Journal of Spices and Aromatic Crops 6 (2) : 87-105 (1997)

Vegetative propagation of major tree spices a ,review

J REMA, B KRISHNAMOORTHY & P A MATHEW Indian Institute of Spices Research Calicut - 673 012, Kerala, India Abstract Vegetative propagation of major tree spices grown in India namely, nutmeg (Myristica (ragrans), clove (Syzygium aromaticum), cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum), cassia (G aromaticum), allspice (Pimenta dioica), cambogia (Garciniagummi-gutta), kokam (G. indica), tamarind (Tamarindus indica) and pomegranate (Punica granatum) are re­ viewed. The propagation methods reviewed include cuttings, air layering, budding, grafting and micropropagation. Key words: allspice, cambogia, cassia, cinnamon, clove, kokam, nutmeg, pomegranate, tamarind, vegetative propagation.

Introduction spices are perennial and a majority of them are open pollinated. Standardisa­ Tree spices constitute a group of diverse tion of vegetative propagation methods crops where the products of commerce would help in rapid multiplication of are predominantly used as spice. Among true to type superior planting material. the various tree spices grown in India Vegetative propagation could also be (Table 1), the major ones are nutmeg, utilised for propagation of rootstocks clove, cinnamon, cassia, allspice, and scions which are generally in short cambogia, kokam, tamarind, pomegran­ supply and also to shorten the pre­ ate and curry leaf. A substantial quan­ bearing period of these crops. Due to the tity of these spices are imported into the high degree of heterozygosity, vegeta­ country leading to drain of valuable tive propagation can be resorted to in foreign exchange. Hence to attain self conservation of germplasm oftree spices sufficiency in production of tree spices, for use in breeding programmes. Adop­ the area under these crops need to be tion of vegetative propagation in tree increased by planting superior quality spices has increased substantially in material in traditional and non tradi­ recent years and all the major tree tional areas and by adopting improved spices have been propagated by this cultural practices. Planting of superior method with varying degrees of success. quality material is essential since tree This paper reviews the information ,

88 Rema et al.

Table 1. Tree spices .. grown in India Botanical name Family Common name Part used as spice Averrhoa bilimbi L. Averrhoaceae Bilimbi Fruit A. carambola L. Averrhoaceae Carambola Fruit Cinnamomum aromaticum Lauraceae Chinese cassia Bark, Leaf Nees c. tamala Nees Lauraceae Tejpat, Indian Leaf, Bark cassia c. verum Bercht & Pres!' Lauraceae Cinnamon Bark, Leaf Garcinia gummi-gutta Clusiaceae Garcinia, Pericarp of (L.) Robs. Cambogia fruit G. indica (Thouars) Choisy Clusiaceae Garcinia, Kokam Pericarp of fruit Illicum 'verum Hook. Illiciaceae Star anise Fruit Juniperus communis L. Cupressaceae Juniper Fruit Laurus nobilis L. Lauraceae Bay leaf Leaf Mangifera indica L. Anacardiaceae Mango Rind ofimma- ture fruit Murraya koenigii (L.) Sprengel Rutaceae Curry leaf Leaf Myristica fragrans Houtt. Myristicaceae Nutmeg Kernel, AriI Pimenta dioica (L.) Merr. Myrtaceae Allspice, Jamaica Immature pepper fruit, Leaf Punica granatum L. Punicaceace Pomegrante Dried seed (with flesh) Syzygiu'm aromaticum (L,) Merr. Myrtaceae Clove Flower bud & Perry Tamarindus indica L. Caesalpiniaceae Tamarind Fruit available on vegetative propagation of spices namely, nutmeg and mace. Nut­ major tree spices and also suggests meg is the dried kernel of the seed and possible approaches for further im­ . mace the dried aril surrounding the provement. Curry leaf has not been seed. Nutmeg is commonly propagated included in the review since the crop is through seeds. The tree being obligatory generally propagated by root suckers. cross pollinated (Deinum 1949), varia­ tions exist in its seedling progenies. Nutmeg Wide variability is observed in fruit Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt.), shape, size, colour (Krishnamoorthy et indigenous to Moluccas Islands in Indo­ al. 1991b; Krishnamoorthy & Rema nesia, produces two distinctly different 1994c), quality (Gopalam & Sayed 1988) Vegetative propagation of tree spices 89 and yield (KrishnamQorthy et at. 1991b). ..Guttings Nutmeg trees are dioecious and segre­ Propagation of nutmeg through cuttings gation of sex of seedling progenies into is difficult. Rooting of semi-hardwood unisexual male, unisexual female and cuttings was reported to be successful in bisexual types have been reported Trinidad and Grenada (Nichols & Pryde (Prestoe 1884; Nichols & Pryde 1958; 1958; Nichols & Cruickshank 1964). Flach 1966; Krishnamoorthy et al. 1996). However, rooting and establishment of Identification of sex of nutmeg trees is such plants in the field were very poor. difficult till they come to flowering. Reports from Wageningen on rooting of Identification of sex' at the seedling criffingsin-a: hothouse with-mist stage on the basis of leaf form and' humidifier were also not encouraging venation (Prestoe 1884), colour of young (Flach 1966). No reports are available sprouts, seedling vigour, chromosome on this aspect from India. The high morphology (Krishnamoorthy et al. 1992 amount of tannins and phenolic