DOCSLIB.ORG

Introduction: Meiji Army, Empire and Politics 1 the Imperial Army

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Notes Introduction: Meiji Army, Empire and Politics 1 Richard Chang, Historians and Meiji Statesmen, Gainsville 1970, pp. 42, 55. On Katsura, Tokutomi Soho, ed., KOshaku Katsura Taro-den, 2 vols., Tokyo 1917; Uno Shun'ichi, ed., Katsura TarC1 Jiden, Tokyo 1993; Kobayashi Michihiko, Nihon no Tairiku Seisaku, 1895-1914, Tokyo 1996. 2 Major works on the Meiji army and expansion are Tsunoda Jun, Manshii Mondai to KokubC1 fflJshin, Tokyo 1967; Kitaoka Shin'ichi, Nihon Rikugun to Tairiku Seisaku, 1906-1918, Tokyo 1978; Takahashi Hidenao, Nis-Shin Senso e no Michi, Tokyo 1995. 3 Kaneko Fumio, 'Sengo Nihon Shokuminchi Kenkyu,' in Kaneko, ed., Iwanami Koza Kindai Nihon to Shokuminchi 4, Tokyo 1993. Ramon Myers and Mark Peattie, eds, The Japanese Colonial Empire, 1895-1945, Princeton 1984; Peter Duus, Ramon Myers and Mark Peattie, eds, The Japanese Informal Empire in China, 1895-1937, Princeton 1989; Duus, Myers and Peattie, eds, The Japanese Wartime Empire, 1931-1945, Princeton 1996. Patrick Wolfe, 'Review Essay - History and Imperialism: a Century of Theory, from Marx to Postcolonialism,' American Historical Review, vols 102-2, April 1997, pp. 388-420. On social and cultural aspects of Japanese imperial­ ism other than in Manchuria, pioneering works include Peter Duus, The Abacus and the Sword: the Japanese Penetration of Korea, 1896-1910, Berkeley 1995, especially Ch. 9, and the continuing work of Jennifer Robertson on imperialism and popular theatre, briefly noted in her 'The Politics and Pursuit of Leisure in Wartime Japan', in Sepp Unhart and Sabine Friihstiick, eds, The Culture of Japan As Seen Through Its Leisure, Albany 1998. 1 The Imperial Army 1 Tanaka Akira, Bakumatsu no Chosh«, Tokyo 1965, p. 15, lists ChoshO stipends in 1852. Of 2599 retainers, 925 received less than 39 koku; only 661 received over 100 koku. This clearly contradicts Takane Masaaki's statement that Katsura originated from a low samurai family, The Pol­ itical Elite of lapan, Berkeley 1981, p. 96. 2 Tanaka 1965, pp. 26-31; Albert Craig, Chosh« in the Meiji Restoration, Camb. MA. 1961, pp. 58-80. 3 Craig 1961, pp. 132-7. 4 Katsura TarO, Shosekun, Tokyo 1912, p. 2. 5 Tokutomi SohO, KC1shaku Katsura TarC1-den, 2 vols., Tokyo 1917, rep. 1967, vol. 1, p. 356. 6 Katsura's childhood, Tokutomi 1917, vol. 1, pp. 37-69; Katsura 1912, pp. 5-10; Asahina Chisen, ed., Meiji KC1shin-roku, 2 vols., Tokyo 1915, v. 2, pp. 1030-1. 191 192 Notes 7 Tanaka 1965, pp. 93-6. 8 Katsura 1912, pp. 15-18. 9 Katsura 1912, pp. 30-3. Katsura's future patron, Yamagata Aritomo, a leading figure in the war, received 600 koku. Maejima Shozo, Mei;i no Genkun-tachi, Tokyo 1967, p. 41, considers the level of Katsura's award was influenced by his relatively high status within ChOShu. 10 Tokutomi 1917, vol. I, p. 308. 11 On Katsura in Berlin, Tokutomi 1917, vol. I, pp. 317-26. His fluency in German is confirmed in British Foreign Office records, F.O. 410-62, Anthony Rumbold (Tokyo), to Foreign Secretary Grey, 23 December 1912. On Japanese students in Berlin at the time, Sa kane Yoshihisa, ed., Aoki ShfIzrJ liden, Tokyo 1970, pp. 29-32. 