Module:Module: JapaneseJapanese PoliticsPolitics andand AdministrationAdministration

SubSub--ModuleModule 11 JapaneseJapanese GovernmentGovernment andand PoliticsPolitics (1)(1)

Akira NAKAMURA Ph.D.

(Dean of the Graduate School , University ) 1.MAJOR1.MAJOR CONTRIBUTINGCONTRIBUTING FACTORSFACTORS TOTO JAPAN’SJAPAN’S MODERNMODERN NATIONNATION BUILDINGBUILDING

SamuraiSamurai BureaucracyBureaucracy

GeneralGeneral EducationEducation ModernModern TokugawaTokugawa NaNationtion EraEra CivicCivic CultureCulture MeijMeijii EraEra NationalismNationalism

Tokugawa- Shogun the Emperor

1- ① 2.BUREAUCRACY2.BUREAUCRACY -Transformation-Transformation ofof thethe FunctionFunction ofof SamuraiSamurai --

1603 1868 The Tokugawa Shogunate The Meiji Government

TheThe FunctionFunction ofof WarriorsWarriors SemiSemi-Public-Public OfficialsOfficials BureaucratsBureaucrats SamuraiSamurai

thethe HighlyHighly StructuredStructured SocietySociety ““PublicPublic Revered,Revered, PrivatePrivate DespisedDespised””

“Chain Locked Country”

1-② GENERALGENERAL EDUCATIONEDUCATION

thethe MoneyMoney EconomyEconomy-Merchants-Merchants A Large Number the Rice Economy-Samurais the Rice Economy-Samurais of Economic System in Literate Publics Tokugawa Era

UnemployedUnemployed SamuraiSamurai (Ronin)(Ronin) TempleTemple SchoolSchool ((Terakoya)Terakoya) UnemployedUnemployed SamuraistaughtSamuraistaught ［［ReadingsReadings］］,,［［WritingsWritings］］,,［［SimpleSimple CalculusCalculus］］ toto SonsSons andand daughtersdaughters ofof thethe farmerfarmer andand MerchantsMerchants

1-③ CIVICCIVIC CULTURECULTURE -Expansion-Expansion ofof JapaneseJapanese codecode ofof SocialSocial Conduct-Conduct-

Samurai ・a frugal and simple life style ・Working Hard and Avoiding Extravagance

“the Samurai Code of Ethics” (1615)

Farmers

Merchants

1-④ NATIONALISMNATIONALISM -Two-Two FacesFaces ofof Nationalism-Nationalism-

Nationalism A Mechanism for Modern State Building A Sense of National Mission

the Glue that Keeps a Country Together

in Pre-War Japan without Nationalism

Nationalism was used by Leaders A modern states would be more to rally the general public to support likely to disintegrate and perish. colonizing other regions or countries. Local schisms, regional strife

1-⑤ SOVEREIGNSSOVEREIGNS FROMFROM TOKUGAWATOKUGAWA TOTO MEIJIMEIJI

1868

ShogunShogun

To keep country together

EmperorEmperor

1603

1-⑥ 3.3. PROCESSPROCESS TOTO THETHE MODERNIZATIONMODERNIZATION

THREETHREE NATIONALNATIONAL OBJECTIOBJECTIVVESES

FOURFOUR MAJORMAJOR HANHAN HanbatsuHanbatsu Politics Politics SatsumaSatsuma ChoshuChoshu TosaTosa TheThe Emperor’sEmperor’s HizenHizen SovereigntySovereignty TOKUGAWATOKUGAWA BAKUFUBAKUFU LibertyLiberty andand People’sPeople’s RightRight MovementMovement ShogunateShogunate GovernmentGovernment MEIJIMEIJI GOVERNMENTGOVERNMENT DemocracyDemocracy Open the country

e CC WW eg e T g ) OO e T ) S ss HH Sa NN tte a er RR ttu FF r n um L n EE Western Learning m L IIm A aa II m A R CC pp D R T ee D Inviting Foreign Scholars ee T r Inviting Foreign Scholars b S riia be S al The Electoral System el liis llli s m ioo m Sending Students Overseas nn Sending Students Overseas Appointive Mayors

IntroducingIntroducing thethe WesteWesterrnn SySystemstem The Erection of Prefectural Government

1- ⑦ THETHE “BIG“BIG FOUR”FOUR”

CHOSHUCHOSHU HANHAN

TakayoshiTakayoshi KidoKido KaoruKaoru InoueInoue AritomoAritomo Yamagata Yamagata HIZENHIZEN HANHAN KYOTO ShigenobuShigenobu Okuina Okuina ShinpeiShinpei Eto Eto TOSATOSA HANHAN

RyomaRyoma Sakamoto Sakamoto ShojiroShojiro Goto Goto TaisukeTaisuke Itagaki Itagaki

SATSUMASATSUMA HANHAN

TakamoriTakamori Saigo Saigo ToshimichiToshimichi Okubo Okubo KiyotakaKiyotaka Kuroda Kuroda