com­ b), shape of calcium oxalate crystals of pounds present in the stem may prob­ leaf epidermis (Nayar et al. 1977) and ably hinder root formation. Standardi­ chemical constituents (Phadnis & sation of methods for rooting of cuttings Choudhary 1971; Zachariah et al. 1986; in nutmeg is very important for produc­ Packiyosothy et al. 1991; Krishna­ tion of clonally identical rootstocks for moorthy et al. 1992b) are not reliable. grafting and budding. At present graft­ Propagation of nutmeg through seeds, ing and budding are carried out on root though taken up on a large scale is not stocks raised from seeds. an ideal method due to the reasons Very little work has been done on already enumerated. Besides, seeds loose rooting of cuttings. Pretreatment with their viability soon after harvest if not auxin combinations,· environmental stored under proper conditions (Flach manipulations, physiological status of 1966; Shanmugavelu & Rao 1977). Most cuttings, season (Hartmann & Kester of the unique characters of the parent 1972), maturity of cuttings (Halliwal are lost in the progenies when propa­ 1970) etc. are reported to influence gated through this method. To get rooting in tree crops; therefore, there is uniformly high yielding and desirable wide scope for further studies for pro­ populations of nutmeg, vegetative propa­ duction of adventitious roots in nutmeg gation is the only alternative. Experi­ by manipulation of these factors. ments on grafting of nutmeg were carried out as early as 1894 in the Air layering Botanical Gardens at Bogor, Indonesia Air layering of nutmeg was reported to (Deinum 1932). Various vegetative be successful in Grenada, West Indies propagation methods like cuttings (Nichols & Cruickshank 1964) and New (Nichols & Pryde 1958), air layering Guniea. In New Guinea, about 60 per (Nichols & Cruickshank 1964), budding cent rooting was reported in a period of (Postma 1935; Deinum 1949), approach 6 months but the rooted layers failed to grafting (Ridley 1912; Sundararaj & establish in the field (Deinum 1949). A Varadarajan 1956; Mathew 1979) and very low success (8.5 per cent) was epicotyl grafting (Mathew & Joseph reported by Nichols & Cruickshank 1982) have been reported. (1964) in Grenada. 90 Rema et al. Budding Grafting Grafting is the most successful vegeta­ Beena & Kl,lrian (1996) reported that tive propagation method in nutmeg and bl,ldding in nl,ltmeg on 3 year old epicotyl grafting is widely used for rootstocks by forket method can be commercial multiplication. carried Ol,lt in Jl,lly with 30 per cent Sl,lccess. However, the Sl,lccess reported Inarching in bl,ldding is too low for commercial Inarching of M. fragrans was successful application. The al,lthors preSl,lme that on eight species of Myristica namely, M. phenolic compol.lUds present in the malabarica, M. beddomei, M. attenuata plant wOl,lld have interfered with bl,ld­ Wall,. M. contorta Ward., M. magnifica take. Anatomical stl,ldies of the bl,ldded Bedd., M. canarica King., M. fragrans region revealed that the failme in bl,ld­ and M. laurifolia Bedd. (Aiyadurai take was dl,le to'blockage of vessels with 1966). Inarching. on M. fragrans, tylosis which cal,lsed deleteriol,ls effects M. beddomi and M. malabarica was on the newly inserted bl,ld and hindered reported with 40-80 per cent success; the l,lnion (Beena et al. 1996). The however, the success depended upon the al,lthors also attribl,lte low call1,ls devel-' season of' grafting (Sundararaj & opment, sparse differentiation ofvasCl,l­ Varadarajan 1956). Inarching of lar tissl,les in the bl,ld shield, presence M. fragrans on M. fragrans resulted in of necrotic tissl,les hindering the forma­ 62 per cent success and the grafts took tion of call1,lS and lack of l,lnion between about 180 days for perfect union old and new calli for delay in bl,ld bmst (Chellappan & Roche 1982). Inarching and lack of bl,ld l,lnion in bl,ldded trees. though successful, is expensive and The physiological statl,lS of the mother laborious since benches have to be plant also wOl,lld have played a major erected and rootstocks brought to the role on bl,ld take, bl,ld bmst and scion mother plant for carrying out grafting. growth. Girdling the bl,ld wood prior to Epicotyl grafting bl,ld collection was reported to enhance bl,ldtitke. Girdling increases gibberellic Epicotyl grafting (Mathew & Joseph acid (GA), indoleacetic acid (IAA) and 1982) is the most widely adopted propa­ starch concentrations in the bl,ld wood gation technique in nutmeg. Epicotyl and redl,lces cytokinins (Poll et al. 1993), grafting has been reported on the thl,ls favoming bl,ld take. Rootstocks cultivated species of nutmeg, M. fragrans other than M. fragrans have also been (Krishnamoorthy & Mathew 1985) and used for budding nutmeg. M. beddo'mei also on wild species, M. beddomei and King,M. malabarica Lam. and M. M. malabarica (Mathew & Joseph 1982). succedanea were used as rootstocks for However, M. fragrans was found to be M. fragrans and a success of 26 per cent the most ideal rootstock. Though graft­ was obtained on M. succedanea (Postma ing could be carried out dming all the 1935). The influence of rootstock on bud­ seasons, on M. fragrans, the best result take, growth, yield, fruit size and sur­ (80 per cent) was obtained