Section II Tegislaf URES/ and Legislan(J)N 1. Legislativ^E Orgaiiization and Services 2. Legislation

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CP- Section II V • tEGISLAf URES/ AND LEGISLAn(J)N I I 1. LegislatiV^e Orgaiiization and Services '••.-. • "•'•.' • 2. Legislation

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• » «• STRUCTURE AND PROCEDURES. :.

r~|~1HE citizens of the kates4;hrbughlheir states (including Nebraska) thqy serve for constitutions have vested the supreme;-'-t^^ terms are the rule for mem- 1J! law-makingppwerin.tlijttfii?g^Mtures . bers of lower houses. In forty-three states They have provided for thepbpw^lar elec- House miembers serve for two-year terms; tibn at frequent intervals of those who com- only in the states of Alabama, Louisiana, prise the leg^ative bpdies. Except in Ne- Maryland and Mississippi do they have braska they have established two-house four-year terms. .•^-- - legislatures in each state. ~ Legislatures in a quarter of the states in Beyond these comnion elements, a very 1952-53 considered measures to lengthen wide variety of constitutional provisions, legislative terms. Only in Ohip and Cali- statutory nequirements, rules and prece- fornia did these proposals get as far as popu- dents govern the workings of the state legiis-, lar vote, and in both cases they were de- latures. Together thfese determine the many feated. Again in 1954-55, ten states consid- details of legislative structure, organization ered measures to lengthen termis, but only and procedure, the purpose of which' is to in Ohio has a measure been sent to the peo- enable the legislatures to carry out their pie for vote. The vote, to be held Nbvem- ' resjponsibilities in an orderly and effective ber, 1956, will decide whether Ohio Senate mannen , ^ terms will be increased from two to four SIZES AND TERMS ' years.. ^^ SESSIONS In size the American state legislatures ,range from a total of forty-three members in e- As indicated in the table on "Legislative the unicameral Nebraska legislature to ^23 Sessions," fourteen state and three territor- in New Hampshire. The smallest bicameral ialiegislatures meet annually—a significant legislature is that of Delaware, \yith fifty- change since 1943, when only four state two members. (See page 100.) State Sen- legislatures had annual sessions. The re- ates vary in membership, from seventeen in maining thirty-four. state's hold biennial Delaware and -Nevada to sixty-seven in regi^dar sessions, all but three (Kentucky, ?>• Minnesota. The lower houses differ even Mississippi ajjd Virginia) in. the odd-num- more widely—from thirty-five members in , bered years. Delaware and less than sixty each in Idaho, .The trend toward annual sessions is Nevada, New Mexico and Wyoming up to continuing. Sixteen state legislatures in 399 in New Hampshire, 279 in Connecticut 1954-55 considered the matter. In four and 246 in yerrhont. " states—Georgia 'Kansas, Louisiana >and In all states legislative terms are either of West Virgmi^r—the voters in 1954 adopted two or-four years; State Senators in thirty- constitutional amendments providing for two states serve for four years; in sixteen annual sessions. The• legislatures bf, Con-

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94 THE BOOK OF THE STATES necticut arid Nevada in 1955 approved an- S5.00 in^Kansas, I)forth Dakota and Rhode nual session ariiendments. If re-enacted Island up to $30/in Louisiana. For these in 1957, both then ^ to the voters. Mis eighteen states, /the median daily pay is souri voters in 1956 will pass on an annual 512. ^ . • I , ' .• _ ••;. •,-

•^ session amendment.. As indicated in an accompanying table, Restrictions on length of fhe regular ses- legislators ip a number of states fec^ve ap ;sion exist in thirty-two states and take a preciable expense allowances in addition to variety of forms, both direct arid indirect. their salaries or daily pay. In fifteen states, Sixty calendar days is the most common this allowance is payable in the form of a per limitation. Where they exist, most limits on diemrduring the session; fill sbc other states session length are expressly provided in the there are lump-sum allowances. In Louisi- constitution. In nine states, however, the ana, $150 a month is paid when the legisla- length is limited indirectly,.through cessa tur'e is not in session. Travel allowances in tion of legislative pay after a specified pe some form are paid legislators in all states riod of time. In the case of special sessions, except North Carolina, and a. constitutibn- tv/enty-seven states have no limits on length. al amendment, for voter action'in 1956, Several states utilize the device of the "split would provide travel and per dieitn expenses session" or "recess session" to enable legis- in that state.. In some states—Alabama, lators to study pending proposals in greater Arizona, Kansas, North Dakota arid Penn- leisure, to review executive vetoes, or for sylvania—the expense allowance amounts, other purposes. These states include Ala- to more than .the daily pay or salary, bama, California, Florida, New Jersey and Thirty-two states and Hawaii in 1954^55 Wisconsin. The Massachusetts legislature is took action atffecting legislative compensa- empowered to use this device but in prac- tion. Basic pay rates were increased during tice does not. , /^ the biennium in sixteen states: by statutory The Missouri annual session amend- action in ten (Colorado,. Indiana, Maine, ment, referred to above^ would provide Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, New Jer- fifteen-day veto-review sessions, three sey, New York, Ohio and Vermont); by months after adjournment. This innova- constitutional amendments approved in tion would be in. addition to the budget ses- six (California, Florida, New Mexico, Ten sion iri the even-numbered year, and an in- nessee, Texas and West Virgiriia). Ex- crease in length of the odd-year session pense and travel allowances were increased: from five to six months. during the biennium in twelve states and Hawaii. ' i ' COMPENSATION There is general agreement that com GoMMnTEES . pensation .of state legislators has been and Much of the work of the legislative ses- in most states continues to be top low, and sions is done by standing committees. For a it has been reconimended increasingly that •. number of years it has been felt widely that annu^ salaries rather than daily pay plans mos^ legislative bodies have too many corn- be employed. In both respects there have riiittees to permit efficient conduct of com- been extensive changes ip recent years. In mittee work. The resiilts iilclude conflicts of 1943 less than half of the states employed committee meetings, inadequate advance the salary plan; at present, thirty-two states noHce and publicity of hearings, and the as-, use it. The present range of legislative salar- signment of indivi^jaal legislators to more, ies in these thirty-two states is from $200 in . committees than they can serve effectively. New Hampshire to $12,000 in California There have been numerous instances of and $15,000 in New York, per biennium. consolidation of standing committees in re- The median salary, per biennium, is in the cent years. The trend is tow:ard fewer com- $2,400-$2,750 range. mittees and fewer committee assignments ' Eighteen states employ a daily pay plan for individual legislators. A recent survey by for legislators, two of them—Colorado and the Council of State Governments revealed ^^ Oklahoma—using ^ coriibination of daily that rediictibns.in committees between 1946 pay and biennial salary. The amounts paid and 1953 have lowered the median number under daily pay plans vary greatly—from of House standing committees from 39 to 25 I