12 Hirata and others organised a society for returned German students in 1876. Katsura became a member in 1881 and in 1887 succeeded Nishi Amane as principal of the society's school for German studies, Tokutomi 1917, vol. 2, pp. 901-2. Tokutomi Soho, Rikugun TaishO Kawakami Soroku, Tokyo 1942, pp. 67-83 gives Kawakami's diary of his stay in 1887-88. 13 Tokutomi 1917, vol. I, p. 330. Matsushita Yoshio, Nihon no Gumbatsu­ ZO, Tokyo 1969, p. 120, suggests Katsura expected to become a lieutenant-colonel. 14 Oyama Azusa, ed., Yamagata Aritomo Ikensho, Tokyo 1966, pp. 228-40. Fujiwara Akira, Gun;ishi, Tokyo 1961, pp. 47-8, considers the 1873 con­ scription order virtually worthless, so broad was the range of exemptions, including householders, adopted sons, only sons and grandsons, etc. 15 On the 6th Bureau, see Matsushita Yoshio/Izu Kimio, Nihon Gun;i Hattatsushi, Tokyo 1937, pp. 172-3. 16 Matsushita Yoshio, Kindai Nihon Gun;ishi, Tokyo 1941, p. 93; Oe Shinobu, Nihon no Samba Hombu, Tokyo 1985, pp. 23-24; Tokutomi 1917, vol. I, p. 334. Roger Hackett, Yamagata Aritomo in the Rise of Modern lapan, 1838-1922, Camb. MA. 1971, p. 72, explains Yamagata's rapid change of offices instead as designed to restore order following Saigo Takamori's resignation and subsequent Satsuma disaffection. 17 Oyama 1966, pp. 57-9. 18 Sidney Brown/ Akiko Hirota, eds, The Diary of Kido Takayoshi, 3 vols., Tokyo 1986, vol. 3, pp. 99-101, entries 18, 23 November 1874. 19 Katsura 1912, p. 72. 20 Tokutomi 1917, vol. I, pp. 354-7. 21 Tokutomi 1917, vol. I, p. 372. 22 Katsura 1912, p. 73. 23 Okubo Toshiaki, 'Katsura Taro to Nihon Rikugun no Tanjo,' Chilo Koron, vol. 80-8, Aug. 1965, p. 337. 24 In the late 1890s, the army general staff was composed of five offices: no. 1 - strategy, location of forts, placement of troops; no. 2 - mobilisation, formulation of units in war and peace; no. 3 - overseas military intelligence, geography, statistics; no. 4 - transport, military communications; no. 5 - military history, journals, translation. 25 Oe 1985, pp. 31-4. 26 Miura GorO, Mei;i Hankotsu Cha;rJ Ichidai ki, Tokyo 1981, pp. 136-7. 27 Graduate figures, Nihon Kindai ShiryO Kenkynkai, ed., Nihon Riku-Kaigun Notes 193 Seido Soshiki Jin;i, Tokyo 1971, pp. 271-302; 1885 student preferences, Hayashi Saburo, Samba KyOiku, Tokyo 1984, p. 48. Estrangement of China experts, Fujiwara Akira, in Hashikawa Bunzo/Takeuchi Yoshimi, ed., Kindai Nihon to Chiigoku, vol. 1, Tokyo 1974, pp. 111-14. The preference for Western over Asian postings still existed in the 1920s according to Mark Peattie, Ishiwara Kan;i and Japan's Confrontation with the West, Princeton 1975, p. 22. The first student despatched to China was Banzai Rihachiro, graduated 1900, and patron of later China-hands Aoki Nobuzumi and Doihara Kenji. 28 Yamagata on geopolitics early in the 1880s, Oyama 1966, pp. 91-9; Fujiwara 1961, pp. 43-9; Banno ]unji, Mei;i - Shiso no Jitsuzo, Tokyo 1977, pp. 39-40. 29 Oyama 1966, pp. 137-8. 30 Tokutomi 1917, vol. 1, p. 398. 31 Katsura-Kawakami agreement, Katsura 1993, pp. 98-9. 32 Tokutomi 1942, pp. 59-64. 33 Meckel appointment, Matsushita Yoshio, Mei;i Gunsei Shiron, 2 vols., Tokyo 1956, vol. 2, pp. 58-9; Oe 1985, pp. 10-15; Hayashi 1984, pp. 41-5. On Meckel's personality and his activities in Japan, Ernst Presseisen, Before Aggression: Europeans Prepare the Japanese Army, Tucson 1965, es­ pecially pp. 112-37. Rivalry in army teaching, JOhO Yoshio, Rikugun Daigakko, Tokyo 1973, pp. 99-100. 