when the vival has been reported on many trees seedlings were 20-30 days .,.old of horticultural importance (Glucina et (Krishnamoorthy & Mathew 1985) .. al. 1992); however, no such reports are Very little studies have been conducted available in nutmeg. to understand the influence of rootstock r Vegetative propagation of tree spices 91 ,~ i on the performance of grafts. Moreover, 1969) or variability in the roo£s£ockinay due to the lack of an efficient clonal be involved in this phenomenon. How­ propagation technique through cuttings ever, spontaneous produdtion of or layering, the rootstocks used in the orthotropic shoots could be observed in grafting studies are mostly seedlings. some of the plagiotropic grafts. The performance of the grafts need not Production of a large number of ortho­ be identical in such cases. Clonal propa­ tropic scions/shoots for grafting would gation of rootstocks through cuttings or be another approach for obtaining erect layering need to be standardised for growing grafts. Detopping female trees obtaining uniform rootstocks for graft­ at 2 m above the ground resulted in the ing and budding. Epicotyl grafts have production oflarge number of orthotropic been evaluated for their performance in shoots (average 38 shoots) from the the field at Peruvannamuzhi (Kerala). main trunk (NRCS 1990). Terminal The grafts started yielding from the portions ofthe shoots could be made use third year of planting and produced an of for grafting. Each of the beheaded average of 800 fruits per graft per year shoot had the potential to produce three during the initial years. The short or more orthotropic shoots, which could stature of the grafts facilitates easy be further made use of in grafting or the harvest and other cultural operations. buds could be used for budding. Main­ Nutmeg trees exhibit branch dimor­ taining a clonal orchard of elite clones phism and have more of plagiotropic of nutmeg would thus help in the shoots than orthotropic shoots. An continuous production and supply of orthotropic shoot when.used for grafting shoots for grafting. Such an orchard has gives rise to a graft which resembles the been established at Indian Institute of mother plant or seedling in its growth Spices Research (IISR), Calicut. habit, whereas a plagiotropic scion gives Top working of male trees rise to a graft which is more of a bushy nature. Experiments conducted for re­ Identification of sex of nutmeg in the version of plagiotropy to orthotropy seedling stage is not feasible with the . indicated that bending the rootstocks at available information. The sex of the the budded portion induced the produc­ trees can be identified only after 6-7 tion of orthotropic shoots at the base of years when they begin to flower. Gen­ the plagiotropic growth (Mathew 1985). erally male and female trees are pro­ The bending of the stem would have duced in a 1:1 ratio .. Since one male tree interfered with hormonal transport and is sufficient for every 10 female trees for assisted . in dedifferentiation of the pollination, the rest of the male trees plagiotropic stem. Defoliation, notching available in the plantation can be made or repeated spraying with growth hor­ prod)lctiv.1l by converting them to female mones like gibberellin or cytokinins did trees by top working. Top working can not aid in the production of orthotropic be done by budding (Beena & Kurian shoots. Factors like vigour of the scion 1996) or by grafting (NRCS 1(93). The tree, physiological condition of the scion, top worked trees yield from the .. third the relative position of the scion in the year onwards. One or two branches of tree crown, or the multiple nature of the the female trees can also be top worked axillary buds giving rise to different with male scions so as to aVQid planting . types of shoots (Greathouse & Laetsch of male trees . 92 Rema et aL Micropropagation like king clove, dwarf and bushy clOve and small leaved clove are known to Micropropagation of nutmeg would be exist (Pool et al. 1986; Kuriachan et al. an ideal method for rapid propagation of 1992; Krishnamoorthy & Rema 1994b). female trees. In vitro experiments are in Reports indicate that clove can be progress at IISR, Calicut, Indian Carda­ successfully propagated through mom Research Institute (ICR!), cuttings, layering and approach graft­ Myladumpara and Kerala Agricultural ing. University (KAU), Vellanikara to de­ velop protocols for multiplication of Cuttings nutmeg. However, no published report Softwood cuttings taken with a heel on successful micropropagation of nut­ were reported to be successful in pro­ meg is available. ,ducing adventitious roots in clove (Fernie 1946). Hardwood cuttings treated with Clove indolebutyric acid (IBA) at low concen­ Clove (Syzygium aromaticum (L) Merr. trations (50 and 100 ppm) and high & Perry) which is also indigenous to concentrations (2000 ppm) gave cent per Moluccas Islands, is an aromatic ever­ cent rooting in. Tamil N adu, India green tree and the unopened flower (Chezhiyan 1996). However, Rema & buds (clove), clove oil and oleoresin are Krishnamoorthy (1994) reported that the products of commerce. Clove is hardwood, semi-hardwood and softwood commercially propagated through seeds. cuttings from etiolated and non etio­ A