f^.. LEGISLATIVE ORGANIZATION 95 and of Senate committees from 31 to 22, during that ten year period. The following MECHANICAL DEVICES table illustrates these decreases. , < The use of mechanical and other techno logical devices to expedite and improve the XumbtT of St aits in Each Rcmgt- -—Houst—^—Hi ^—SenaU{a)- - - —. -—Joint—> work of legislatures has Increased in recent Number of 1946 1955 years. The electric rpU call machine, in par •• Standing CommitUts 1946 1955 1946 1955 (*) - W 10 or under... 0 4 0 5 •23 24 ticular, has been a means of conserving * 11-20....;.. 2 11 8 17. 0 0 much valuable legislative time. Between 21-30...... J 9 13 >15 15 0 1 1917 (when the first such machine was in-, 31^«). .! 15 6 13 10 2 2 stalled in the Wisconsin Assembly) and 4l-50v....;. 12. 8- 9 1 1 0 1943, a total of thirteen machines was in- 51-60...... 7 . 3. 2.0 0 0 61^0..;.... 2 2 i.rô 0 0 Stalled in eleven States; Since that time, an " (a) Nebraska is included 6hly under "Senate" in this section. additional fifteen machines have been in (b) Excludes 20 states reporting no joint standing com- stalled, and new installations currehtiy are mittiees. • . '_ ' authorized for the Connecticut^ Georgia (c) Excludes ,21 states reporting no joint standing com mittees. • • and Kansas.Houses. Installations in the Kentucky House and Tennessee Senate are •'••'' • • •. '•• • ' - The number of House Standing commit- under ccnsideratioii. %>"tees (excluding states where the major shaire Use ol radio and televisioin broadcasting of referral work is done by joint committees) in conjunction with state legislative sesr ranges from 8 in South Carolina and 13 in sions ,and committee hearings still .appears • Maryland up to 59 in Ai^kansas, 63 in to be in the experimental stage. A sizeable -Georgia and 64 in Missouri. Senate stand number of states have used those techniques, ing committees (again excluding states particularly on special occasions, such as which , rely chiefly on joint committees) opening sessions and addresses by the Gov range from 7 in New Mexico, 9 in Wiscon ernors to joirit sessions. Systematic cover sin and 14 in Maryland and Rhodelsland, age, however, has been Confined to a few up to ,39 in Iowa and Texas and 46 in states. Mississippi. In several states, notably in ?^, New England, joint standing committees ^ ORIENTATION CONFERENCES cany, on alL or a major share of referral Of increasing popularity in recent years work. These include Connecticut with 32 have been orientation Conferences for legis jojnt committees, Massachusetts with 31, lators—organized opportunities, either be- and Maine with 23. ' . fore the session or early in it, to enable legr islators to become acquainted with each • -• • RULES ; .... .'••_ .other and with parliamentary rules and The rules of legislative bodies, ordinarily procedures, to obtain guidance as to sources adopted at the beginning of each session, of information and assiistance, and in the are t^ basis for the orderly discharge of conferences held in some states to become business. They govern all phases of legisla more familiar, with the problems and opera tive procedure; they are the means by tions of the state government. Sixteen which the legislature is enabled to handle states conduct such conferences in advance its large volumb of work expeditioiisly while of the legislative sessioii-î'mzOhajArkan- at the same time safeguarding the rights of . sas, Florida, Indiana, Kentucky, Louisiana, legislative minpriti^. For these reasons Maryland, Nebraska, New Jersey, New students of the legislative process have sug Mexico, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Utah, gested that arrangements be made for regu ; Washington, Wisconsin and Wyoming. In lar review and modernizing of the rules. fourteen other states, orientation confer According tola recent survey by the Council ences for legislators are held after the sessidri of State Governments, fourteen states have has opened. Not included in these totals are made arrangements of this sort—Arkansas, informal discussions in California and West California, Florida, Idaho, Iowa, Michi- Virginia and the political party confer ganj Minnesota, Nebraska, New Jersey, ences in Pennsylvania and Rhode Island. NorthDakotal Pennsylvania, SouthDakota, Legislative leaders, clerks an<4 service Vermont and 1 Virginia.; '••• agencies frequentiy participate in orient^- r^ 96 THE BOOK OF THE STA TES tion conference. In soine statCounty Boards of Supervisors. Arkansas re- appear ip. the constitution of eVery state. districts through a Bqard of Apjportionmerit In two states, howeA)êr—Delaware and (Governor, Secretary of State and Attorney M^T5^4and — no constitutional provision General). Missouri's House is reapportion rielatesîo subsequent reapportionment. ed by the Secretary of State anrf local gov In tlje greiat majority .6f states, the legisla erning bodies, the Senal;e by a commission ture is the agency designated by the con appointed by the Governor. And Ohio re-: stitution to reapportion. In most cases the districts by action of the Governor, Auditor 'le^latures enjoy this power exclusively. and Secretary of State. Six states, however, have provided alterna , As indicateSi-in the table on apportion tive procedures in the event the legislature ment, all ten states employing non-legisla does not act: California (by a Reapportion tive boards in conjunction with reiappor-. ment Commission which includes five state tionrhent actually have reapportioned officials, ex officib); Illinois (by ^bipartisan since 1950. Among the thirty-eight istates commission appointdci ty the Governor); which do not employ this method, fifteen Michigan (by the State Board of Can states have had their most recent reappor vassers, who may reapportion the House tionments in the 1950's, ten in the 194b's, only);,Oregon (by the Secretary of State); four in'thiel930's, three in the 1920's, four Soiitii Dakota (by a board.of five s1;ate offi in the period'from 1900 to 1920, and two cials, ex officio); and Texas (by the legisla prior to 1900. ,• . ^ .' ;

