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South African Naval Diplomacy Since 1994

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South African Naval Diplomacy Since 1994 SOUTH AFRICAN NAVAL DIPLOMACY SINCE 1994 By CALVIN MANGANYI Thesis presented in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Military Science (Security and Africa Studies) at the University of Stellenbosch Supervisor: Professor Thean Potgieter Co-supervisor: Benjamin Mokoena April 2014 Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za ii DECLARATION By submitting this thesis electronically, I declare that the entirety of the work contained therein is my own, original work, that I am the sole author thereof (save to the extent explicitly otherwise stated), that reproduction and publication thereof by Stellenbosch University will not infringe any third party rights and that I have not previously in its entirety or in part submitted it for obtaining any qualification. Date: 06 February 2014 Copyright © 2014 Stellenbosch University All rights reserved Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za iii ABSTRACT Since the beginning of naval power, navies have been used by their states as instruments of foreign policy. In South Africa, the political transition since 1994 originated the evolution of the country’s foreign policy. Accordingly, foreign policy has implications for the South African Navy (SAN). Traditionally, navies have three main roles, namely: military, policing and diplomatic, roles. This study only focuses on the diplomatic role of the navy, termed naval diplomacy. In this regard, the SAN is the custodian of South African naval diplomacy. The purpose of this study is to investigate and theoretically appraise the nature and scope of South African naval diplomacy since 1994. The study has two objectives: firstly, it seeks to outline the most salient features of South Africa’s foreign policy, post-1994, as the framework for naval diplomacy; and secondly, it seeks to analyse and describe how the SAN has utilised naval diplomacy, namely: maritime coercion, naval cooperation, international maritime assistance, and international conflict resolution and management, in pursuit of South Africa’s foreign policy objectives. The research methodology is a qualitative descriptive analysis, using a literature study, factual data sources, and interviews, as techniques. Both primary and secondary sources are consulted. This study makes an original contribution to the gap in the literature on South African naval diplomacy. In this regard, with the procurement of the recent ships and submarines, South African naval diplomatic capabilities have improved significantly. It is for this reason that the SAN is currently instrumental in maritime coercion in the region, particularly deterrence against piracy and other maritime insecurity issues. The SAN is also immensely involved in naval cooperation. In terms of international maritime assistance, the SAN does not only assist other countries in search and rescue missions, but also empower them. It also plays a vital and evolving role in international conflict resolution and management. The, however, SAN faces several hindrances including ageing equipment and ships (such as strike craft and hydrographic survey vessel); lack of patrol vessels and sea lift capability; loss of skilled personnel; and other challenges. Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za iv OPSOMMING Sedert die ontstaan van vlootmagte het state vlote as buitelandse beleidsinstrumente aangewend. Die politieke oorgang in Suid-Afrika in 1994 het tot ʼn evolusie in die land se buitelandse beleid aanleiding gegee, wat ook gevolge vir die Suid-Afrikaanse Vloot (SAV) ingehou het. Tradisioneel het vlote drie hooffunksies, naamlik ʼn militêre, ʼn polisiëring en ʼn diplomatieke funksie. Hierdie studie fokus slegs op die diplomatieke funksie van die vloot, waarna verwys word as vlootdiplomasie, en die SAV se rol as die ‘bewaarder’ van Suid-Afrikaanse vlootdiplomasie. Die doel van hierdie studie is om ondersoek in te stel na die aard en omvang van Suid-Afrikaanse vlootdiplomasie sedert 1994 en dit aan die hand van relevante teoretiese beginsels te beoordeel. Hieruit voortspruitend is twee doelwitte: eerstens om die wesenskenmerke van Suid-Afrika se buitelandse beleid na 1994 as raamwerk vir vlootdiplomasie te gebruik; en tweedens om die wyse waarop vlootdiplomasie ter ondersteuning van Suid-Afrikaanse buitelandse beleidsdoelwitte aangewend is, te beskryf en te ontleed met spesifieke verwysing na maritieme dwang, samewerking tussen vlootmagte, internasionale maritieme hulpverlening, en internasionale konflikresolusie. Die navorsingsmetodologie is 'n kwalitatiewe beskrywende ontleding, gegrond op 'n literatuurstudie, feitlike bronne, en onderhoude. Beide primêre en sekondêre bronne is in die proses geraadpleeg. Hierdie studie is 'n oorspronklike bydrae om die leemte in die literatuur oor die Suid-Afrikaanse vlootdiplomasie aan