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Robert Mickey Bibliography for Paths Out of Dixie: The Democratization of Subnational Authoritarian Enclaves in America’s Deep South, 1944–1972 (Princeton University Press)

Bibliography for Paths Out of Dixie

This document features most of the sources cited in Paths Out of Dixie. The only exceptions are newspaper articles, which are too numerous to include. Below I first list the archival collections consulted, the names of newspapers I drew upon most heavily, and the microform collections used. Next is an alphabetical list of about 1,600 works cited, such as books, articles, manuscripts, governmental reports, private correspondence, party platforms, oral histories, and so on. Last, I list the federal and state court cases appearing in the book. Please email me at [email protected] if you would like more information on the sourcing of any particular citation, including newspaper articles.

Archival Collections Consulted

The American Presidency Project, University of , Santa Barbara [accessed online]

Jean and Alexander Heard Library, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee —Papers of Alexander Heard —Papers of V. O. Key, Jr. —Southern Politics Collection

Lyndon B. Johnson Presidential Library, Austin, —Administrative History Papers —Oral History Collection — Central Files

Southern Oral History Program, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill —Jack Bass and Walter De Vries Interviews

Georgia

Atlanta University Center, , —Papers of the Southern Regional Council

Auburn Avenue Research Library on African American Culture, Atlanta, Georgia

Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library, , Atlanta, Georgia —Constance Curry Papers

Georgia Department of Archives and History, Atlanta, Georgia — Papers —Clippings Files —Records of the Office of the Attorney General

1 Robert Mickey Bibliography for Paths Out of Dixie: The Democratization of Subnational Authoritarian Enclaves in America’s Deep South, 1944–1972 (Princeton University Press)

Richard B. Russell Library for Political Research and Studies, , Athens —Papers of Howard H. “Bo” Callaway —Papers of Richard B. Russell —Papers of the State Democratic Executive Committee —Papers of the State Republican Party —Papers of

Special Collections, Robert W. Woodruff Library, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia —Papers of Ralph McGill

Mississippi

McCain Library and Archives, University of Southern , Hattiesburg, Mississippi [accessed online] —Center for Oral History and Cultural Heritage —Civil Rights in Mississippi Digital Archive —Erle Johnston Papers

Mississippi Digital Library [accessed online] —General Civil Rights Collection, Tougaloo College Archives

Mississippi State University Library, Starkdale, Mississippi —John C. Stennis Oral History Project —Special Collections

Tougaloo College Archives, Mississippi Digital Library [accessed online] —General Civil Rights Collection

Freedom Information Service, Jackson, Mississippi —Papers of the Council of Federated Organizations —Papers of the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party

Mississippi Department of Archives and History, Jackson, Mississippi —Clippings Files —Papers of the State Democratic Executive Committee —Papers of the State Republican Party —Files of the State Sovereignty Commission

2 Robert Mickey Bibliography for Paths Out of Dixie: The Democratization of Subnational Authoritarian Enclaves in America’s Deep South, 1944–1972 (Princeton University Press)

South Carolina

Avery Research Center, Charleston, —Jean–Claude Bouffard Civil Rights Interviews

South Carolina Department of Archives and History, Columbia —Clippings Files

South Carolina Political Collections, University of South Carolina, Columbia —Governor McNair Oral History Project —Papers of the State Democratic Executive Committee —Papers of William D. Workman

Microform Collections

Boehm, Randolph, August Meier, and John H. Bracey, Jr., eds. 1987. Papers of the NAACP. Bethesda: Md: University Publications of America.

Congress of Racial Equality. 1981. Congress of Racial Equality Papers, 1944–1968. Sanford, N.C.: Microfilming Corporation of America.

Southern Regional Council. 1983. Southern Regional Council Papers, 1944–1968. New York: New York Times Microfilming Corp. of America.

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee. 1982. Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee Papers, 1959–1972. Sanford, N.C.: Microfilming Corp. of America.

