Finding a mediator for peace negotiations, therefore, was a priority. As that mediator, they expected the United States, or more precisely its President, Theodore Roosevelt, to take on this role. With the under- standings of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance lurking in the background, for- tunately for Japan, Roosevelt agreed to take on the role of mediator. As aresult, the strategy of limited war and US efforts towards peace negoti- ations led Japan to victory against the powerful Russians. The US President was also greatly honoured to receive the Nobel Peace Prize after the War. However, victorious Japan was yet to encounter various difficulties thereafter. For instance, issues related to Japanese immigration into the United States, as well as various problems in connection with the Manchurian railways. As in ‘yesterday’s enemy is today’s friend’, Japan was able to establish an amicable relationship with post-war Russia. On the other hand, nothing was said about inviting Roosevelt to Japan, nor even any Japanese decoration being awarded to him. According to our history, all things might be in flux towards reversal. This book is a collection of outstanding essays written by many eminent scholars and researchers from Japan and many other parts of the viii Preface world. Their dedicated studies on the origins and consequences of the Russo-Japanese War are compiled in one great collection. Readers inter- ested in this field should benefit greatly from these studies. Lastly, I would like to express my gratitude only not to the editors, but also to the many scholars, including members of the Russo-Japanese War Association, and to Global Oriental for publishing these outstanding studies on the centenary of the War. I am confident that the papers will prove to be a significant landmark in Russo-Japanese War studies for the many academics interested in this area. Matsumura Masayoshi, LL.D. President of the Russo-Japanese War Association, Japan Abbreviations AA Auswärtiges Amt, The Political Archive of the German Foreign Ministry AJAC American Jewish Archives, Cincinnati (Schiff correspon- dence) AVPRI Arkhiv Vneshnei Politiki Rossiiskoi Imperii, Moscow BA/MA/RM German Naval Archives, Freiburg-am-Breisgau BDOFA British Documents on Foreign Affairs, edited by Bourne & Watt BDOW British Documents on the Origins of the War, edited by Gooch & Temperley BKTT Boei Kenkyujo, Toshokan, Tokyo BLHMCA Basil Liddell-Hart Centre for Military Affairs, King’s College, London BLL British Library, London BLO Bodleian Library, Oxford BOJ Bank of Japan Archive, Tokyo (Matsuo Shigeyoshi Papers) CCC Churchill College, Cambridge CUL Cambridge University Library DMOGU Ocherk deatel’nosti Moskovskogo Gorodskogo Obshchestvennogo Upravleniia EGB Eniseiske Gubernskie Vedomosti, 1902–1905 ES Entsiklopedicheskii slovar’ GAIO Gosudarstvennyi Arkhiv Irkutskoi Oblasti GAKK Gosudarstvennyi Arkhiv Krasoyarskogo Oblasti GATO Gosudarstvennyi Arkhiv Tomskoi Oblasti GN Gaimusho daijin kanbo jinji-ka ed. (1999), Gaimusho nenkan GNH Gaimusho hyakunen-shi hensan iinkai ed. (1969), Gaimusho no hyakunen GP Die Große Politik der Europäischen Kabinette, 1871–1914: Sammlung der Akten des Auswärtigen Amtes. GST Gaiko Shiryokan, Tokyo, the Diplomatic Records Office of Japan HTKM Hara Takashi Kankei Monjo, KST HSBCL Hongkong & Shanghai Bank, London IGV Irkutskie Gubernskie Vedomosti, 1904–1905 x Abbreviations JSP Japan Society Proceedings KA Krasnyi Arkhiv KG Komura Gaikoshi (Gaimusho,1950, 2 vols.) KST Kensei Shiryoshitsu, the political history section of the NDL KTM Kato Takaaki Monjo, KST LCW Library of Congress, Washington DC MLS Mitchell Library, Sydney MMM Mutsu Munemitsu Monjo, KST MNM Makino Nobuaki Monjo, KST NAK National Archives, Kew, London (formerly PRO) NAW National Archives, Washington DC NDL National Diet Library, Tokyo NGM Nihon Gaiko Monjo (M ϭ Meiji Series; -NS ϭ Russo-Japanese War Series) NLS National Library of Scotland, Edinburgh NMM National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, London NS Nichiro Senki, vol.9 NWBL National Westminster Bank Archive, London (Parr’s Bank Papers) OSKM Ookuma Shigenobu Kankei Monjo, KST OSV Osvobozhdenie QTWS Qingxuan Tongchao Waijiao Shiliao, diplomatic records of the Qing Dynasty RGVIA Rossiiskii gosudarstvennyi voenno-istoricheskii arkhiv, Moscow SV Sibirskii Vestnik, 1904 TIM Tanaka Inaki Monjo, KST TKJ Takahashi Korekiyo Jidai, Takahashi’s Autobiography TKM Takahashi Korekiyo Monjo, KST TRM Toyokawa Ryohei Monjo, KST YAMYamagata Aritomo Monjo, KST Acknowledgements he Russo-Japanese War Association, established at Gero Onsen, Gifu TPrefecture in Japan in July 2001, held more than twenty research meetings prior to the centenary of the war in 2004–05. Almost one hundred and thirty researchers from all over the world participated under the genial guidance of Professor Matsumura Masayoshi, the president of the association, initiated multifaceted researches on the war and debated the priorities among the many centennial events. As a result of these thor- ough discussions, it succeeded in organizing two international symposia on the Russo-Japanese War: first, one at Meiji-mura Museum and the Inuyama Tourist Centre, Inuyama City in Aichi Prefecture on 2–3 October 2004; second, an International Symposium at Komura Jutaro Memorial Hall, Nichinan City in Miyazaki Prefecture from 19 to 22 May 2005. Some parts of these research results on the Russo-Japanese War had already been published in Japanese during the actual centenary: Nichiro senso kenkyukai hen, Nichiro senso kenkyu no shin-shiten [The Russo- Japanese War Association ed., New Perspectives on the Russo-Japanese War Studies], Yokohama: Seibunsha, 2005.
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