te spreek. Na die onlangse aanskaffing van nuwe skepe en duikbote, het die SAV se diplomatieke vermoëns aansienlik verbeter. Die gevolg is dat die SAV tans ʼn wesenlike bydrae met betrekking tot maritieme dwang in die streek speel, veral wat teen-seerowery en ander maritieme veiligheidsbedreigings betref. Die SAV is ook baie betrokke in maritieme samewerking. Wat internasionale maritieme hulp betref, het die SAV ander lande met soek en reddingsoperasies bygestaan en ook bemagtig. Die SAV lewer ook ‘n groeiende bydrae tot internasionale konflikresolusie en bestuur. Maar die SAV staar ook verskeie uitdagings in die gesig wat die volgende insluit: verouderde toerusting en skepe (soos aanvalsvaartuie en die hidrografiese opmetingskip); 'n gebrek aan patrollievaartuie en 'n see-verplasingsvermoë; verlies van opgeleide personeel, en verskeie ander uitdagings. Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Xikwembu xa Matimba muendli wa tilo na misava, Heavenly Father wat in die hemel is, I am sincerely appreciative for the love, fortification, supervision and serenity bestowed upon me. Without You, I would have had no energy and fortitude. As scripture says in Psalm 23: U Murisi wa mina Yehova. I am duly thankful to my supervisors, Professor Thean Potgieter and Benjamin Mokoena for their guidance, support and constructive criticisms in this study. Without you I would have been lost in the tortuous road torturous to navigate. My solemn gratitude to all the participants interviewed. My beautiful daughter, Princess Zanita Manganyi, and Noshia, I lack words to express my genuine gratitude for your love and support since you became part of my life, Ndza nkhensa. Vakokwana, my maternal grandparents, Tsatsawani N’wa Xirhami Mahori and the late “Bokisi” Samuel Mzamani Chauke, and my parents, Mzamani James and Mphephu Sophie; thank you so much for raising me to be the man I am today. My siblings, Mavis, Mpho, Cynthia, David, Onicah, Makungu and Tshovelo, and my cousins Phathutshedzo and Intelligence, and niece Phumzile, thank you very much for your encouragement, prayers and support. My uncles, thank you for guiding me from my humble beginnings. Vaka Manganyi, my ancestors in the former Gazankulu homeland; Mina Calvin, wa Mzamani, wa Yingwani, wa Risimati, wa Magondweni, wa Gwayini, wa Mafole, wa Phadzi, wa Ripindzi ro phasa homu ri phasa na rhole-Yiku Mhooo, nami losa. From Block 10 Gandlanani ka Mavambe, Malamulele, and Soweto Chiawelo, to Cape Town, vavurile vatsonga vaku: Mintirho Ya Vulavula. My sincere gratitude to the support I received from the South African Navy and Stellenbosch University, the Faculty of Military Science (Military Academy) in particular. This thesis is a dedication to all those in uniform who pledged to serve and defend our country and its people in accordance with the Constitution and the law and with honour, dignity, courage and integrity, from Admirals to Seamen serving on board South African warships and shore establishments. Without you all, there is no navy of the people, by the people and for the people. I salute you. Calvin Manganyi Faculty of Military Science (Military Academy), Stellenbosch University. Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za vi TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION.......................................................................................................... ii ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................. iii OPSOMMING.............................................................................................................. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......................................................................................... v TABLE OF CONTENTS............................................................................................. vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS……………………………………………............…. xiv LIST OF FIGURES...................................................................................................... xx CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION..…………………………………...........………. 1 1.1 INTRODUCTION………………………………………………...........…….. 1 1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT……………………………………….............…... 3 1.3 DEMARCATION AND LIMITATIONS OF STUDY………….............…….. 3 1.4 PURPOSE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY………………............………. 4 1.5 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY…………………………………..........….… 5 1.6 LITERATURE REVIEW……………………………………….........………. 5 1.7 CONTENTS DESIGN…………………………………………..............…….. 8 1.8 CONCLUSION………………………………………………........………..… 9 CHAPTER 2: FOREIGN POLICY AND NAVAL DIPLOMACY …............…… 10 2.1 INTRODUCTION……………………………………………….........……… 10 Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za vii 2.2 FOREIGN POLICY AND NAVAL DIPLOMACY: CONCEPTS AND THEORY………………………………………………………………..........
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