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I : . . . LEGISLATURES AND LEGISLA TION 97 OFFICIAL NAMES OF LEGISLATIVE BODIES AND GAPITQL BUILDINGS

CaPild StaU .Both bodies 'Senate House . building

Alabama, Stateot.. J^...... Legislature Senate House of Representatives State Capitol Arizona, State of V...: Legislature Senate House of. Representatives State HouseCa) \ Arkansas, State'qf General Assembly Senate House of Representatives State Capitol .. California, State of Legislature Senate Asse^nblyfb). State Capitol """ Cplorado, State of...'... General /Assembly Senate . House of Representatives State Capitol Connecticut, State of General Assemblv Senate House of Representatives State Capitol Ddawarei State of General Assembly Senate House of Representatives Legislative Hall Florida, State of...... ^.... Legislature - Senate House of Representatives Sute Capitol ^ GeoviUa, State of General Assembly Senate . House of Representatives State Capitol Idaho, State of /.' Legislature Senate \ House of Representatives Sute Capitol Illinois, State of.' General Assembly Senate • House of Representatives State Capitol iwHiana, State of General Assembly Senate House of Representatives (c) Iowa, State oif.. General Assembly Senate House of Representatives State Capitol Kansas, State M Legislature Senate House of Representatives State House(a) Kentudky, Commonwealth of... . General Assembly Senate House of Representatives State Capitol Louisiana, State of ..... Legislature Senate Hoiise of Representatives State Capitol " Maine, State of .Legislature Senate House of Representatives State House Maryland, State of General Assembly Senate House of Delegates State House Massachusetts, Common wealth of.. .^ General Court Senate House of Representatives State House • Mk%l$an, State of.... •.' ..... Legislature Senate House of Representatives State CajjJtol Minnesota, State of.... ;.... Legislature Senatg House of Representatives State Capitol Mlsstolppl, State of. Legislatute Senate House of Representatives State Capitol Missouri, State of General Assembly Senate House of Representatives State Capitol Montana, Statel of Legislative Assembly Senate, House of Representatives State Capitol . Nebraska, State of Legislature Unicameral State Capitol Nevada, State of. Legislature " Senate - Assembly State Capitol New Hampshire, State of General Court Senate House of Representatives State'House New Jersey, State of Legislature Senate General Assembly • State House New Mexico, State of... Legislature Senate <- House of Representatives State Capitol New Yorlc, State of.. ^ Legislature Senate. Assembly State Capitol North Carolina^ State of General Assembly Senate House of Representatives State Capitol North Dakota, State^^of Legislative Assem'bly • Senate House of Representatives State Capitol Ohio, State of General Asserilbly Seiate House of Representatives State House(a) 'Oklahdma, State of -Legislature ^ Senate. House of Representative.! State Capitol Oretton, State of Legislative Assembly Senate House of Representatives State Capitol PennsvlTania, Common wealth of..... General Assembly • Senate House of Representatives State Capitol lUiode Island and ProTldence nantatlons. State of.: General Assembly Senate House of Representatives State House •• " South CaroUha, State of General Assembly Senate House of Representatives State House South Dakota, State of...... - Legislature Senate House of Representatives State Capitol Tennessee, State of. General Assembly . Senate House of Representatives : State Capitol ' 'Texas, State of Legislature Senate House of Representatives State Capitol(a) Utah, State of Legislature Senate House of Representatives State Capitol Vermont, ^tat^f General Assembly Senate 5-House of Representatives A State House Vlrftlnla, Commonwealth of General Assembly Senate House of Delegates State Capitol . . Washlnjtton, State of legislature Senate House of Representatives Legislative Building West Virginia, State of Legislature Senate House of Delegates State Capitol Wisconsin, State of Legislature Senate Assembly State Capitol Wyoming, State of .".. ^.. Legislature Senate House of Representatives State Capitol Alaska, TerrUory of.. Legislature Senate House of Representatives Federal & Ter ritorial Bldg. Guam..!.. ..?\ l.r Legislature Unicameral Congress Building , Hawaii, Territory of . Territorial Legislature Senate House of Representatives Jolani Palace - Puerto Rico, Commonwealth of. Legislative AssemUfy Senate . House of Representatives Capitol Unicameral • Municipal Virion Islands, Territory of Legislature Bldg. (a) Unofficial. (c) BS^O official name. Both "Stat? House" and "State Capitol" (b) ConititutJonal amendment to be TOted.on in 195(3 propoaes used. changiiis the name of the lower bouse to "House'of Repre- •entative^." .\ •y r-