major problem in its propagation is lated shoots treated with hormones the short storage life of seeds (Sutarno failed to develop adventitious roots in & Utami 1984). Freshly harvested clove the conditions prevailing in Kerala. seeds are best suited for sowing to. Air layering obtain maximum germination. Viability in clove seeds can be extended to some Air layering has been reported on young extent bystorin.g them· in ·",harcoal, branches. in clove (Maistre 1964;Zulkifli sawdust or coconut husk (Chaniago et 1986; Rema & Krishnamoorthy 1994). A al. 1981) or by hormonal treatments success of 65 per cent was reported in (Hasanah et al. 1984). Bogor, Indonesia by marcotting 1 cm diameter shoot, using a mixture of sand, Self pollination is reported to be the soil, leaf and humus immediately after more probable mechanism for pollina­ ringing. Rooting was reported in clove tion in clove as maximum pollen viabil­ with hormonal treatments. IBA in com­ ity and stigma receptivity are attained bination with napthaleneacetic acid simultaneously (Nair et al. 1974; (NAA) and IAA were reported to he Sritharan & Bavappa 1981; Pool & ideal for layering in clove with cent per Bermavie 1986). However, the flowers cent rooting in Tamil Nadu (Chezhiyan are frequently visited by thrips, ants, 1996). However, studies conducted else­ and bees suggesting the possiblity of where indicated that the survival of transfer of pollen from anther to stigma these layers in the field was very poor of the same flower (Pool & Bermavie (Pool et al. 1991) which could be 1986) or cross pollination (Tidbury 1949). attributed to the physiological condition Though clove is a predominantly self of the marcotted shoots, the type of.root pollinated crop, morphological variants produced and hardening of the layers. Vegetative propagation of tree spices 93 These factors play an important role in Attempts to graft clove on related field establishment and further growth species like E. brasiliensis Lam., E. of the layers. uniflora L. and S. cumini (L.) Skeels in Madagascar and on E. jambolana Lam. Budding (syn. S. cumini) in India were reported. Forket method of budding, with the bud Approach grafting on inter related spe­ taken from a woody stem of 1.0-1.5 em cies were also reported between S. girth was successful in clove. The aromaticum and three other species success percentage could be increased namely, S. muelleri, S. pycnanthum by ringing the bark and excision of Merr. & Perry and Psidium guajava L. growing points of budwood grafts (Pool seedlings in Indonesia (Jarvie et al. et al. 1992) which aids in increasing 1986) and on S. cumini in Madagascar carbohydrate reserves and improving (Dufournet & Rodriquez 1972). Cleft bud take. Budding was also carried out grafting on seedlings of S. cumini on rootstocks of related genera of (Rema & Krishnamoorthy 1994), S. Syzygium species. Incompatibility was fruiticasum (Roxb.) DC., S. lancealatum reported in budding between S. and S. zeylanicum (L.) DC. was success­ aromaticum and 27 related species ful in India (IISR 1997). Though, P. (Jarvie et al. 1986). The reasons for guajava and clove were compatible for incompatability and techniques to over­ grafting, their survival in the field was come this problem need to be worked very low (May 1949). Graft survival may out. Standardisation of a dwarf root­ be correlated with quality and endog­ stock would be ideal for obtaining short enous levels of soluble sugars, starch, C: statured plants which would facilitate N ratio and nitrogen content of the scion easy harvest since harvesting in clove is (Ding & Xi 1993). a tedious and expensive cultural opera­ Application of certain chemicals and tion. hormones on the cut surface ofthe scion Grafting and rootstock at the time of grafting was reported to hasten graft union in certain Reports are available on different meth­ tree crops. Dimethyl sulfoxide was re­ ods of grafting in clove. Approach ported to improve graft union in chest­ grafting on clove rootstocks (Aiyer 1960; nut (Makhmet & Katsalap 1979). The Rema & Krishnamoorthy 1994) was the cut surface of both rootstock and scion most successful method for vegetative of clove could be treated with dimethyl propagation of clove. Approach grafting sulfflxide (1 %) before grafting for better can be carried out thoughout the year graft union. with a maximum success of 87 per cent Micrapropagation during September-November (Rema & Krishnamoorthy 1994). Epicotyl graft­ Micropropagation of clove from seedling ing, softwood grafting and cleft grafting explants have been reported (Mathew & were also reported to be successful in Hariharan 1990; Superman & Blake clove (Menon & Nair 1992; Rema & 1990; NRCS 1993); however, there are Krishnamoorthy 1994); however, the no reports on successful micropro­ rate of success was very low by these pagation of clove from mature shoot methods, when compared to approach explants. Studies on micropropagation grafting. of clove are in progress at IISR, Cali cut, 94 Rema et al. ICRI, Myladumpara and KAU, paper. Single nod.ed cuttings with 1 or Vellannikkara. 