34 Shinobu SeizaburO, ed., Nihon GaikiJ-shi, vol. 1, p. 128; Nakahara Nobuo, 'Ozaki Yukio ni okeru Tai-Gai KyOkO-ron no Ronri', Nihon Rekishi, no. 150, December 1960, p. 74. 35 Miura 1981, p. 95. 36 Oyama 1966, pp. 137-8, memo. 5 June 1883. 37 Umetani Noboru, 'Kaigun SambO Hombu no Setchi-ron no HasshO to Sono Rekishi-teki Seikaku', Nihon Rekishi, no. 252, May 1969, p. 72; Tokutomi 1917, vol. 1, p. 442. 38 Matsushita!Izu 1937, p. 182. The inter-service rivalry never died. Dur­ ing the Pacific war, Navy Minister Shimada ShigetarO was derided by juniors as the 'tea servant of Tojo' and a routine photo of Shimada standing behind TOjO angered naval officers as indicating subservience, Ben-Ami Shillony, Politics and Culture in Wartime Japan, Oxford 1981, p.46. 39 Tokutomi 1917, vol. 1, p. 413. 40 Fujiwara 1961, p. 68. 41 Miura 1981, pp. 155-6. 42 Koyama Hirotake/Asada Mitsuteru, Nihon Teikokushugi, 2 vols., Tokyo 1958, rep. 1985, vol. 1, p. 35. On Katsura, Matsushita 1969, p. 124. The Kodama committee was supported by Oyama who gave free rein to Katsura and Kawakami's abilities. On Katsura's relationship with Oyama, see his recollection in Nishimura Fuminori, Oyama Gensui, Tokyo 1917, p.225. 43 Details, Nagaoka Gaishi Monjo Kenkyakai, ed., Nagaoka Gaishi Kankei Monio: Kaikoroku-hen, Tokyo 1989, pp. 54-7; Tokutomi 1917, vol. 1, p. 462. Strictly speaking, there were only six divisions at this time. The imperial guards received divisional status in 1891. 194 Notes 44 The last Getsuyokai Kiji, no. 14, February 1889, shows new members were still joining to the very end. Oyama's letter of 20 February 1889, ordering all military groups to merge with the KaikOSha, was printed in Getsuyokai Sankai Kokoku. Getsuyokai influence in the Peers, Oe Shinobu, 'Shokuminchi Ryayu to Gumbu', Rekishigaku Kenkyil460, September 1978, p. II. 45 Oyama 1966, pp. 204-7, Yamagata speech of 16 February 189I. 46 Tokutomi 1917, vol. 1, p. 474. 2 Imperial Japan at War, 1894-95 1 For ongoing examples of these trends, Asada Kyoji, ed., 'Teikoku' Nihon to Ajia, Tokyo 1994 (see especially chapters by Asada, 'TO-Ajia no "Teikoku" Nihon', p. 3, and Kimijima Kazuhiko, 'Shokuminchi "Teikoku" e no Michi', pp. 55-6). 2 Oyama Azusa, ed., Yamagata Aritomo Ikensho, Tokyo 1966, pp. 196-20I. 3 Quoted in Joseph Pittau, 'Inoue Kowashi 1843-1895 and the formation of modern Japan', Monumenta Nipponica, no. 20, 1965, p. 273. 4 Ko Yamamoto Kaigun Taisho Denki Hensankai, ed., Hakushaku Yamamoto Gombei-den, 2 voIs., Tokyo 1938, vol. 1, pp. 325-39. 5 On Yamamoto's character, Matsushita Yoshio, Nihon Gumbatsu no Kobo, Tokyo 1975, p. 133. 6 Kawakami's tour, Tokutomi Soho, Rikugun Taisho Kawakami Soroku, Tokyo 1942, pp. 112-23. Fukushima's journey, Ian Nish, 'Japanese In­ telligence and the Approach of the Russo-Japanese War,' in Christopher AndrewlDavid Dilks, eds, The Missing Dimension, London 1984; Yamagata quote, Uno Shunichi, 'Nis-Shin Senso', Rekishigaku KenkyUkai/Nihonshi Kenkyilkai, eds, Koza Nihonshi 6: Nihon Teikokushugi no Keisei, Tokyo 1970, p.
Recommended publications
  • Japan Between the Wars