1- ⑧ MECHANISMMECHANISM OFOF MODERNIZATIONMODERNIZATION

National Policies ProsperousProsperous CountryCountry andand StrongStrong ArmyArmy

PromotingPromoting IndustrializationIndustrialization andand ExpandExpand ofof ProductionProduction

CulturalCultural EnlightenmentEnlightenment

Products of Western Learning InvitingInviting ForeignForeign ScholarsScholars thethe EqualEqual SocialSocial SystemSystem Sending Students Overseas thethe NewNew EducationEducation SystemSystem Sending Students Overseas

thethe LawLaw SystemSystem IntroducingIntroducing thethe WesternWestern SystemSystem

1- ⑨ 4.ERADICATION4.ERADICATION OFOF THETHE HIGHLYHIGHLY STRUCTUREDSTRUCTURED SOCIALSOCIAL SYSTEMSYSTEM

Peers Commoners SamuraiSamurai () (Heimin)

Worrior Manufacturer (Shizoku) FarmerFarmer Farmer

PyramidPyramid toto FlatFlat

Merchant ManufacturerManufacturer About About 94% 5％ As of 1873

MerchantMerchant thethe equalequal socialsocial rightsrights andand privilegesprivileges

1- ⑩ LIBERTYLIBERTY ANDAND PEOPLE’SPEOPLE’S RIGHTRIGHT MOVEMENTMOVEMENT (1874-1889)(1874-1889)

AcquisAcquisitionition of of People People’s’s Right Right

thethe ImperialImperial DietDiet

ExpansionExpansion of of People People’s’s Liberty Liberty

SamuraiSamurai DisconteDiscontenntt SaSamuraimurai DiscontentDiscontent ＋＋ Nation-Wide RichRich FFaarrmmersers

1- ⑪ 5.PARLIAMENT5.PARLIAMENT SYSTEMSYSTEM

・Sovereignty vested in the Emperor , not the People

MeijiMeiji ConstitutionConstitution ・Supreme Commander of Army & Navy (1889)(1889) ・Legislative Power With Diet ･ ･ ･

Imperial Diet

Qualified People

thethe HouseHouse ofof PeersPeers thethe HouseHouse ofof RepresentativesRepresentatives ･only Japanese males of 25 years and above composedcomposed ofof NewNew NobilityNobility ComposedComposed ofof onlyonly JapaneseJapanese MalesMales ･National Tax Liability (Appointed(Appointed Peers)Peers) ElectedElected byby qualifiedqualified peoplepeople of more than ¥15

1- ⑫ 6.CABINET6.CABINET FORMFORM OFOF GOVERNMENTGOVERNMENT (NAIKAKU(NAIKAKU SEIDO)SEIDO)

Supreme NavyNavy Command the Emperor Elder Statesman ArmyArmy

thethe LordLord KeeperKeeper ofof thethe PrivyPrivy SealSeal

thethe PrivyPrivy CouncilCouncil

Judicial Branch Administrative Branch Legislative Branch

CourtCourt ofof JusticeJustice CabinetCabinet ImperialImperial DietDiet

The House the House of Peers of Representatives BureaucraticBureaucratic AgencyAgency

the People

1- ⑬ 7.7. INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION OFOF LOCALLOCAL GOVERNMENTGOVERNMENT SYSTEMSYSTEM

18681868 18711871 18881888

3131 prefecturesprefectures 11 Kaitaku-prefectureKaitaku-prefecture 4747 prefecturesprefectures 274274 clansclans 305305 prefecturesprefectures

HAIHAN CHIKEN SHI-SEI・CHOSON-SEI Abolition of Clans and Establishment of Municipal Establishment of Prefectures System and Parochialism

1- ⑭ 8.FOUR8.FOUR PROMINENTPROMINENT GROUPSGROUPS ININ JAPANESEJAPANESE SOCIETYSOCIETY AFTERAFTER 19101910

Close Relationship

PartyParty PoliticiansPoliticians BureaucratsBureaucrats

Control

Support Protection

Strife A Privileged Position

ZaibatsuZaibatsu The Military Dealing

1- ⑮ TRANSFORMATIONTRANSFORMATION OFOF MEIJIMEIJI SYSTEMSYSTEM OFOF GOVERNMENTGOVERNMENT (1900-1930)(1900-1930)

To Taisho Period

thethe GovernmentGovernment thethe CivilianCivilian GovernmentGovernment Two Party System ・Seiyu Kai SeiyuSeiyu kaikai ・Constitutional Democratic Party Minseito

Conflict

AntiAnti GovernmentGovernment ForceForce AntiAnti GovernmentGovernment ForceForce

The Military: the Military , the Peer etc… the Independent Power Established

Guardian of the Imperial Will

1-⑯ COLLAPSECOLLAPSE OFOF MEIJIMEIJI SOCIETYSOCIETY ANDAND GOVERMENTGOVERMENT

1930 1940

The Civilian Government

TwoTwo PartyParty SystemSystem

The Military Government TheThe MilitarismMilitarism

Depression (1929)

1919 Anti-Japanese Movement in China

Political Corruption

1-⑰