Frequently Cited Newspapers

(citations to newspaper articles appear only in the book’s endnotes, not in this bibliography)

AC Atlanta Constitution AJ Atlanta Journal CNC Charleston News and Courier CR Columbia Record CS Columbia State CSM Christian Science Monitor JCL Jackson Clarion–Ledger JDN Jackson Daily News LAT Los Angeles Times MCA Memphis Commercial-Appeal NYT New York Times SSN Southern School News WP Washington Post WSJ Wall Street Journal

3 Robert Mickey Bibliography for Paths Out of Dixie: The Democratization of Subnational Authoritarian Enclaves in America’s Deep South, 1944–1972 (Princeton University Press)

Works Cited

1898 Wilmington Race Riot Commission. 2006. Final Report. Accessed online: http://www.history.ncdcr.gov/1898–wrrc/report/AppdxN.pdf.

Abbott, Andrew. 2001 [1992]. Time Matters: On Theory and Method. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Abzug, Robert H. and Stephen E. Maizlish, eds. 1986. New Perspectives on Race and Slavery in America: Essays in Honor of Kenneth M. Stampp. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky.

“Accomplishments of West Administration.” 1974. John C. West File, Workman Papers, SCPC.

Acemoglu, Daron and James A. Robinson. 2006. Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Ackerman, Bruce and Jennifer Nou. 2009. “Canonizing the Civil Rights Revolution: The People and the Poll Tax.” Northwestern University Law Review 103: 63–148.

Adcock, Robert and David Collier. 2001. “Measurement Validity: A Shared Standard for Qualitative and Quantitative Research.” American Political Science Review 95: 529–46.

Ader, Emile B. 1953. “Why the Dixiecrats Failed.” Journal of Politics 5: 356–69.

Aistrup, Joseph A. 1996. The Southern Strategy Revisited: Republican Top–Down Advancement in the South. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky.

Aldrich, John A. 1995. Why Parties? The Origins and Transformation of Party Politics in America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

———. “Southern Parties in State and Nation.” Journal of Politics 62: 643–70.

Ali, Omar H. 2006. “Standing Guard at the Door of Liberty: Black Populism in South Carolina, 1886–1895.” South Carolina Historical Magazine 107: 190–203.

Allard, Scott, Nancy Burns, and Gerald Gamm. 1998. “Representing Urban Interests: The Local Politics of State Legislatures.” Studies in American Political Development 12: 267–302.

Allen, Frederick. 1996. Atlanta Rising: The Invention of an International City, 1946–1996. Athens, Ga.: Longstreet Press.

Allen, Ivan, Jr., with Paul Hemphill. 1971. Mayor: Notes on the Sixties. New York: Simon and Schuster.

4 Robert Mickey Bibliography for Paths Out of Dixie: The Democratization of Subnational Authoritarian Enclaves in America’s Deep South, 1944–1972 (Princeton University Press)

Allen, John E. 1977. “ and the Great Textile Strike in Georgia, September 1934.” In Gary M. Fink and Merl E. Reed, eds., Essays in Southern Labor History: Selected Papers, Southern Labor History Conference, 1976. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press: 224–43.

Allen, Lee N. 1963. “The McAdoo Campaign for the Presidential Nomination in 1924.” Journal of Southern History 29: 221–28.

Almond, Douglas, Kenneth Chay, and Michael Greenstone. 2008. “The , Hospital Desegregation and Black Infant Mortality in Mississippi.” Unpublished manuscript in author’s possession.

Alston, Lee J. 1986. “Race Etiquette in the South: The Role of Tenancy.” Research in Economic History 10: 199–211.

——— and Joseph P. Ferrie. 1999. Southern Paternalism and the American Welfare State: Economics, Politics, and Institutions in the South, 1865–1965. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Alt, James E. 1994. “The Impact of the Voting Rights Act on Black and White Voter Registration in the South.” In Davidson and Grofman, Quiet Revolution: 351–77.

Amar, Akhil Reed. 2005. America’s Constitution: A Biography. New York: Random House.

Amenta, Edwin. 2006. When Movements Matter: The Townsend Plan and the Rise of Social Security. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

American Friends Service Committee, Southeastern Office. 1959. Intimidation, Reprisal, and Violence in the South’s Racial Crisis. High Point, N.C.: National Council of the Churches of Christ in the of America and Southern Regional Council.

Anderson, Carol. 2003. Eyes Off the Prize: The United Nations and the African American Struggle for Human Rights, 1944–1955. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Anderson, James. D. 1988. The Education of Blacks in the South, 1860–1935. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.

Anderson, Jervis. 1986. A. Philip Randolph: A Biographical Portrait. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Anderson, William. 1975. The Wild Man from Sugar Creek: The Political Career of Eugene Talmadge. Baton Rouge: State University Press.