    Japan Between the Wars

    JAPAN BETWEEN THE WARS The Meiji era was not followed by as neat and logical a periodi- zation. The Emperor Meiji (his era name was conflated with his person posthumously) symbolized the changes of his period so perfectly that at his death in July 1912 there was a clear sense that an era had come to an end. His successor, who was assigned the era name Taisho¯ (Great Righteousness), was never well, and demonstrated such embarrassing indications of mental illness that his son Hirohito succeeded him as regent in 1922 and re- mained in that office until his father’s death in 1926, when the era name was changed to Sho¯wa. The 1920s are often referred to as the “Taisho¯ period,” but the Taisho¯ emperor was in nominal charge only until 1922; he was unimportant in life and his death was irrelevant. Far better, then, to consider the quarter century between the Russo-Japanese War and the outbreak of the Manchurian Incident of 1931 as the next era of modern Japanese history. There is overlap at both ends, with Meiji and with the resur- gence of the military, but the years in question mark important developments in every aspect of Japanese life. They are also years of irony and paradox. Japan achieved success in joining the Great Powers and reached imperial status just as the territo- rial grabs that distinguished nineteenth-century imperialism came to an end, and its image changed with dramatic swiftness from that of newly founded empire to stubborn advocate of imperial privilege. Its military and naval might approached world standards just as those standards were about to change, and not long before the disaster of World War I produced revul- sion from armament and substituted enthusiasm for arms limi- tations.
  • USMA the War with Japan.Pt.1 1941-12 1942.08.Pdf

    USMA the War with Japan.Pt.1 1941-12 1942.08.Pdf

    THE COMMAND AND GENERAL STAFF COLLEGE LIBRARY 940.542 U57w 1950 Call Number CGSC Form 154 (Rev) 22 Oct 52 USACGSC—PO-3396—1 Apr 60—5M RCftfRICTED THE WAR WITH JAPAN PART 1 (December 1941 to August 1942) mnn urn mt BY TAG m mmu DEPARTMENT OP MILITARY ART AND ENGINEERING UNITED STATES MILITARY ACADEMY WEST POINT, NEW YORK 195O REQTIUOTHD THE WAR WITH JAPAN PART 1 (December 1941 to August 1942) DEPARTMENT OF MILITARY ART AND ENGINEERING UNITED STATES MILITARY ACADEMY WEST POINT, NEW YORK 195O %\ (\ \! REOTRIOTBD PREFACE This account of the war with Japan has been written for use in the instruction of cadets at the United States Military Academy. It is based for the most part on material furnished by the Historical Division, Department of the Army. Much valuable information has been obtained from the publications of the United States Stra­ tegic Bombing Survey and the Office of Naval Intelligence. How­ ever, in acknowledging indebtedness to others it is not desired to place on them the responsibility for any factual errors or for any conclusions drawn. This and other pamphlets on World War II are constantly being revised as additional information becomes available. It will be ap­ preciated if military personnel who note any apparent errors or dis­ crepancies, or who have comments or suggestions for the improve­ ment of the subject matter, will communicate them to: The Professor of Military Art and Engineering U. S. Military Academy West Point, N. Y. August 1947 ARMY-USMA. WEST PDINT. N.Y. 225O 4-3-5O CONTENTS PAGE INTRODUCTION 1 STRATEGIC CONSIDERATIONS 2 JAPANESE WAR PLAN 8 JAPANESE STRATEGIC OFFENSIVE y 10 InitiaLPlaris and Preparations 10 Central Pacific Operations 14 Pearl.
  • UC Berkeley UC Berkeley Electronic Theses and Dissertations