2 leaves could be made to root within 40 days under humid conditions (CPCRI Cinnamon 1985). Rooting could also be enhanced Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum Bercht by the use of growth regulators. IBA & Presl.) is one of the oldest known tree and IAA @ 2000 ppm was effective for spices grown in India and was intro­ rooting of terminal shoots with 73 and duced from Sri Lanka. The dried inner 65 per cent success, respectively (Rema bark is the product of commerce. Leaf & Krishnamoorthy 1993). Softwood and bark oil of cinnamon are also cuttings treated with NAA 5000 ppm commercially important. resulted in 22.5 per cent rooting whereas hardwood cuttings treated with IBA Cinnamon is commonly propagated 2500 resulted in 45.0 per cent rooting though seeds. The viability of seeds is (Vadivel et al. 1981). The rooting could lost when sowing is delayed and maxi­ be further increased by hormonal treat­ mum germination is obtained when the ment of the etiolated cuttings. Etiolated seeds are sown immediately after har­ cuttings treated with IAA 2000 ppm vest. Sowing of seeds on the third day resulted in 82 per cent success (NRCS after harvest resulted in about 94 per 1990). cent germination whereas the viability was completely lost after 5 weeks of Wide variability exists in the rooting storage (Kannan & Balakrishnan 1967). response of various cinnamon lines (Rema & Krishnamoorthy 1993). Simi­ Cinnamon is a cross pollinated crop lar variations in rooting among cultivars (Joseph 1981) and wide variability has have also been reported in other tree been observed in yield (Ponnuswami et crops (Eccher & Annoni 1984). Varia­ al. 1982; Krishnamoorthy et al. 1992a), tion in rooting during different seasons quality of produce (Krishnamoorthy et and among different lines could be al. 1988), oil content (Krishnamoorthy associated with the endogenous level of et al. 1991a; Paul & Sahoo 1993) and auxins, reducing and non reducing other morphological characters in the sugars, nitrogen, carbohydrate, C:N seedling progenies (Krishnamoorthy et ratio, phenols, etc. (Purushothamet.al. al. 1992a). CinIiamon being cross polli­ 1986; IISR 1996). nated, vegetative propagation is neces­ sary for producing uniformly high yield­ Air layering ing populations and for propagating Semi-hardwood was found to be ideal elite lines. Reports on vegetative propa­ for air layering in cinnamon (Ranaware gation indicate that it could be propa­ et al. 1994; Rema & Krishnamoorthy gated easily through cuttings and layer­ 1993). Air layering of cinnamon using ing. No other conventional method of gallic acid (100 ppm), a phenolic com­ vegetative propagation has been re­ pound, resulted in 80 per cent rooting ported in cinnamon. (Banerjee et al. 1982). Rooting could Cuttings also be obtained in non girdled shoots treated with NAA 2500 ppm (Hegde et Adventitious root formation in cinna­ al. 1989) or in combination with IBA mon is relatively easy, when compared 1000 ppm (Bhat et al. 1989). Application to other tree spices reviewed in this of IBA 3000 ppm resulted in 70 per cent Vegetative propagation of tree spices 95 rooting in semi-hardwood cuttings Cuttings (NRCS 1990). Girdling enhances physi­ Rooting of semi-hardwood cuttings of ological activity which is manifested by cassia was achieved by treating with increased starch and lAA in the girdled IBA (500, 1000, 2000 ppm) (IISR 1996). region (Poll et al. 1991). Various rooting High variability was observed in the materials can be used for layering rooting of different lines of cassia. The depending upon their availability and variability in rooting may probably be capacity to retain moisture. Evaluation due to the differences in the essential oil of different rooting media for layering contents in the stem and the reasons indicated that sphagnum moss was the attributed in cinnamon. most ideal (89 per cent success) followed by soil (Ranaware et al. 1994). Seasonal Air layering variation was also observed in rooting of Air layering in 2 year old plants of air layers. A rooting of 88 per cent was cassia has been reported with 88 and 50 observed in July followed by 65 per cent per cent rooting during July and No­ in June in Maharashtra with no rooting vember respectively, with 100 per during January and February cent establishment in the field (Ranaware et al. 1995) (Krishnamoorthy & Rema 1994a). Micropropagation Micropropagation Clonal propagation of cinnamon through Micropropagation of cassia has been seedling explants (Rai & Chandra 1987) reported with a multiplication rate of 5- and mature tissues (IISR 1996) have 6 shoots in a preliminary trial. WPM been reported. Woody Plants Medium supplemented with cytokinins (BAP 3 (WPM) supplemented with cytokinins mgP+ Kin 1 mgP) induced multiple (BAP 3 mgP+ Kin 1 mgP) and auxins shoots from nodal segments of mature (IBA 0.5 mgP + NAA 0.5 mgP) favoured trees (IISR 1996). multiple shoot induction and root initia­ Allspice tion, respectively. Cassia Allspice (Pimenta dioica (L.) Merr.) also known as Jamaican pepper, is indig­ Chinese cassia (Cinnamomum aroma­ enous to West Indies. The flavour of ticum Nees) is closely related to C. allspice resembles a mixture of cinna­ verum, the true cinnamon. As in cinna­ mon, clove, nutmeg and black pepper. mon, the inner bark is the product of The dried unripe but mature berries of commerce in cassia. Cassia bark dif-fers P. dioica is the spice of commerce. The from that of true