Andrews, Columbus. 1933. Administrative County Government in South Carolina. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.

5 Robert Mickey Bibliography for Paths Out of Dixie: The Democratization of Subnational Authoritarian Enclaves in America’s Deep South, 1944–1972 (Princeton University Press)

Andrews, Kenneth T. 2004. Freedom Is a Constant Struggle: The Mississippi Civil Rights Movement and Its Legacy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Ansolabehere, Stephen, John Mark Hansen, Shigeo Hirano, and James M. Snyder, Jr. 2010. “More Democracy: The Direct Primary and Competition in U. S. Elections.” Studies in American Political Development 24: 190–205.

———, Nathaniel Persily & Charles Stewart III. 2013. “Regional Differences in Racial Polarization in the 2012 Presidential Election.” Harvard Law Review Forum 126: 205– 20.

——— and James M. Snyder, Jr. 2008. The End of Inequality: One Person, One Vote, and the Transformation of American Politics. New York: W. W. Norton.

Aptheker, Herbert. 1946. “South Carolina Poll Tax, 1737–1895.” Journal of Negro History 31: 131–39.

Argersinger, Peter H. 2001. “The Transformation of American Politics: Political Institutions and Public Policy, 1865–1910.” In Shafer and Badger, Contesting Democracy: 117–47.

———. 1985–86. “New Perspectives on Election Fraud in the Gilded Age.” Political Science Quarterly 100: 669–87.

———. 1980. “ ‘A Place on the Ballot’: Fusion Politics and Antifusion Laws.” AHR 85: 287– 306.

Arnall, Ellis Gibbs. 1946. Shore Dimly Seen. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott.

———. 1945. “Message of the Governor to the General Assembly of Georgia” (Jan. 9). Executive Minutes, Arnall Papers, Georgia Department of Archives and History, Atlanta.

Arnesen, Eric. 2012. “Civil Rights and the Cold War at Home: Postwar Activism, Anticommunism, and the Decline of the Left.” American Communist History 11: 5–44.

———. 2009. “Reconsidering the ‘Long Civil Rights Movement.’ ” Historically Speaking (April): 31–34.

———, ed. 2007. The Black Worker: Race, Labor, and Civil Rights since Emancipation. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.

Aron, Stephen. 2011. “Frontiers, Borderlands, Wests.” In Eric Foner and Lisa McGirr, eds., American History Now. Philadelphia: Temple University Press: 261–84.

6 Robert Mickey Bibliography for Paths Out of Dixie: The Democratization of Subnational Authoritarian Enclaves in America’s Deep South, 1944–1972 (Princeton University Press)

Arsenault, Raymond. 2006. : 1961 and the Struggle for Racial Justice. New York: Oxford University Press.

Ashmore, Harry S. 1954. The Negro and the Schools. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.

Ashmore, Susan Youngblood. 2008. Carry It On: The War on Poverty and the Civil Rights Movement in Alabama. Athens: University of Georgia Press.

Ayers, Edward L. 1996. “What We Talk about When We Talk about the South.” In Ayers, Edward L., Patricia Nelson, Stephen Nissenbaum, and Peter S. Onuf, eds. All Over the Map: Rethinking American Regions. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press: 62–82.

Bacote, Clarence A. 1957. “The Negro Voter in Georgia Politics.” Journal of Negro Education 26: 307–18.

———. 1955. “The Negro in Georgia Politics, 1880–1908.” Ph.D. diss., University of Chicago.

———. 1940. “The Negro in Atlanta Politics.” Phylon 16: 333–50.

Badger, Tony. 2008. “From Defiance to Moderation: South Carolina Governors and Racial Change.” In Moore and Burton, Toward the Meeting of the Waters: 3–21.

———. 2005. “Brown and Backlash.” In Clive Webb, ed., Massive Resistance: Southern Opposition to the Second Reconstruction. New York: Oxford University Press: 39–55.

———. 1999. “Southerners Who Refused to Sign the Southern Manifesto.” Historical Journal 42: 517–34.

———. 1996. “Fatalism, Not Gradualism: Race and the Crisis of Southern , 1945– 1965.” In Ward and Badger, The Making of Martin Luther King and the Civil Rights Movement: 67–95.