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LEGISLATIVE SESSIONS ^

Limitations Special sessions Years in on length Length which Sessions convene of sessions of last Legislature may sessiofts ; regular Legislature determine sub- Stale are held Month Day Regular Special session (a) may call ject Alabmma...... Odd May l8t Tues. (b) , 36 L 36 L 36 L No 2/3 vote those present Arizona ...... Annual Jan. 2nd Mon. 60 C(c) 4 20 C(c) 84 C- Petition 2/3 members Yes ArkansaB .....' Odd Jan. 2nd Men. 60 C * IS C(d) 60 C No (d) Callfomla o Annual (e) Jan. Odd-Men. after Jan. 1 120 C None 120 C • No No Mar. • Even-lst. Mon. 30 C Colorado Annual (e) Jan. Wed. after Ist Tues. 120 C(c) None 92 C . No • No Connecticut Odd Jan. Wed. after Ist Men. ISO C(0 None 143 C 'Yea Yes Delaware....; ....; Odd Jan. Ist Tues; None 30(c) No Yes Florida...... ;...... Odd Apr. Tiies. after Ist Mon. 60C(g) 20 e(h) 60 C No 2/3 vote Georgia : Annual Jan. 2nd Mon. 40 C 40C Petition 3/5 members (j) Yes Idaho. Odd Jan. Men. after Jan. 1 60 C(c) 2^^>0 C^ 60 C No No Illinois..... Odd Jan. Wed. after Ist Men. None (k) None 175 C No No Indiana °. Odd . Jan. Thurs. after lat Mon. 61 C 40C 61 C ' -No

lovm.l...... ^.,...... Odd Jan. 2nd Mon. None(l) None 115 C .• . • No • Yea •• Kansas ...:... Annual(e) Jan. Odd-2nd Tuea. 60L(c) 30 L(c) 86 C No • Yes. • ' \ '' ' Jan. EvenJ2nd Tues. . 30C(c) Kentucky.... ., Even Jan. Tues. after 1st Men. 60 L , None 60L No .\ . .• No

• ! Louisiana. ' Annual (e) May Even-2nd Mon. 60C 30 G 60 C Petition 2/3 membera - ' No (m) vo • May • Odd-2nd Men. 30 C 00 Maine.. '. Odd Jan. latWed. ' ' - . None * - None 70 L NoK • ' Yes Maryland; Annual(e) Jan. Odd-lst Wed. .90 C 30 C 90 C No Yes . Feb. Even-lst Wed. 30 C Massachusetts Annual Jan. lat Wed. None None 255 C Yea Yea Michigan .....'.; Annual Jan. 2nd Wed. ;None 'None 18S C No No Minnesota...... ;...... Odd Jan. Tues. after 1st Mon. 90 L None . H-79L No - ' Yes S-78L Mississippi ...... ;.;..... Even Jan. TuCs. after lat Mon. l^one . None - . 122 C No . ' . No Missouri ...;. Odd(n) Jan. Wed. after Jan. 1' ISO C

New Mexico Odd Jan. 2nd TucB. • 60 C 30C{p) 60 C —-- YesCp) Yes (p) New York Annual Jan. Wed. after let Men. None Noni. 88 C * No No North CaroUna. Odd Jan.(Q) Wed. after Ist Mon. 90C(c) 2SC(c) • 1«C No Yes North Dakota.. Odd Jan. Tues. after let Mon. 60 L None 60 C, No Yes Ohio. Odd Jan. Ist Mon. None None 103 L No No Oklahoma Odd Jan. Tuea. after let Mon^ None None 81L No(r) No Orejton. Odd Jan. 2nd Moh. None None 115 C No Yes . Pemuylmnla ^ .'' Odd(8} Jan. let Tuea. ; , None None fz) No No '. Rhode Island. Annual Jan. lat Tuea. 60L(c) None 65 L . No Yes South Carolina. Annual Jan. 2nd Tuea. None None 137 C ; No Yea South Dakota... . Odd Jan. •• •» <0C None 60 C No Yes Tues. after lat Mon. No Tennessee ; Odd Jan. Ist Mon. 75 C(c) 20 C(c) 75 C No Texsu...'. . Odd. , Jan. 2nd Tuea. 120 C(c) 30 C 148 C No - ' No •Utah ...... ;. Odd Jan. ;2nd Men.. 60 C 30 C 60 C No No Vermont.... ;.., Odd Jan. Wed. after lat Men. None None 158 L, No '. Yea -Vlrftlnla ...... ; Even Jan. 2nd Wed. 60 C(c.t). 30 C(c,t) 60 C Petition 2/3 members Yes ° Washlnftton Odd Jan. 2nd Mon. 60 C None 60 C No Yes West Viralnla Annual (e) Jan. Odd-2nd Wed. 60C(u) " None 62 C^ Petition 2/3 members No , - Jan. Even-2nd Wed. 30C(u) Wisconsin .; Odd Jan. 2nd Wed. None None (z) No No - Wyoming..... Odd Jan. 2nd Tuea. 40 C None 40 C No Yea Alaska... Odd Jan. 4th Mon. 60 C ?0C 60 C No No' Guam. '.....;.....'.... Annual Jan. 2nd Mon. 60C(v) ,14C 60 C No No NO HawaU'. ; Odd Feb. 3rd Wed. 60 L(w) None . 60 Lfx) .No Yea .PuertoRlco Annual Jan. 2nd Mon. , lllC(f.aa) 20 C 142 C No No VlriUn Islands Annual Apr. 2nd Mon. 60 15(y) .60 No No