    UC Berkeley UC Berkeley Electronic Theses and Dissertations

    UC Berkeley UC Berkeley Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title The Exponent of Breath: The Role of Foreign Evangelical Organizations in Combating Japan's Tuberculosis Epidemic of the Early 20th Century Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/32d241sf Author Perelman, Elisheva Avital Publication Date 2011 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California The Exponent of Breath: The Role of Foreign Evangelical Organizations in Combating Japan’s Tuberculosis Epidemic of the Early 20th Century By Elisheva Avital Perelman A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the Requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Andrew E. Barshay, Chair Professor John Lesch Professor Alan Tansman Fall 2011 © Copyright by Elisheva Avital Perelman 2011 All Rights Reserved Abstract The Role of Foreign Evangelical Organizations in Combating Japan’s Tuberculosis Epidemic of the Early 20th Century By Elisheva Avital Perelman Doctor of Philosophy in History University of California, Berkeley Professor Andrew E. Barshay, Chair Tuberculosis existed in Japan long before the arrival of the first medical missionaries, and it would survive them all. Still, the epidemic during the period from 1890 until the 1920s proved salient because of the questions it answered. This dissertation analyzes how, through the actions of the government, scientists, foreign evangelical leaders, and the tubercular themselves, a nation defined itself and its obligations to its subjects, and how foreign evangelical organizations, including the Young Men’s Christian Association (the Y.M.C.A.) and The Salvation Army, sought to utilize, as much as to assist, those in their care.
  • French Journal of Japanese Studies, 4 | 2015, « Japan and Colonization » [En Ligne], Mis En Ligne Le 01 Janvier 2015, Consulté Le 08 Juillet 2021

    French Journal of Japanese Studies, 4 | 2015, « Japan and Colonization » [En Ligne], Mis En Ligne Le 01 Janvier 2015, Consulté Le 08 Juillet 2021

    Cipango - French Journal of Japanese Studies English Selection 4 | 2015 Japan and Colonization Édition électronique URL : https://journals.openedition.org/cjs/949 DOI : 10.4000/cjs.949 ISSN : 2268-1744 Éditeur INALCO Référence électronique Cipango - French Journal of Japanese Studies, 4 | 2015, « Japan and Colonization » [En ligne], mis en ligne le 01 janvier 2015, consulté le 08 juillet 2021. URL : https://journals.openedition.org/cjs/949 ; DOI : https://doi.org/10.4000/cjs.949 Ce document a été généré automatiquement le 8 juillet 2021. Cipango - French Journal of Japanese Studies is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. 1 SOMMAIRE Introduction Arnaud Nanta and Laurent Nespoulous Manchuria and the “Far Eastern Question”, 1880‑1910 Michel Vié The Beginnings of Japan’s Economic Hold over Colonial Korea, 1900-1919 Alexandre Roy Criticising Colonialism in pre‑1945 Japan Pierre‑François Souyri The History Textbook Controversy in Japan and South Korea Samuel Guex Imperialist vs Rogue. Japan, North Korea and the Colonial Issue since 1945 Adrien Carbonnet Cipango - French Journal of Japanese Studies, 4 | 2015 2 Introduction Arnaud Nanta and Laurent Nespoulous 1 Over one hundred years have now passed since the Kingdom of Korea was annexed by Japan in 1910. It was inevitable, then, that 2010 would be an important year for scholarship on the Japanese colonisation of Korea. In response to this momentous anniversary, Cipango – Cahiers d’études japonaises launched a call for papers on the subject of Japan’s colonial past in the spring of 2009. 2 Why colonisation in general and not specifically relating to Korea? Because it seemed logical to the journal’s editors that Korea would be the focus of increased attention from specialists of East Asia, at the risk of potentially forgetting the longer—and more obscure—timeline of the colonisation process.
  • REVOLUTION GOES EAST Studies of the Weatherhead East Asian Institute, Columbia University

    REVOLUTION GOES EAST Studies of the Weatherhead East Asian Institute, Columbia University

    REVOLUTION GOES EAST Studies of the Weatherhead East Asian Institute, Columbia University The Studies of the Weatherhead East Asian Institute of Columbia University were inaugu rated in 1962 to bring to a wider public the results of significant new research on modern and contemporary East Asia. REVOLUTION GOES EAST Imperial Japan and Soviet Communism Tatiana Linkhoeva CORNELL UNIVERSITY PRESS ITHACA AND LONDON This book is freely available in an open access edition thanks to TOME (Toward an Open Monograph Ecosystem)—a collaboration of the Association of American Universities, the Association of University Presses, and the Association of Research Libraries—and the generous support of New York University. Learn more at the TOME website, which can be found at the following web address: openmono graphs.org. The text of this book is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International: https://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0. To use this book, or parts of this book, in any way not covered by the license, please contact Cornell University Press, Sage House, 512 East State Street, Ithaca, New York 14850. Visit our website at cornellpress. cornell.edu. Copyright © 2020 by Cornell University First published 2020 by Cornell University Press Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Linkhoeva, Tatiana, 1979– author. Title: Revolution goes east : imperial Japan and Soviet communism / Tatiana Linkhoeva. Description: Ithaca [New York] : Cornell University Press, 2020. | Series: Studies of the Weatherhead East Asian Institute, Columbia University | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2019020874 (print) | LCCN 2019980700 (ebook) | ISBN 9781501748080 (pbk) | ISBN 9781501748097 (epub) | ISBN 9781501748103 (pdf) Subjects: LCSH: Communism—Japan—History—20th century.
  • Mother of the Nation: Femininity, Modernity, and Class in the Image of Empress Teimei