cinnamon in its aroma, leaves are aromatic and are used in the pungency and texture. Cassia is culti­ preparation of essential oil. The berries vated mainly in China and is gene-rally are used for the production of essential propagated through seeds. Wide variabi­ oil and oleoresin. lity is observed in seedling proge-nies of cassia. Very few trees of cassia are Allspice is commonly propagated through available in India and clonal multipli­ seeds. Allspice seeds loose their viability cation of this economically important soon after harvest but their viability can cross pollinated crop is necessary for be maintained at 50 per cent for 9 weeks producing good quality planting mate­ by storing them at 21-30'C (Devadas & rial. Manomohandas 1988). Allspice is ~6 Rema et al. ;lOlygamodioecious and it is difficult to Air layering identify the functional male and female trees till they flower and hence clonal Layering of softwood and semi-hard­ propagation is necessary to obtain uni­ wood shoots with hormones (lBA 4000 formly high yielding trees. Though ppm + NAA 4000 ppm) aided in rooting reports are available on vegetative of allspice (IISR 1995). Studies on air propagation of allspice, none of the layering in Maharashtra indicated that methods are commercially feasible since rooting is a slow process taking 18-28 the success rate is too low. months and January was the best season for the same (Haldanker et al. Cuttings 1995) Cuttings of allspice could be rooted in 7 Stooling to 8 months. Though semi-hardwood and terminal shoots of 15-20 cm can be Stooling, which is successfully practiced rooted with hormonal application (lBA in a related genus namely, P. guajava 500 ppm), the rooting percentage is low was effective in allspice. Detopping (IISR 1997). Juvenile cuttings of all­ mature shoots and application of root­ spice can be rooted by application of ing hormone (lBA 500 ppm) on the Quicroot, a commercial rooting hormone newly formed shoots after removal of with 50 per cent success (NRCS 1993). the bark and mounting the shoots with The physiological status of the cuttings pure sand helped in rooting (IISR 1994). plays a major role in enhancing the However this is a cumbersome proce­ rooting percentage and accelerating root dure when compared to other methods growth in juvenile plants (Hartman & of propagation. Kester 1972; Blomme & Vanwezer 1986). Budding Difficulty in root formation in cuttings Propagation of allspice through chip of hard to root plants are mainly due to budding is also possible though the lack of activity of one or more of the percentage of success is low (30 per internal co-factors although natural cent) (Chapman 1967). hormones may 9r may not be present in adequate amounts necessary for root Grafting formation. Hence application of auxins alone may give little or no response Approach grafting of allspice was re­ owing to the absence of one or more of ported with 90.' per cent success in the root promoting factors in the stem Jamaica (Chapman 1967). However cuttings. Etiolation and blanching of approach grafting on its own rootstock stock plants prior to taking cuttings, or on related species like S. jambalana application of adjuvants like charcoal, was not successful in India. The effect ascorbic acid etc. to the cut surface to of environment, rootstock, dis budding, remove phenols and other compounds growth regulators, anti tranpirants etc. which inhibit rooting were reported to on grafting could also be studied. be successful in many woody plants Micropropagatian (Maynard & Bassuk 1987). These meth­ ods could also be experimented in Work on micropropagation of allspice is allspice to produce adventitious roots. in progress at IISR, Callcut. Vegetative propagation of tree spices 97 Cambogia and Kokam 1986) which could also be probably successful with garcinia. The ability of Cambogia (Garcinia gummi-gutta (L.) anti,gibberlin like growth regulators Robs) (syn. G. cambogia (Gaertn) Desr.) could be tested to promote adventitious is an evergreen tree grown for its dried root formation in many of the difficult rind (pericarp of the under ripe fruits) to root crops. Paclobutrazole is one such which is a 'popular spice used as a chemical which is reported to aid in substitute for tamarind in cookery. The adventitious root production. dried rind of G. indica (Thouars) Choisy known popularly as kokam, a related Softwood grafting species of G. gummi-gutta, is also used Softwood grafting was reported to be as a spice in cookery. ideal for propagation of G. gummi-gutta (Nazeema 1992; Nazeema et al. 1993; Cambogia and kokam are'dioecious with George et al. 1994) and G. indica (Oscar the male and female flowers found in 1983; Haldanker et al. 1992). Softwood separate plants. These species thrive grafting could be carried out in June on well in the evergreen forests of Konkan, 18 year old G. gummi-gutta rootstock stretching southwards to the Kerala using 9 month old scion of 6-8 cm length Coast and Western Ghats up to 180 m (Nazeema 1992; Nazeema et al. 1993). in the Nilgiris. Cambogia and kokam Grafting can be done throughout the are commonly propagated through seeds. year in G. indica but October is the best Seeds of G. gummi-gutta are dormant period (93 per cent success) with 86 per and take a long time for germination. cent survival in the field (Hal danker et However, soaking the seeds without the al. 1991). Various rootstocks like G. seed coat in GA .