Abbreviations: L—Legislative days; C—Calendar days. sessions, odd-y.ar sessions to be six Aonths long, even-year budgetary sessions to be two (a) 1955 session, except for Kentucky, L.ouIsiana,. Mississippi and Virginia, where last months long, and, in addition, a 15-day session to be scheduled three months after each general session was held in 1954.' . ' . session for consideration of vetoes. (b) L/Cgislature meets quadrennially on second Tuesday in January after election for (o) Petition by majority members of each house to Governor, who then "shall" call spe purpose of organizing. cial session.' ' , ' (c) Indirect restriction on session length. Legislators'pay ceases but session may continue. (p) Limitation doe's not apply if impeachment trial Is pending or in process. Legislature (d) Governor may convene General Assembly for specified purpose. After Bi>ecinc business may call 30-day "extraordinary", session' if Governor refuses to call session when requested is transacted, a H vote of members of both houses may extend sessions up to 15 days. by M of legislature. (e) Alternate year budget.pessions are held, all except the Louisiana session meeting in (q) Proposed constitutional amendment referred for vote in 1956 would change convening the even-numbered years. date to first Wednesday after first Monday in February. . (f) Approximate length of session. Connecticut session must adjourn by firvt Wednesday (r) Governor may convene Senate alone in special session. after first Monday In June, Missouri by May 31. and Puerto Rico by^Aprii 30. (s) Legislature in 1953 adopted a proposal calling for annual sessions with even-year (s) Length of sessionmay be extended by' 30 days, but not beyohd Sept. 1. by ^ vote budgetary sessions which, if re-enacted in 1955, will be submitted for vote as a proposed of both houses. constitutional amendment. (h) Proposed constitutional amendment referred for vote in 1956 would permit the legisla May be extended up to 30 days by'M vote of each house, but without pay. ture to call 30-day special session by H vote of the legislature in ^ poll conducted by the (u) Must be extended by Governor until general appropriation passed; may be extended Secretary of State. ' ' • by M vote of legislature. (i) Seventy-day session limit except for impeachment proceedings if Governor calls session; (v) Organic Act specifies legislature may meet for 60 days during each year, stiatutes 30-day limit if legislature convenes itself. ; specify legislature shall meet for 30 if ays twice each year. ^ i) Thirty-day limit. (w) Governor may extend session up to 30 days, 'with no additional legislative pay.' .k) By.custom legislature adjourns by July 1, since all bills passed after that day are not (x) Sixtieth legislative day lasted from April 29 to May 27. effectiva\ e until July 1 of following year. '(y) No special session may continue longer than 15 calendar days and the aggregate for (I) Custom and pay limit session to 100 calendar days. the year may not exceed 30. . (m) Unless legislature petitions for session. (z) 1955 legislature was in session when table was compiled. i . (n) Proposed constitutional amendment referred for'vote iii 1956 would provide for annual (aa) Session may be extended by. adoption of joint resolution.

•X. "V-.'- 100 4:^. THE BOOK OF THE STATES THE LEGISLATORS *% Numbers, Terms, and Party Affiliations As of 1955

Consli- Senate -House- ^ luiional Va- Consti- Va- Consti- total. Demo- Repub- can- (utional Demo Repub 'can- tulional. ^ of legiS' State • crats licans Other cies total Term crats licans Other cies' 'total \ Term lators :^'^'i>' Alabama...... 3S .. .35 4 106 ... 106 4 141 Arizona 26. 2 ..••' ... 28 2 60 20 ...... 80 2 108' Arkansas 34 1-35 .4 97, 2 1(a) ... 100 2 ' 135 California...... 16 23 .. 1 40 4 32 44 .. 4 80 2 120 Colorado...... IS 20 .. .. 35 4 28 36 .. 1 65 2 100 Connecticut ..; 19 16 .. . 1 36 2 92 184 3(a) 1 280 2 316 Delaware . 12 5 .. .. 17 4 27 8 ...... 35 2 52 Florida 37 1 ..... 38(b) 4 89 6. ..' ... 95(b) 2 133(b) Georgia...... 53 1 .. ' .. 54 2 202 3 .. ... 205 2 259 Idaho ..'-20 24 ' .. .. • 44 2 23, 36 .. ... 59 2 103 Illinois...... 19 31 .. 1 -51(c) 4 < • 74 78 .. .1 lS3(c) 2 204(c) Indiana 14 32 .. 4 50 4 37 62 .. 1 100 2 ISO Iowa.....: 6 43 .. 1 SO 4 19 .89 .. ... 108 2 158 Kansas.. 5 S3 .. 2 40. 4 36 89 .. ... 125 2 165 Kentucky...... 30 8 '.. .. 38 4 77-. 23 .. ... 100 2 138- Louisiana...... 39 ...... 39 4 100 ..... 1 101 . 4 140 Maine. 6 27 ,. .. 33 2 32 116 .. ' 3 151 2 184 Maryland...... 18 11 .. ".. 29 4 98 25 ...... 123 4 152 Massachusetts.... 19 21 ... .. 40 2 127 113 240 2 280 Michigan...... U 23 .. .. 34 2 51 58 1(a) ... 110 2 144 Minnesota...... Nonpartisan election .. 67 4 Nonpartisan election ... 131' 2 198 Mississippi 49 .. .. 49 4 140 ...... 140 4 189 "^ Missouri...... ;.. 19 15 ... .. 34 4 97 60 ...... 1S7 • 2 191 Montana: 23 33 .... 56 4 49 45 94 2 ISO Nebraska..... Nonpartisan election. Unicameral legislature, 2 year term ....'. 43 Nevada 4 12 . J . 1 17 4 . 30 17 47 2 64 New Hampshire.;. 6 . 18 .. .. 24 2 134 259 .. 6 399 2 423 NewJersey 7 14 .. 21 4 ,2(5 40 .. ... 60 2 81 NewMexlco 23 9 .. .. 32 4 52 3 .. ... S5(d) 2 .87(d) New York 24 34 .. .. 58 2 60 90 ..'... ISO 2 208 North Carolina.... 47 1 .. 2 50 2 110 9 .." 1 120 2 170 North Dakota..... 4 45 .... 49 4 2 HI ... 3 116 ,2 165 Ohio. 12 20 .. 1 33 2(e) 45 87 .. 4 136 2 169 Oklahoma... 39 5 .. .. 44 4 101 19 .. 1 121 2 165 Oregon 6 24 .. .. 30 4 25 35 .: .... 60 2 90 Pennsylvania. 23 27 .. ..SO 4 112 97 .. 1 210 2 260 Rhode Island...;. 22 22 .. ..44 2 67 33 ...... 100 2 144 South Carolina.... 46 .. .. 46 4 124 ;.. 124 2 170 SouthDakota 6 29 ..35 2 18 57 .. ... 75 2 110 Tennessee 28 4 1(a) .. 33 2 79 19 .. 1 99 2 132 Texas...... 30 .... 1 31. 4 146 4 150 2 181. Utah.... 7 16 .. .. 23(0 4 27 33 .. ... 60(0 2 83(0 Vermont.; 7 22 1(a) .. 30 2 . .24 217 2(a) 3 246 2 276 Virginia.....::.... 37 3 .. .. 40 4 94 6 .. ... lOO .2 140^ Washington 22 23 .. 1 46 4 SO 49 .. ... 99 2 145 'West Virginia..... 23 9 .. 32" 4 75 24 .. 1 100 2 132 Wisconsin 8 23 .. 2 3i 4 . 36 62 .. 2 100 2 133 Wyoming...... 8 19 .. ..27 4 24 32 ..... 56 2 83 Alaska 11 4 .. 1 16 4 21 3 24 2 . 40 Guam 21(g) «.. '21 2 .; Unicameral... 21 Hawaii 8 7 ., .. 15 4 22 8 .. ... 30 2. 45 Puerto Rico...... 25(h) 3 4(i) .. 32 ,. 4 47(h) 7 10(i) 1 65 4 97 Virgta Islands 1 1 9(j) •• H 2 Unicameral.. 11