———. 1984. “Review Essay: Segregation and the Southern Business Elite.” Journal of American Studies 18: 105–9.

Bagwell, William. 1972. School Desegregation in the Carolinas: Two Case Studies. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press.

Bailey, Fred Arthur. 1991. “The Textbooks of the ‘Lost Cause’: Censorship and the Creation of Southern State Histories.” Georgia Historical Quarterly 75: 507–33.

Bain, Chester. 1972. “South Carolina: Partisan Prelude.” In Havard, The Changing Politics of the South: 588–636.

7 Robert Mickey Bibliography for Paths Out of Dixie: The Democratization of Subnational Authoritarian Enclaves in America’s Deep South, 1944–1972 (Princeton University Press)

Bain, Richard C. 1960. Convention Decisions and Voting Records. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution.

Baker, Bruce E. 2009. What Reconstruction Meant: Historical Memory in the American South. Charlottesville: University of Press.

Baker, Paula H. 1983. Affairs of Party: The Political Culture of Northern Democrats in the Mid– Nineteenth Century. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

Ball, Howard, Dale Krane, and Thomas P. Lauth. 1982. Compromised Compliance: Implementation of the 1965 Voting Rights Act. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press.

Barghothi, A. J., Elisha Carol Savchak, and Ann O’M. Bowman. 2010. “Candidate Quality and the Election of Republican Governors in the South, 1950–2004.” American Politics Research 38: 563–85.

Barkan, Steven E. 1984. “Legal Control of the Southern Civil Rights Movement.” American Sociological Review 49: 552–65.

Barnard, William D. 1974. Dixiecrats and Democrats: Alabama Politics, 1942–1950. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.

Barro, Robert J. and Xavier Sala–i–Martin. 1991. “Convergence Across States and Regions.” Brooking Papers on Economic Activity 1: 107–82.

Bartik, Timothy J. 1985. “Business Location Decisions in the United States: Estimates of the Effects of Unionization, Taxes, and Other Characteristics of States.” Journal of Business & Economic Studies 3: 14–22.

Bartley, Numan V. 1995. The New South, 1945–1980: The Story of the South’s Modernization. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.

———. 1990. The Creation of Modern Georgia. Athens: University of Georgia Press.

———. 1970. From Thurmond to Wallace: Political Tendencies in Georgia, 1948–1968. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

———. 1969. The Rise of Massive Resistance: Race and Politics in the South During the 1950s. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.

Bass, Harold F., Jr. 1988. “Presidential Party Leadership and Party Reform: Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Abrogation of the Two–Thirds Rule.” Presidential Studies Quarterly 18: 303–17.

8 Robert Mickey Bibliography for Paths Out of Dixie: The Democratization of Subnational Authoritarian Enclaves in America’s Deep South, 1944–1972 (Princeton University Press)

Bass, Jack. 1990 [1981]. Unlikely Heroes: The Dramatic Story of the Southern Judges of the Fifth Circuit Who Translated the Supreme Court's Brown Decision into a Revolution for Equality. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.

——— and Jack Nelson. 1984 [1970]. The Orangeburg Massacre, second ed. Macon, Ga.: Press.

——— and Alice Cabaniss. 1969. “Strike at Charleston.” New South 24: 35–44.

——— and Walter De Vries. 1976. The Transformation of Southern Politics. New York: Basic Books.

——— and Marilyn W. Thompson. 2005. Strom: The Complicated Personal and Political Life of . New York: PublicAffairs.

Bateman, Fred, Jaime Ros, and Jason E. Taylor. 2009. “Did New Deal and World War II Public Capital Investments Facilitate a ‘Big Push’ in the American South?” Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics 165: 307–41.

Bateman, Fred and Jason E. Taylor. 2003. “The New Deal at War: Alphabet Agencies’ Expenditure Patterns, 1940–1945.” Explorations in Economic History 40: 251–77.

Bawn, Kathleen, Martin Cohen, David Karol, Seth Masket, Hans Noel, and John Zaller. 2012. “A Theory of Political Parties: Groups, Policy Demands and Nominations in American Politics.” Perspectives on Politics 10: 571–97.

Baylor, Christopher A. 2013. “First to the Party: The Group Origins of the Partisan Transformation on Civil Rights, 1940–1960.” Studies in American Political Development 27: 1–31.