(500 ppm) for 12 h indica, G. gummi-gutta and G. tinctoria increases germination (Nazeema 1992). (DC) E. F. Wight (Nazeema 1992) could The seedlin'g takes 6 to 7 years for be used for softwood grafting of G. flowering and the sex of the trees is gummi-gutta. The effect of rootstocks on unknown till it flowers. Vegetative yield, height of the plant and flowering propagation is tile only method for behavoiur need to be studied. propagation of high yielding clones, with an added advantage of early Micropropagation flowering and short stature. Softwood Work on micropropagation of Garc' grafting is the only successful method inia spp. is in progress! at ICRI, available for vegetative propagation of Myladumpara. G. indica and G. gummi-gutta. Layering was not successful in these two species Tamarind (George et al. 1994). The authors pre­ Tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.) is a sume that the yellow resin exudates hardy tree, distributed throughout the from the stem would have interfered plains and sub Himalayan: tracts of with the production of adventitious India and is valued for its edible fruits roots. Phenolic compounds are reported and wood. The fruit pulp is the main to act as rooting co-factors or rooting product of commerce and is used for

synergists in root initiation of cuttings. culinary purpose in India as, a spice. Compounds like ferulic acid and p- Tamarind is commonly propagated . hydroxybenzoic acid were reported to be through seeds. Being a cross pollinated successful in lemon (Debnath et al. crop, it does not breed true resulting in 98 Rema et al. variations in size and quality of fruits of T. indica were reported with 96 and and necessitates clonal propagation of 94 per cent success, respectively (Pathak elite trees. Various vegetative propaga­ et al. 1992). tion methods are reported in tamarind and high yielding varieties are distrib­ Grafting uted through vegetative propagation. Approach grafting has been attempted Cuttings in tamarind with 60-90 per cent success Tamarind is dfficult to root through (Swaminath & Ravindran 1989). cuttings. Etiolated semi-hardwood Softwood grafting and veneer grafting cuttings treated with IBA gave a very were also reported in tamarind with 68 low rooting (19 per cent). Rooting of and 49 per cent success, r"lpectively cutings was slightly higher when rooted (Purushotham & Rao 1990). Tamarind in mist chamber after hormonal treat­ is currently propagated commercially ment with IBA (Navaneethan et al. through approach grafting on its own 1990). Rooting was also reported when rootstock. IBA and NAA combinations were used Micropropagation (Samiullah et al. 1993). However, this method of propagation is not commer­ Micropropagation of tamarind was re­ cially viable for production of planting ported from nodal explants of mature material. Pre-rooting requirements of trees (Venkateswarlu & Mukbopadbyaya the cuttings are poorly understood. 1995). Direct organogenesis from epicotyl However, treating the cuttings with an and hypocotyl segments of 12 day old antioxidant would probably help in seedling has also been achieved (Gulati increased rooting by protecting the 1995). natural hormones from oxidation. Air layering Pomegranate Tamarind can be· successfully air lay­ Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is ered (Gowda 1983; Samiullah et al. one of the favourite table fruits culti­ 1993). IBA alone or a combination of vated in tropical and subtropical regions IBA and NAA (2500 ppm) gave 90 per and is generally known as a fruit crop. cent success. The ideal season for However, the dried seed along with the layering was June-July using wet sphag­ aril is used as a spice for garnishing num moss. Roots developed in 80;·to 85 culinary preparations .. and the spice is days when 8-10 month old sh09ts of commercially marketed as anardana, pencil thickness were air layered. A the source of which is mostly from trees combination of etiolation' in April fol­ growing wild in parts of Jammu, lowed by IBA 1000 ppm applied in May Himachal Pradesh and Punjab in India. was also successful with about 75 per Pomegranate can be easily raised from cent rooting (N avaneethan et al. 1991). seeds. Published reports on vegetative propagation of this tree (wild form) are Budding meagre .. Nevertheless the· methods ap­ Budding was reported to be an ideal plicable to· the cultivated from is also method for vegetative propagation in presumably suited to the wild form used tamarind. Patch budding and modified as spice. Hence the review is mainly on ring budding on 9 month old rootstock the cultivated form. Vegetative propagation of tree spices 99