(a) Independent. (e) Constitutional amendment to be voted in November, (b) Proposed constitutional amendment to be voted on in 1956, proposed four-year Senatorial terms. November. 1956, would fix size of Senate'at 67 and House at (f) 1955 reapportionmenf fixed size of Senate at 25 and 13S. a total legislature of 202. House at 64. a total legislature of 89. (c) 1955 reapportionment fixed size of Senate at, 58 and (g) Popular Party, 18; Independent, 3. House af 177, a total legislature of. 235. h) Popular Democratic Party, (d) Size of. House increased from 55 to 66 by constitutional i) Independentist. • amendment approved September 20, 1955, Total size of legis' J) Unity, 4; Independent, S. lature will be 98.

\. LEGISLATURES, AND LEGISLATION 101 LEGISLATIVE PROCEDURE: STANDING COMMITTEES AND HEARINGS

No. of standing committees at Range in siu 1 House most recent < Hearings committees Senate regttlar session committees open appointed committees , ^- . state by speaker appointed by House Senate Joint House Senate Joint Public*

• . President IS 30' 0 7-15 2-21 ''" \ Dis. President 19 28 0 IS - 5-11 Dis. President • ~ 59 21 , 1 3-29 5-12 "n Dis. 25 " 22 . 1 . 4-28 5-13. Yes •rs. • • Comm. on Rules Resolution. 16 20 1 S-19. 4-20 6 Dis. • Pres. pro tern 0 • 0 32 NA Yes • Pres. pro tern 26 26 . 0 NA' 'NA Dis.. • Pres. 56 38 1 • 6-27 7-13 "e' Yes (a) Pres . • 63 38 0 5-60 5-28 . Dis. - •• • • ' 9 ' • Pres. • . 21 20 ,3 3-11 5-11 Dis. . Illinois Comm. on Comms. 22 24 -.7 0 5-42 3-24 8-i2 Yes • President 41 38 2 4-17 5-11 Dis.

• . President 37 39- '-2 7-51 '' 1-28 6' Dis. •. • President 43 30' 1 3-23 S-13 12 Dis. Committee Comm. on Comma. 43 38 . 0 10-48 6-29 Dis. on Committees Louisiana...... • President 16, IS • 0 16-20 6-17 Dis.

•••••• President 8 3 23 • 4-23 4-12 7-12 Yes • . President ' ' 13 14 2 5-32 5-14 6-10 . Yes President 6 4 31 2-15 • 3-7 15 Yes Comm.'On Comms. 47 19 0 5-15 S-7 Dis.

-; ••;': Comm.-on Comms" 41 ,32 3 9-29 9-23 6-18 Yes. • Lt. Governor 47 46 • S 5-29 3-26 5-13 Dis. Pres. pro tern 64 25 1 6-45 5-13 14 Dis. • Special comm. (b) 36 36 . 0 3-15 3-13 Dis. Comm. oti Comms. (c) .1? (c) (c) 1-9 (c) Yes President . ,27 20 0 5-11 3-5 Dis. New Hampshire.... • President 24 18 1 3-21 3-7 "&' • Yes ^f New Jersey... . • • President 16 16 4 7 5-7 12 Dis.

• (d) Comm. on Comms. 24(e) 7 ; 0 7-17 •5-12 Dis. •New York. •. • Pres. pro teni 36 28 0 15-20 6-25 Dis. North Carolina • •President. • 46 28 0 8r62 6-26 Yes • Comm. on Comms. 20 20 0 3-21 3-15 Dis. 11 •' Ohio • Pres. pro tern • 22 20^ 1 S-2'3' 7-9 . ••8 Yes •(0 Pres. pro tern (g) 33 32 0 3-30 3-28 Yes • • .Pres. 22 20 l^, 5-11 5-9 NA" Yes • Pres. pro tern 34 22 0 9-20 9-24 Dis. • • Named in rules IS • 14 . 6 8-18 5-10 8-9 Dis. South Carolina.... • Elected, (ii) 8' 33 3 5-27 6-19 6-15 Dis. . • i • President 51 27 0 3-15 3-15 Dis. • • Speaker 17 17 0 16-30 7-16 Dis. Texas... • • President 43 39 . , 0 5-21 3-21 Dis. Utah. • President ' , IS- 15 1- 14-17 4-7 '28' Yes. • • Special comm. . 18 18 3(i) 5-15 3-6 6T-56 Yes Virginia.. '.if Elected 34 21 3 . • NA NA. NA Di3.(j) Washington • '.President .28 26 0 7-33 .3-23 Dis. West Virginia...... • • President • •. , 25 29 3 10-25 73-18 • "s" Dis. • Comni. on Comms. 23 9 2 3-11 •'3-10 5-14 . Yes Wyoming •. • President 21 19 1 ., 4-10 2-7.. 12 •• Disi

(k) (k) • 12 ,16 2 5 NA--- NA Dis. ' (c) , Comm. on Rules (c) - 7 (c) (c) •NA (c) Yes HawaU • President (1) 19 14 0 6-13 2-7 Dis. • President 16 16 0 ; 7-23 5-17 7-i6 Dis. (c) Elected (c) 3 (c) (0 . NA (0 . Dis.