Bayor, Ronald H. 1996. Race and the Shaping of Twentieth–Century Atlanta. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.

Behrend, Jacqueline. 2011. “The Unevenness of Democracy at the Subnational Level: Provincial Closed Games in Argentina.” Latin American Research Review 46: 150–76.

Beito, David T. and Linda Royster Beito. 2004. “T.R.M. Howard: Pragmatism over Strict Integrationist Ideology in the Mississippi Delta, 1942–1954.” In Feldman, Before Brown: 68–95.

Belknap, Michal R. 1995. Federal Law and Southern Order: Racial Violence and Constitutional Conflict in the Post–Brown South, second ed. Athens: University of Georgia Press.

Bellow, Saul. 1953. The Adventures of Augie March. New York: Viking.

9 Robert Mickey Bibliography for Paths Out of Dixie: The Democratization of Subnational Authoritarian Enclaves in America’s Deep South, 1944–1972 (Princeton University Press)

Belvin, William L., Jr. 1966. “The Georgia Gubernatorial Primary of 1946.” Georgia Historical Quarterly 50: 37–53.

Bender, William A. 1955. “Desegregation in the Public Schools in Mississippi.” Journal of Negro Education 24: 287–92.

Benedict, Michael Les. 1989. “The Problem of Constitutionalism and Constitutional Liberty in the Reconstruction South.” In Kermit L. Hall and James W. Ely, Jr., eds., An Uncertain Tradition: Constitutionalism and the History of the South. Athens: University of Georgia Press: 225–49.

———. 1974. “Preserving the Constitution: The Conservative Basis of Radical Reconstruction.” Journal of American History 61: 65–90.

Bensel, Richard F. 2004. The American Ballot Box in the Mid–Nineteenth Century. New York: Cambridge University Press.

———. 2000. The Political Economy of American Industrialization, 1877–1900. New York: Cambridge University Press.

———. 1990. Yankee Leviathan: The Origins of Central State Authority in America, 1859– 1877. New York: Cambridge University Press.

———. 1984. Sectionalism and American Political Development, 1800–1980. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.

Bentele, Keith G. and Erin E. O’Brien. 2013. “Jim Crow 2.0? Why States Consider and Adopt Restrictive Voter Access Policies.” Perspectives on Politics 11: 1088–116.

Benton, Allyson Lucinda. 2012. “Bottom–Up Challenges to National Democracy: Mexico’s Legal Subnational Authoritarian Enclaves.” Comparative Politics 44: 253–71.

Berg, Manfred. 2007. “Black Civil Rights and Liberal Anticommunism in the Early Cold War.” Journal of American History 94: 75–96.

———. 2005.“The Ticket to Freedom”: The NAACP and the Struggle for Black Political Integration. Gainesville: University Press of Florida.

Berlin, Ira. 1980. “Time, Space, and the Evolution of Afro–American Society on British Mainland North America.” AHR 85: 44–78.

Berman, Daniel M. 1962. A Bill Becomes a Law: The . New York: Macmillan.

Berman, William C. 1970. The Politics of Civil Rights in the Truman Administration. Columbus:

10 Robert Mickey Bibliography for Paths Out of Dixie: The Democratization of Subnational Authoritarian Enclaves in America’s Deep South, 1944–1972 (Princeton University Press)

Ohio State University Press.

Bermeo, Nancy. 2010. “Interests, Inequality, and Illusion in the Choice for Fair Elections.” Comparative Political Studies 43: 1119–147.

———. 1997. “Myths of Moderation: Confrontation and Conflict during Democratic Transitions.” Comparative Politics 29: 305–22.

Bernd, Joseph L. 1982. “White Supremacy and the Disfranchisement of Blacks in Georgia, 1946.” Georgia Historical Quarterly 64: 492–513.

———. 1972. “Georgia: Static and Dynamic.” In Havard, Changing Politics of the South: 294– 365.

———. 1960. Grass Roots Politics in Georgia: The County Unit System and the Importance of the Individual Voting Community in Bi–factional Elections, 1942–1954. Atlanta: Emory University.

Bernd, Joseph L. and Lynwood M. Holland. 1959. “Recent Restrictions upon Negro Suffrage: The Case of Georgia.” Journal of Politics 21: 487–513.