Cuttings ever, the commercial viability of these Hardwood cuttings, 25-30 cm long from methods depend upon, need for special­ previous season's growth are used for ised equipments, multiplication rate, propagation of pomegranate. Since . labour requirement, uniformity of plant­ auxins improve rooting and survival of ing material obtained, establishment in cuttings in tree crops, hormones alone the field, pre-bearing period, etc. Epicotyl or in combination with synergists are grafting can be adopted for commercial helpful in better rooting of cuttings. Pre­ multiplication of nutmeg; approach graft­ treating hardwood cuttings with auxins ing for clove and tamarind; semi-hard­ and auxin synergists like p-hydroxy wood cuttings for cinnamon and cassia', benzoic acid, p-coumaric acid and ferulic air layering in cinnamon, cassia, clove, acid are reported to promote auxin pomegranate and tamarind and softwood induced rooting in trees. Reddy & grafting in kokam and cambogia. Even Ramalakshmi (1993) reported 73 per though commercial methods are avail­ cent rooting with profuse root system able for propagation of these crops, the when a combination of auxin and auxin optimum conditions required for their synergist (lBA 200 ppm + p-hydroxy - propagation need to be worked out for benzoic acid) were applied to hardwood high yielding lines that have been cuttings. February and October were identified, since considerable variability ideal for rooting of cuttings exists in their rate of success even (Navaneethan 1964). within the same species. Though work on micropropagation has been initiated Air layering in these group of crops, no success has Pomegranate could also be propagated been achieved for their commercial through air layering. Pre-girdled and adoption. Work on standardising etiolated shoots form an ideal material micropropagation protocols for the spe­ for air layering. Such air layered shoots ciesused as rootstocks also needs to be resulted in 85 and 95 per cent rooting initiated since in vitro grafting is a during May and.July, respectively (Hore technique which can be adopted for & Sen 1994). Treating the shoots with quick results. Crops like clove, nutmeg, p-hydroxybenzoicacid (1000 ppm) gave kokam and cambogia are difficult to root cent per cent rooting in air layers during by cuttings or layering. Investigations July (Hore & Sen 1995). need to be undertaken to study the role of structural or biochemical barriers Micropropagation that may inhibit the production of Micropropagation of pomegranate adventitious roots in these crops. The through shoot tip cultures was reported reasons for incompatibility in grafting on Lloyd and Mc Crown Woody Plants and budding especially within related Medium. Micropropagated plantlets species/genera is almost unknown in were transferred to rooting medium these crops and techniques to overcome with 80 per cent success (Mahishni et al. incompatibility has to be standardisei:!. 1991). Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM) Conclusion have been reported to enhance root production and growth in many fruit Tree spi:ces can be propagated trees. VAM could also be utilised in tree vegetatively by several methods. How- spices to attain sufficient thickness of 1 100 Rema et al. the rootstock within a short period for difficult to root tree nursery crops. budding and grafting. With the ad­ Verbondsnieuws voor de Belgisbe vancement of molecular biology, under­ Sierteelt 30 : 1159-1165. standing the mechanisms which trigger Central Plantation Crops Research In­ root formation in these crops would also stitute (CPCR!) 1985 Annual form an interesting area for future Report for 1984, Kasaragod. research. Very little information is available on the performance of most of Chaniago D, Nurheru & Hamid A 1981 the vegetatively propagated tree spices Effect of seed storage on seed­ in the field. Information on this aspect ling establishment. Lembaga has also to be generated to exploit the Penelitian Tanaman Industri 7 full potential of vegetative propagation (40) : 1-4. techniques. Chapman G P 1967 New developments References in pimento production. Trop. Prod. Inst. Conf. pp. 29-32. Aiyadurai S G 1966 A Review of Chellappan K & Roche J I 1982 Studies Research on Spices and Cashew on clonal propagation of nutmeg in India. Indian Council of Agri­ (Myristica fragrans Houtt.). South cultural Research, Regional Of­ Indian Hort. 30 : 156-158. fice (Spices and Cashew), Ernaku­ lam. Chezhiyan N, Ananthan M & Vedamuthu P G B 1996 Vegeta­ Aiyer A K Y N 1960 Cultivation of tive propagation studies of clove Cloves in India. Indian Council of (Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. Agricultural Research, New Delhi. & Perry). Indian Cocoa Arecanut BaneIjee D P, Chatterjee B K & Sen S Spices J. 20 : 50-54. 1982 Air layering of cinnamon Debnath S, Hore J K, Dhua R S & Sen (Cinnamomumzeylanicum Nees). S K 1986 Auxin synergists in the South Indian Hort, 30 : 272-273. rooting of stem cuttings of lime Beena S & Kurian A 1996 In situ (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle). budding to assure femaleness in Prog. Hort. 18 : 60-64. nutmeg. J. Plantn. Crops 24 Deinum H 1932 De nootmuskaatcultuur (Suppl.) : 473-478. op de Banda cilanden. Landbouw Beena S, Kurian A & Bhatt K V 1996 7 : 467-488. ' Anatomy of bud union in nutmeg. Deinum H 1949 Nootmuskaat en foelie. J. I;'lantn. Crops 24 (Suppl.) : 479- Landb. i. d. Ind. Arch., Dl2b: 655- 482. 683. Bhat V, Hegde D & SulikeriG S 1989 Devadas V S & Manomohandas T P Effect of growth regulators on 1988 Studies on the viability of rooting of air layers of cinnamon allspice see4s. Indian Cocoa (Cinnamomum zeylanicum). J. 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