• • Abbreviation: Dis.—Discretionary;- NA—Information (g) Senate elects Senate standing committees. not available. (h) Special committees are appointed. (a) Senate committees sometimes meet in executive 8ee"iion. (i) Corresponding committees of each house usually meet (b) Confirmation by Senate. ' . jointly. (c) Unicameral legislature. (j) Final vote by a House committee must be in open session. (d) Standing Committee on Committees advises him. (k) Nominated by Committee on Committees and elected by (e) House had 24 committees at -1955 session and reduced House and Senate respectively. number to 16 at end of session. - (1) Except four select committees made up of Senators from (0 Coniinnation'by House. each of the four islands.

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LEGISLATIVE PROCEDURE: BILL INTRODUCTION AND/ REFERENCE

Exceptions to limitations

By - • Reve At Pre- indicated For nue and • re session . Prer vote of com appro quest bill. , session-/ BiUs referred to committee Commit appro- mit pria of drafting . ,ibm':r by tee must Time limits on priate tee tion Gov • service filing » ' report State introduction of bills house , biUs bills ernor Other provided permitted House Senate all biUs Alabama.. :.. No limitations ... Yes(a) No Speaker President No Arizona...... Senate—50th day •. J< .Yes(a) No Speaker President No J Arkansias...... None last 3 days ..: Yes No Speaker President Yes California ;... Regular—Constitu- Ji (b) Yes (a) No Speaker Rules Comni. Yesfc) tional Recess (b) ' Budget Sessioh^No limitations . Colorado...... Set at last week Yes (a) » No Speaker , President' Yes (c) Connecticut .. Fixed at session ... Yes (a) Yes Speaker President' No Delaware..'. .. ;{• Yes (a) No Speaker P.O. ^ - No Florida...... No limitations Yes No Speaker President Yes

Georgia No limitations : .., .Yes Yes Speaker President No Idaho. 30th day No No Speaker President Yes Illinois....' Minor limitations (d) ..i Yes (a) No Speaker Bills Comm. No Indiana . Senate—33rd day Majority Yea No Speaker President No O House—30th day to Iowa. No •No; Speaker President No Kansas.....' .. ; Yes (a) No Speaker • President No Kentuclty...... No limitations , Yes (a) No Comm. on* Comni. on • No Comms. Comms. Louisiana... Regular-^2l8t day H elected Const. Amendments, Yes Yes- SMsflcer (e) President (e) No Budget session—10th 30 days day Maine ; Fixed at session' Unanimous Yes (a) (0 Joint Committee (g) No Maryland...... Regular-^SOth day; Bud Yes (a) No Speaker President No . get session—20th day Massaichuaetts.... Must be introduced one ^ present and .. X Bills In reports due Yes (a) .Required (h)^CIerk (i) Clerk (i) Yes. •-•• • month before session . voting 'after convening Michigan.. 63rd day X Yes (a) YcsO) Speaker ^President No . Minnesota. S9th day X Yes No Speaker President No Mississippi. None last 3 days (k) Yes No Speaker President Yes Missouri. .. 60th day Majoi^ty X X Yes (a) No Speaker President Yes Montana. Senate—30th day X No NO' • Speaker President Yes House—40th day " Nebraska. 20th day H elected X Yes (1) Yes (m) (n) Reference Comm. No Nevada... Senate-T-No' limitations X Yes Nd Members Members Yes House—40th day X New Hampshire. 3rd Thursday (o) Yes (1) \ Y^s Speaker President Yes New Jersey 6th week X(p) Yes (a) No Speaker President No New Mexico.,... 45th day .. 'Yes (a) No . Speaker President Na New York Fixed at Session X Yes (m) Yes Speaker President pro tem No North Carolina. Seriate—S6th day, local ... Yes (a).: No • Speaker President Yes bills; 6Sth, department bills (q) North Dakota. 25th day 45 th 40th ... Yes (8) Speaker President Yea day(r) day Ohio. Senate-^No limitations ... ' . : Yes (a) Reference Comih. Majority Leader No Oklahoma. No limitations (k) Yes No .. Speaker President No

Orefton. ;. Yes (a) No P.O. P.O. No. • Senate—No limitations • • • ' Yes (a) No Speaker P.O. No Pennsylvania... House—May 25 (q) 42nd day One day notice, title Yes (a) No Speaker President No • Rhode Island... and explanation read No limitations Yes (a) 'NO P.O. P.O. No South Carolina. South Dakota Yes No Speaker Presideat No ? Tcnhesaee None last 3 days ' .'•' Yes No Speaker Speaker No(t) 4/5 members No Texas 60th day ' '•• Yes (u) Speaker President No Utah..-. ;.;... 3pth day Unanimous - • • No(v) No Si)eaker - . President Yea

Vermont. 5th week (w) .... X' '.. • •' •. Yes (a) ' Yes (m) Speaker President ' ^ No Vlr^&da. ._x - • • • • Yes (a) No - Speaker President No fi elected - X •••• Yes (a) No Speaker President No • Washington 40th day ?i present and , •• • Yes (y) Yes (m) Speaker President No West Vlrjllnla.... 50th day voting (x)

2 Wisconsin..... 38Ui day (w) ....• 52nd No limits for Legis Yes (a) (f) Speaker P.O. Yes day . • • y lative Council or for commit^s Wyomlnft...... 20th day Unanimous No No Speaker President Yea , Alaska ^ • • ^^*-^ '^^^ • Ji vote •• SSth Yes No . Speaker President No day -1 Guam...... • No limitations ' .. Yes No (n) Comm. on Rules No Hawaii... •••••• • , . ,•• • Yes No • Speaker President Yes Puerto Rico 60th day Majority X Yes No President President. No ' Virgin Islands.... No limitations .. . No Yes (n) Comm. of the Whole -