Biber, Eric. 2004. “The Price of Admission: Causes, Effects, and Patterns of Conditions Imposed on States Entering the Union.” American Journal of Legal History 46: 119–208.

Billings, Jr., Dwight B. 1979. Planters and the Making of a “New South”: Class, Politics, and Development in North Carolina, 1865–1900. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.

Binder, Sarah A. and Steven S. Smith. 1997. Politics or Principle? Filibustering in the . Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution.

Birnie, Cassandra Maxwell. 1952. “Race and Politics in Georgia and South Carolina.” Phylon 13: 236–44.

Bishir, Catherine W. 1993. “Landmarks of Power: Building a Southern Past, 1885–1915.” Southern Cultures 1: 5–45.

Bishop, E. S. 1945. “A Program of Equalization.” Mississippi Educational Journal 22: 142–48.

Bixby, David M. 1981. “The Roosevelt Court, Democratic Ideology, and Minority Rights: Another Look at United States v. Classic.” Yale Law Journal 90: 741–79.

Black, Earl and Merle Black. 2002. The Rise of Southern Republicans. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

11 Robert Mickey Bibliography for Paths Out of Dixie: The Democratization of Subnational Authoritarian Enclaves in America’s Deep South, 1944–1972 (Princeton University Press)

———. 1992. The Vital South: How Presidents Are Elected. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

———. 1987. Politics and Society in the South. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Black, Earl. 1976. Southern Governors and Civil Rights: Racial Segregation as a Campaign Issue in the Second Reconstruction. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Black, Merle. 2004. “The Transformation of the Southern Democratic Party.” Journal of Politics 66: 1001–17.

Blackburn, Burr. 1922. “State Programs of Public Welfare in the South.” Social Forces 1: 6–11.

“Black Politics.” 1971. The New Republic 165 (Jul. 17): 13.

Blass, William Joel. 1977. Oral history interview (Mar. 26). Civil Rights in Mississippi Digital Archive, University of Southern Mississippi.

Blight, David W. 2011. American Oracle: The Civil War in the Civil Rights Era. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

———. 2002. Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Bloom, Jack M. 1987. Class, Race, and the Civil Rights Movement: The Changing Political Economy of Southern Racism. Bloomington: University of Indiana Press.

Bode, Ken. 1977. “Unions Divided.” The New Republic (Oct. 15): 20–21.

———. 1972. “Loyalists vs. Regulars: Mississippi’s Two Democratic Parties.” The New Republic 166 (Mar. 25): 15–16.

———. 1971. “Democratic Party Reform—Turning Sour.” The New Republic 165 (Jul. 10): 19– 23.

Boix, Carles. 2003. Democracy and Redistribution. New York: Cambridge University Press.

———. 1999. “Setting the Rules of the Game: The Choice of Electoral Systems in Advanced Democracies.” American Political Science Review 93: 609–24.

Bolster, Paul D. 1972. “Civil Rights Movements in Twentieth–Century Georgia.” Ph.D. diss., University of Georgia.

Bolton, Charles C. 2005. The Hardest Deal of All: The Battle over School Integration in Mississippi, 1870–1980. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi.

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———. 2000. “Mississippi’s School Equalization Program, 1945–1954: ‘A Last Gasp to Maintain a Segregated Educational System.’ ” Journal of Southern History 66: 781–814.

Bonastia, Christopher. 2006. “The Historical Trajectory of Civil Rights Enforcement in Health Care.” Journal of Policy History 18: 362–86.

Bonner, James C. 1963. “Legislative Apportionment and County Unit Voting in Georgia Since 1877.” Georgia Historical Quarterly 47: 351–74.

Borstelmann, Thomas. 2001. The Cold War and the Color Line: American Race Relations in the Global Arena. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

———. 2000. “ ‘Hedging Our Bets and Buying Time’: John Kennedy and Racial Revolutions in the American South and Southern Africa.” Diplomatic History 24: 435–63.

Boyd, Tim S. R. 2012. Georgia Democrats, the Civil Rights Movement, and the Shaping of the New South. Gainesville: University Press of Florida.

Boykin, Leander L. 1949. “The Status and Trends of Differentials Between White and Negro Teachers’ Salaries in the Southern States, 1900–1946.” Journal of Negro Education 18: 40–47.

Brace, Paul. 1991. “The Changing Context of State Political Economy.” Journal of Politics 53: 297–317.

