Navies and Maritime Policies in the South Atlantic Edited by Érico Duarte · Manuel Correia de Barros Navies and Maritime Policies in the South Atlantic Érico Duarte • Manuel Correia de Barros Editors Navies and Maritime Policies in the South Atlantic Editors Érico Duarte Manuel Correia de Barros Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul Strategic Studies Centre Porto Alegre, Brazil of Angola-CEEA Luanda, Angola ISBN 978-3-030-10599-0 ISBN 978-3-030-10600-3 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-10600-3 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018968423 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the ­publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and ­institutional affiliations. This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank the two grants that funded the elaboration of this book from the Ministries of Education (CAPES) and Defence of Brazil’s ‘Pró-Defesa’ fellowship and the Brazilian Council for Science Technology (CNPq). We also thank Danilo Marcondes, from Brazilian National War College, who reviewed and commented on most of the manuscript making signifi- cant progress in its coherence and quality. We thank also Ms. Bruna Toso de Alcantara for reviewing some of the chapters, and Igor Castellano, from Federal University of Santa Maria – Brazil, who played a special role in the designing of the book. Finally, we appreciate Alina Yurova, from Palgrave Macmillan, for her trust and support of this project. The Editors v CONTENTS 1 Introduction 1 Érico Duarte 2 Maritime Security and Governance of the South Atlantic: The Nigerian Perspective 13 Paul G. Adogamhe 3 The South African Navy and Regional Maritime Security: The Dilemma of Political-­Strategic Objectives and Financial Constraints 41 Theo Neethling 4 The Expansion of Argentine Limits in the Continental Shelf: Implications in the International Scope 69 Rodrigo Milindre Gonzalez and Sergio Gabriel Caplan 5 The UK and Argentina: Economic Interdependence, Informal Empire, or Just Good Friends? 97 Martin Robson 6 Gateway and Neighbourhood: Brazilian Perspective on South Atlantic Security 125 Rodrigo Baena Soares and Cláudio Medeiros Leopoldino vii viii COntents 7 Brazil and the Construction of Its Power to Defend the South Atlantic 151 Juliano da Silva Cortinhas 8 Conclusion 187 Manuel Correia de Barros Index 197 NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS Paul G. Adogamhe Professor of International Relations in the Department of Political Science at the University of Wisconsin, Whitewater, USA. He holds MPhil/PhD degrees in Political Science from the CUNY Graduate Center, New York. Born in Nigeria. Sergio Gabriel Caplan Lecturer at Office of Naval Research and Strategic Studies of Argentine Navy. Researcher of the Argentine Centre of International Studies. He was researcher of Argentinian Institute for Public Security Studies, Naval University Institute, and PNUD. He holds an MA in International Relations from the National University of La Plata. Manuel Correia de Barros Retired Brigadier General of the Angolan Armed Forces (FAA), founder and deputy chairman of the Strategic Studies Centre of Angola’s (CEEA) Executive Council. His last military assignment, till 2004, was as Chief of the Information and Analysis Department – Military Intelligence Services. Juliano da Silva Cortinhas Professor of International Relations at the University of Brasília. He holds a PhD from the University of Brasilia and an MA from the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, both in International Relations. He served at the Brazilian Ministry of Defence (2013–2016) and was Senior Civil Advisor for Defence Affairs to the Brazilian Presidency at the Secretariat for Strategic Affairs (2012–2013). Érico Duarte Professor of Strategic Studies and International Relations at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul. He holds DSc and MSc degrees in Strategic Studies from the University of Brazil. He was visiting ix x NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS fellow of the Corbett Centre for Maritime Policy Studies of the King’s College at Shrivenham, Institute for Peace Studies and Security Policy (IFSH) of Hamburg University, the Latin American and Caribbean Centre of Leiden University, and US National Defense University. Rodrigo Milindre Gonzalez Professor of International Relations at the University of Vale do Itajaí, Brazil. He holds an MA in Strategic International Studies by Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Born in Uruguay. Cláudio Medeiros Leopoldino Career diplomat of the Brazilian Foreign Service since 2003. He holds BA and MA degrees in International Relations from the University of Brasília. Former deputy coordinator-­general for Defence Affairs at the Brazilian Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2013–2015). Currently serving at the Delegation of Brazil in the United Nations. Theo Neethling Professor and Head of Department, Department of Political Studies and Governance, University of the Free State, South Africa. He was awarded DLitt and Phil degrees in 1992 from the University of South Africa, both in the field of International Politics. Martin Robson Lecturer in Strategic Studies at University of Exeter. He was lecturer in the Defence Studies Department, King’s College London and Caird Senior Research Fellow of UK National Maritime Museum. He holds PhD and BA degrees in War Studies from King’s College London. Rodrigo Baena Soares Career diplomat of the Brazilian Foreign Service since 1987. He holds MA degrees in International Relations from the US American University and Public Administration from the École Nationale d’Administration, France. Former special adviser for Defence Affairs of the Brazilian Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2012–2015), an Ambassador of Brazil in Mozambique (2015–2018). Currently serving as the Ambassador of Brazil in Peru. LIST OF CHaRTS Chart 7.1 Investments share of the defense budget in Brazil, France, and the UK since 1999 170 Chart 7.2 Brazilian Navy’s appropriations (percentage of spending in different accounts since 2001) 171 Chart 7.3 Brazilian, British, and French navies’ active military contingents since 1999 (thousands) 173 xi LIST OF TaBLES Table 7.1 Naval composition of Brazil, France, and the UK in 2016 167 Table 7.2 Percentage of the GDP spent on defense, total defense spending, and percentage of the defense budget to personnel in Brazil, France, and the UK since 1999 169 Table 8.1 South Atlantic navies’ compositions 188 Table 8.2 Defence budgets and personnel 192 xiii CHAPTER 1 Introduction Érico Duarte This book offers assessments of the maritime policies of the principal South Atlantic navies, and their implications for the regional maritime order. It is part of a project to set a new agenda for scholarship on South Atlantic maritime security issues. While Maritime Security Challenges in the South Atlantic deals with regional security issues with maritime impli- cations, Navies and Maritime Policies in the South Atlantic discusses the maritime interests, naval capabilities, and policy agendas of Nigeria, South Africa, Argentina, United Kingdom, and Brazil. The overall project aims to provide the first comprehensive and multi-­ level analysis of South Atlantic contemporary maritime security issues. First, it is a multinational effort that reflects the compromise in providing South American and African perspectives of naval and maritime issues, without neglecting Northern hemispheric counterpoint views. Second, these collaborations involve individuals with eclectic backgrounds, united by the emerging field of maritime security studies.1 Third, the project aims to launch further research agendas rather than conclude any of its several topics. This book presents different conceptual backgrounds and views over the possibilities of African navies’ engagement in naval cooperative arrangements; the character of British maritime policies for the Falkland Islands, Argentina, and South America; the national strategies to deal with É. Duarte (*) Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil © The Author(s) 2019 1 É. Duarte, M. Correia de Barros (eds.), Navies and Maritime Policies in the South Atlantic, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-10600-3_1 2 É. DUARTE the opposed claims of economic exclusive zones;