    Mother of the Nation: Femininity, Modernity, and Class in the Image of Empress Teimei

    Mother of the Nation: Femininity, Modernity, and Class in the Image of Empress Teimei By ©2016 Alison Miller Submitted to the graduate degree program in the History of Art and the Graduate Faculty of the University of Kansas in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. ________________________________ Chairperson Dr. Maki Kaneko ________________________________ Dr. Sherry Fowler ________________________________ Dr. David Cateforis ________________________________ Dr. John Pultz ________________________________ Dr. Akiko Takeyama Date Defended: April 15, 2016 The Dissertation Committee for Alison Miller certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: Mother of the Nation: Femininity, Modernity, and Class in the Image of Empress Teimei ________________________________ Chairperson Dr. Maki Kaneko Date approved: April 15, 2016 ii Abstract This dissertation examines the political significance of the image of the Japanese Empress Teimei (1884-1951) with a focus on issues of gender and class. During the first three decades of the twentieth century, Japanese society underwent significant changes in a short amount of time. After the intense modernizations of the late nineteenth century, the start of the twentieth century witnessed an increase in overseas militarism, turbulent domestic politics, an evolving middle class, and the expansion of roles for women to play outside the home. As such, the early decades of the twentieth century in Japan were a crucial period for the formation of modern ideas about femininity and womanhood. Before, during, and after the rule of her husband Emperor Taishō (1879-1926; r. 1912-1926), Empress Teimei held a highly public role, and was frequently seen in a variety of visual media.
  • Record of the Istanbul Process 16/18 for Combating Intolerance And

    Record of the Istanbul Process 16/18 for Combating Intolerance And

    2019 JAPAN SUMMARY REPORT TABLE OF CONTENTS EVENT SUMMARY .................................................................................................................................... 3 PLENARY SESSIONS ................................................................................................................................. 7 LAUNCHING THE 2019 G20 INTERFAITH FORUM.......................................................................... 7 FORMAL FORUM INAUGURATION – WORKING FOR PEACE, PEOPLE, AND PLANET: CHALLENGES TO THE G20 ............................................................................................................... 14 WHY WE CAN HOPE: PEACE, PEOPLE, AND PLANET ................................................................. 14 ACTION AGENDAS: TESTING IDEAS WITH EXPERIENCE FROM FIELD REALITIES ........... 15 IDEAS TO ACTION .............................................................................................................................. 26 TOWARDS 2020 .................................................................................................................................... 35 CLOSING PLENARY ............................................................................................................................ 42 PEACE WORKING SESSIONS ................................................................................................................ 53 FROM VILE TO VIOLENCE: FREEDOM OF RELIGION & BELIEF & PEACEBUILDING ......... 53 THE DIPLOMACY OF RELIGIOUS PEACEBUILDING ..................................................................
  • Institutions, Competition, and Capital Market Integration in Japan