Brady, David W., John A. Ferejohn, and Jeremy C. Pope. 2005. “Congress and Civil Rights Policy: An Examination of Endogenous Preferences.” In Ira Katznelson and Barry R. Weingast, eds., Preferences and Situations: Points of Intersection Between Historical and Rational Choice Institutionalism. New York: Russell Sage Foundation: 62–87.

Brady, John J. 1996. Bad Boy: The Life and Politics of Lee Atwater. New York: Perseus Books.

Brady, Tom P. 1954. Black Monday. Brookhaven, Miss.: no publisher.

Brammer, Dana B. 1966. A Manual for Mississippi County Supervisors. Oxford: Bureau of Governmental Research, University of Mississippi.

——— and James E. Hurley. 1968. A Study of the Office of the Sheriff in the United States, Southern Region. Oxford: Bureau of Government Research, University of Mississippi.

Branch, Taylor. 1998. Pillar of Fire: America in the King Years, 1963–65. New York: Simon & Schuster.

Brandfon, Robert L. 1967. Cotton Kingdom of the New South: A History of the Yazoo Mississippi

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Delta from Reconstruction to the Twentieth Century. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Brandwein, Pamela. 2011. Rethinking the Judicial Settlement of Reconstruction. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Brantley, Will. 2001. “The Surveillance of Georgia Writer and Civil Rights Activist Lillian Smith: Another Story from the Federal Bureau of Investigation.” Georgia Historical Quarterly 85: 59–82.

Brattain, Michelle. 2001. The Politics of Whiteness: Race, Workers, and Culture in the Modern South. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Brazeal, Brailsford R. 1958. “Some Problems in the Desegregation of Higher Education in the ‘Hard Core’ States.” Journal of Negro Education 27: 352–72.

———. 1957-58. Confidential memoranda regarding black political mobilization in various Georgia counties. Southern Regional Council Papers, Special Collections, Atlanta University Center Library.

Breaux, David A., Don E. Slabach, and Daye Dearing. 1998. “Mississippi: A Synthesis of Race, Region, and Republicanism.” In Bullock and Rozell, The New Politics of the Old South: 85–104.

Bridges, Amy. 2008. “Managing the Periphery in the Gilded Age: Writing Constitutions for the Western States.” Studies in American Political Development 22: 32–58.

———. 1999. Morning Glories: Municipal Reform in the Southwest. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Brinkley, Alan. 1984. “The New Deal and Southern Politics.” In James C. Cobb and Michael V. Namarato, eds., The New Deal and the South. Oxford: University of Mississippi Press: 97–116.

———. 1983. Voices of Protest: Huey Long, Father Coughlin, and the Great Depression. New York: Vintage.

Broach, Glen T. and Lee Bandy. 1999. “South Carolina: A Decade of Rapid Republican Ascent.” In Lamis, Southern Politics in the 1990s: 50–80.

Brooks, Jennifer E. 2004. Defining the Peace: World War II Veterans, Race, and the Remaking of the Southern Political Tradition. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.

———. 2000. “Winning the Peace: Georgia Veterans and the Struggle to Define the Political Legacy of World War II.” Journal of Southern History 68: 563–604.

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Brown, Aaron. 1948. “Negro Higher and Professional Education in Georgia.” Journal of Negro Education 17: 280–88.

———. 1947. “The Education of Negroes in Georgia.” Journal of Negro Education 16: 347–53.

Brown, Elsa Barkley. 2000. “Negotiating and Transforming the Public Sphere: African American Political Life in the Transition from Slavery to Freedom.” In Dailey, Gilmore, and Simon, Jumpin’ Jim Crow: 28–66.

Brown, Glenn K. 1984. “Walter Sillers, Jr., and Martin S. Conner: A Study in Mississippi Political Relationships.” M.A. thesis, Mississippi State University.

Brown, Leslie. 2008. Upbuilding Black Durham: Gender, Class, and Black Community Development in the Jim Crow South. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.

Brown, Robert L. 1962. “A Revival of Conservatism in Mississippi Politics: The Administration of Henry L. Whitfield, 1924–1927.” M.A. thesis, University of Mississippi.

Brown, Sarah Hart. 2004. “Communism, Anti-Communism, and Massive Resistance: The Civil Rights Congress in Southern Perspective.” In Feldman, Before Brown: 170–97.