    Institutions, Competition, and Capital Market Integration in Japan

    NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES INSTITUTIONS, COMPETITION, AND CAPITAL MARKET INTEGRATION IN JAPAN Kris J. Mitchener Mari Ohnuki Working Paper 14090 http://www.nber.org/papers/w14090 NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138 June 2008 A version of this paper is forthcoming in the Journal of Economic History. We gratefully acknowledge the assistance of Ronald Choi, Jennifer Combs, Noriko Furuya, Keiko Suzuki, and Genna Tan for help in assembling the data. Mitchener would also like to thank the Institute for Monetary and Economic Studies at the Bank of Japan for its hospitality and generous research support while serving as a visiting scholar at the Institute in 2006, and the Dean Witter Foundation for additional financial support. We also thank conference participants at the BETA Workshop in Strasbourg, France and seminar participants at the Bank of Japan for comments and suggestions. The views presented in this paper are solely those of the authors, and do not necessarily represent those of the Bank of Japan, its staff, or the National Bureau of Economic Research. NBER working papers are circulated for discussion and comment purposes. They have not been peer- reviewed or been subject to the review by the NBER Board of Directors that accompanies official NBER publications. © 2008 by Kris J. Mitchener and Mari Ohnuki. All rights reserved. Short sections of text, not to exceed two paragraphs, may be quoted without explicit permission provided that full credit, including © notice, is given to the source. Institutions, Competition, and Capital Market Integration in Japan Kris J. Mitchener and Mari Ohnuki NBER Working Paper No.
  • The Russo-Japanese War, Britain's Military Observers, and British

    The Russo-Japanese War, Britain's Military Observers, and British

    Born Soldiers Who March Under the Rising Sun: The Russo-Japanese War, Britain’s Military Observers, and British Impressions Regarding Japanese Martial Capabilities Prior to the First World War by Liam Caswell Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts at Dalhousie University Halifax, Nova Scotia December 2017 © Copyright by Liam Caswell, 2017 Table of Contents Table of Contents………………………………………………………………………… ii Abstract………………………………………………………………………………….. iii List of Abbreviations Used……………………………………………………………… iv Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………………… v Chapter I Introduction……………………………………………………………………. 1 Chapter II “An Evident Manifestation of Sympathy”: The Relationship between the British Press and Japan at War………………………………………………………….. 25 Chapter III “Surely the Lacedaemonians at Thermopylae were Not Braver than these Men”: British Observers and the Character and Ability of the Japanese Soldier…………………………………………………………………………………... 43 Chapter IV “Russia’s Invincible Foe”: Estimations of British Observers Regarding the Performance of the Imperial Japanese Army…………………………………………… 77 Chapter V A Most Impressive Pupil: Captain William Pakenham, R.N., and the Performance of the Imperial Japanese Navy during the War’s Maritime Operations……………………………………………………………………………... 118 Chapter VI Conclusion………………………………………………………………... 162 Bibliography…………………………………………………………………………... 170 ii Abstract This thesis explores how Japan’s military triumphs during the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-’05 influenced British opinions regarding
  • Lawsuit Seeks Japanese Government Compensation for Siberian Detention

    Lawsuit Seeks Japanese Government Compensation for Siberian Detention

    Volume 7 | Issue 48 | Number 1 | Article ID 3261 | Nov 30, 2009 The Asia-Pacific Journal | Japan Focus Lawsuit Seeks Japanese Government Compensation for Siberian Detention: Who was Responsible for Abandoning Japanese Soldiers and Settlers in Mainland Asia After World War II? 連載特集 法廷で裁かれる日本の戦争責任４０。賠償起訴の 始まり シベリア抑留国家賠償請求起訴日本政府の棄兵、棄民政策を問 う。 Murai Toyoaki Lawsuit Seeks Japanese Government Declaration—August 15, 19453—the Soviet Compensation for SiberianUnion declared war against Japan on August 8, Detention: Who was Responsible for 1945, renouncing the Japan-Soviet Neutrality Treaty of 1941. The USSR immediately crossed Abandoning Japanese Soldiers and the borders of northeast China (Manchuria), Settlers in Mainland Asia After northern Korea, and southern Sakhalin (which World War II? were all Japanese colonies), and the Kuril Islands. They engaged in combat with the Japanese army in these areas. Even after the Murai Toyoaki Potsdam Declaration’s de facto ending of World War II, fighting between Japan and the Soviet Nobuko ADACHI translator Union continued through early September until Why Compensation? a cease fire was declared. 4 We submitted a “Request for Compensation for Joseph Stalin, the leader of the Soviet Union Siberian Detention” to the Kyoto Local Court and the Head of the National Defense on December 26, 2007, seeking redress from Committee of the USSR, on August 23, 1945 the Japanese government. We are asking for issued the top secret order “Regarding the ¥30,000,0001 for each plaintiff as compensation Arrest of Half a Million Japanese Soldiers: How (and accepting ¥10,000,0002 compensation as and Where to Detain Them, and How to Utilize partial settlement).
  • Major Contributing Factors to Japan's Modern Nation