———. 1996. “Congressional Anti-Communism and the Segregationist South: From to Atlanta, 1954–1958.” Georgia Historical Quarterly 80: 745–816.

Brown, William H. 1952. “Financial Support of Secondary Education for Negroes in Georgia.” Journal of Negro Education 21: 478–83.

Brown-Nagin, Tomiko. 2012. Courage to Dissent: Atlanta and the Long History of the Civil Rights Movement. New York: Oxford University Press.

“Brown–Robinson Resolution.” 1952. Excerpts from Minutes of the State Convention of the Democratic Party of South Carolina (Aug. 6). Workman Papers, SCPC.

Brueggemann, John. 2002. “Racial Considerations and Social Policy in the 1930s.” Social Science History 26: 139–77.

Brundage, W. Fitzhugh. 2005. The Southern Past: A Clash of Race and Memory. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

———. 1990. “The Darien ‘Insurrection’ of 1899: Black Protest during the Nadir of Race Relations.” Georgia Historical Quarterly 74: 234–53.

Bryant, Nick. 2006. The Bystander: John F. Kennedy and the Struggle for Black Equality. New York: Basic Books.

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Bryce, James. 1922. Modern Democracies, in two vols. New York: Macmillan.

Bullard, Robert D. 1990. Dumping in Dixie: Race, Class, and Environmental Quality. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.

Bullock, Charles S., III. 2001. Interview with the author (Aug. 19). Athens, Georgia.

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Court Cases Cited

Allen v. State Board of Elections of Mississippi, 393 U. S. 544 (1969) Baker v. Carr, 369 U.S. 186 (1962) Breedlove v. Suttles, 302 U. S. 277 (1937) Briggs v. Elliott, 132 F. Supp. 776, 777 (1955) Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, 347 U.S. 483 (1954) Brown v. Board of Education, 349 U.S. 294 (1955) Buchanan v. Warley, 245 U.S. 60 (1917) Chapman v. King, 154 F.2d 460 (Mar. 6, 1946) Civil Rights Cases, 109 U.S. 3 (1883) Colegrove v. Green, 328 U.S. 549 (1946) Cooper v. Aaron, 358 U.S. 1 (1958) Corrigan v. Buckley, 271 U.S. 323, 1926 Davis v. Schnell, 81 F. Supp. 872 (1949) Elmore v. Rice, 72 F. Supp. 528, S.C. (1947) Franklin v. Harper, 205 Ga. 779 (1949) Gayle v. Browder, 352 U.S. 903, (1956) Giles v. Harris, 189 U.S. 488 (1903) Gray v. Sanders, 372 U.S. 368 (1963) Grovey v. Townsend, 295 U.S. 45 (1935), Harper v. Virginia State Board of Education, 383 U.S. 663 (1966) Heart of Atlanta Motel Inc. v. United States, 379 U.S. 241 (1964) Lane v. Wilson, 307 U. S. 268 (1939) Luther v. Borden, 48 U.S. 1 (1849) McLaurin v. Board of Regents, 339 U.S. 637 (1950) Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada, 305 U.S. 337 (1938) Morgan v. Virginia, 328 U.S. 373 (1946) Morris v. Peters, 203 Ga. 350 (1948) N.A.A.C.P. v. Patterson, 357 U.S. 449 (1958) Newberry v. United States, 256 U.S. 232 (1941) Nixon v. Condon, 286 U.S. 73 (1932) Nixon v. Herndon, 273 U.S. 536 (1927) Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U. S. 537 (1896) Reynolds v. Sims, 377 U.S. 533 (1964) Sanders v. Gray, 203 F. Supp. 158 (1962) Shelby v. Holder, 570 U. S. __ (2013) Smith v. Allwright, 321 U.S. 649 (1944) South Carolina v. Katzenbach, 383 U. S. 301 (1966) Stevenson v. West, 413 U.S. 902 (1973) Sweatt v. Painter, 339 U.S. 629 (1950) Terry v. Adams, 345 U.S. 461 (1953) U. S. v. Classic, 61 Sup. Ct. 1031 (1941) U.S. v. Jefferson County Board of Education, 372 F. 2d 836 (Fifth Circuit, 1966) U.S. v. Reese, 92 U.S. 214 (1875) Williams v. Mississippi, 170 U.S. 213 (1898)

110