    Major Contributing Factors to Japan's Modern Nation

    Module:Module: JapaneseJapanese PoliticsPolitics andand AdministrationAdministration SubSub--ModuleModule 11 JapaneseJapanese GovernmentGovernment andand PoliticsPolitics (1)(1) Akira NAKAMURA Ph.D. (Dean of the Graduate School , Meiji University ) 1.MAJOR1.MAJOR CONTRIBUTINGCONTRIBUTING FACTORSFACTORS TOTO JAPAN’SJAPAN’S MODERNMODERN NATIONNATION BUILDINGBUILDING SamuraiSamurai BureaucracyBureaucracy GeneralGeneral EducationEducation ModernModern TokugawaTokugawa NaNationtion EraEra CivicCivic CultureCulture MeijMeijii EraEra NationalismNationalism Tokugawa- Shogun the Emperor 1- ① 2.BUREAUCRACY2.BUREAUCRACY -Transformation-Transformation ofof thethe FunctionFunction ofof SamuraiSamurai -- 1603 1868 The Tokugawa Shogunate The Meiji Government TheThe FunctionFunction ofof WarriorsWarriors SemiSemi-Public-Public OfficialsOfficials BureaucratsBureaucrats SamuraiSamurai thethe HighlyHighly StructuredStructured SocietySociety ““PublicPublic Revered,Revered, PrivatePrivate DespisedDespised”” “Chain Locked Country” 1-② GENERALGENERAL EDUCATIONEDUCATION thethe MoneyMoney EconomyEconomy-Merchants-Merchants A Large Number the Rice Economy-Samurais the Rice Economy-Samurais of Economic System in Literate Publics Tokugawa Era UnemployedUnemployed SamuraiSamurai (Ronin)(Ronin) TempleTemple SchoolSchool ((Terakoya)Terakoya) UnemployedUnemployed SamuraistaughtSamuraistaught ［［ReadingsReadings］］,,［［WritingsWritings］］,,［［SimpleSimple CalculusCalculus］］ toto SonsSons andand daughtersdaughters ofof thethe farmerfarmer andand MerchantsMerchants 1-③ CIVICCIVIC
  • Appendix a Permanent Officials and Diplomats of the British Foreign Office

    Appendix a Permanent Officials and Diplomats of the British Foreign Office

    Appendix A Permanent Officials and Diplomats of the British Foreign Office ALSTON, BEILBY FRANCIS, b. I868. Entered Foreign Office, 1891; senior clerk, 1907, acting counsellor of legation at Peking, January to July 1912; resumed duty in Foreign Office, 30 September 1912; again acting counsellor in Peking, May to June 1913 and charge d'affaires, June to Novem­ ber 1913; then resumed duty in Foreign Office; acting counsellor in Peking, June 1916 and acted as charge d'affaires, November 1916 to October 1917; deputy high commissioner at Vladivostok, July 1918 to March 1919; charge d'affaires at Tokyo with local and personal rank of minister pleni­ potentiary, April 1919 to April 1920; promoted to be minister plenipotentiary, September 1919 and envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Peking, March 1920; transferred to Buenos Aires, September 1922; promoted to be ambassador to Brazil, October 1925; died, June 1929. BARCLAY, CoLVILLE ADRIAN DE RuNE, b. 1869. Entered Foreign Office, 1894; appointed counsellor of embassy at Washington, October 1913 where he acted as charge d'affaires on various occasions in 1914, 1916, 1917, 1918 and 1919; appointed a minister plenipotentiary in the Diplomatic Service, May 1918; appointed ambassador at Lisbon, June 1928; died, June 1929· BERTIE, SIR FRANCIS LEVESON, b. 1844. Entered Foreign Office, 1863; senior clerk, 1889; assistant under-secretary of state, 1894; appointed ambassador to Italy, 1903; transferred to Paris, 1905; created Lord Bertie of Thame, June 1915; retired, May 1918; died, September 1919. BRYCE (JAMES) VIsCOUNT, b. 1838. Regius Professor of Civil Law at Oxford, 187o; Liberal M.P. for Tower Hamlets, 188o--5 and for south Aberdeen, 1885 to 1907; parliamentary under-secretary at Foreign Office, February to August 1886; president of the Board of Trade, 1894-5 and chief secretary for Ireland, 1905--7; ambassador at Washington, 1907 to 1913; created Viscount Bryce of Dechmount, 1914; died, 1922.