P. C—Presiding OflScer. (k) No appropriaUon or revenue bills may be passed during last five days; in Oklahoma no revenue bills. . (a) Continuous service. . ., .^ „^ ., , ... '. ti ,. ... •. (1) Establiihed month prior to session, lb) No bills may be introduced after the constitutional, recess which must be held not less ^m) Permtdfed but engaged in to limited extent. than 30 days after convening of session, except that each member may Introduce two bills at Unicameral legislature. general session. ' . j t. i , .; j . • j^i. . iol Only those reported by Committee on Rules. Only bills approved by Committee on Introduction of Bills. (c) I-.i practice, those not acted upon are reported back last day of session without recom- Date is established at each session. Date given is limit set at 1955 session. (d) Some minor time limits are set at each session by rule but commonly are waived. Bills Only bills approved by Delayed Bills Committee. may be Introduced any Tuesday or by standing committees. ' • , . Bills processed by Legislative Research Committee and Budget Board printed In ad • (h) Bills must be Introduced in December one month in advance of session, . (x) Permission must be granted by concurrent resolution setting out title of bill, (i) Subject to approval of presiding officer. ,.^, . , , (y) HouK only. J (j) Pre-session filfng permitted at second session of blennlum, not at first session. 104 THE BOOK OF THE STATES LEGISLATIVE PROCEDURE: PRINTING OF BILLS

T—Z ~p— House , Senate When first printed A > Upon upon 0 as- After After •pas• upon sign- corn- •sec• sage • intra- ment to miltee ond by Amend Man- Op- • Man- Op- duc- com- ap read legis ments Slate "^ All Some ddlory tiofol All Some datory tional tion. mittee proval ing lature printed

• (a) ... X (a) .. X (b) (b) (b) (b) (b) No X (c) .. X .. ^ (d) ... X , , No X X X .. X X ^., , , Yes X (e) .. X .. (e) ... a'^(e) .. ,', , , , , Yes , , X .. X X .. X , _ , , ,(g) Ck>nnectlcut.... X ., (d) .. X ... (d) .. X (n , , Yes X(hi) .. X X(h) X X .. , J , , Yes{h) Florida....- (i) ... X (i) .T *X • • (i) (i) , , . , 0) . (k) X .. , , (1) X (m) (n) X • • » ' • Ye3(m) Idaho ... X X .. X .. X X , , Yes lUlnois.. ... X X .. •X'. X .. « X , , Yes(o) Indiana , , . (P) X- , , (P) • X . .. , , , , X (q) . , (r) X .. X X .. X •X (s) X .. X X ;. .X .. X _ ^ •y Yesd)

X X .. X X X , , .. • • • •• • • No X .. X .. X X ..^ X , , ,. , . ,. (u) (V) (v) (w) , , , J , , ,-, (X) , X X .." X .. X ,, , , . •. • (J) Massachusetts.. X ..X x .. ... X X • X • • • ,. ', , ,•, (J) X .. X .. X X .. X . , • -.. , , ,. - (J) Minnesota....'.. , , (p). X(p) .. , , (P) X(p) ., , , , , (p) , , ,, (X) X • .1 •v.X • ..• X .. X X . • • , , ,, (X) X ..X X X X , , , , , , ,, (j) Montana , , (p) X .. , , (p) X , , , , (P) , , ,. Yes Unicameral X ..X , X ,, Yes (v) .. X (v) .. X X , , , , , , ,, Yes(d) New Hampshire. X .. (d) ..' X (d) .. • , , X(z) , , x(z: (j) New Jersey X X .. X X X • • • . . ,. . Yes X X • X • .. X .. X , , , ," ; , •« No X . .. , X •- • .. X.. X .. X • ^ , (aa) • • ,, Yes ;, North Carolina.. ^ ^ •• X .. X X .. X X • , , ' • • ,, No North Dakota... X .. X . X • ..X .. X , ", , , ,, (ab) X ..X X X (f.m) Ohio...... (n) •• • . •• • \ G) Oklahoma (p) X .. (p) X .. X X .. X .. X X •^x , , , , , , ,, Yea) s Pennsylvania... X X X -• , ; X (ac) Yes - Rhode Island... , , X .. X X.. x.. X (b) (b) , (b) (b) .(b)., No South Carolina.. X X •.. X .. X .. (ad) •X X Yes • • • • South Dakota... X ..X X X , , , , , , , , 0) x , , • (h.ae; .. X (h.ae) X x , , , , No(af) Texas ^ , X m .. • • • X (1) , , , , X , , , , G) V Utah... .X X (d) .. .X , , , , , , , , (j) . X X X .. X . .. X • • » • , , • ". V , (j) Vlrgtala..-.... X . X X .. ' X (V) ...... (s) X X X X , , X , , , , , , (s) West Virginia... X X .. X X .. , , , , ^ , . X . . . (ag) ,i; X ;. X X X .. X(ah) • • • • • • . , Yes X X X X X • , . • • Yes

X • • • • • • • X • • • • • • X , , • • ' • • • , , Yes Unicameral X X , , X , , , , • • Yes HawaU... X • • .. • • X • • • - * • • • X , , , , • , , *-. Yes(ai) X X X X > . X , , • • , ; Yes Virgin Islands... Unicameral X X Yes .•• o • • •• •• (a) Unusually important or controversial bills and appropria rated in printed bill. . . tion bills. Any bill may be.ordered printed by either house, (8) If extensively amended, bill is usually reprinted.-,. a standing committee of either house, or the chairman .of a (t) Bill reprinted with committee amendments in heavy type. ^.^ standing committee. •. (u) Senate amendments are printed in journal; in House if ''^ (b) At any stage. amended in committee only amended bill is ever printed; in (c) If no objection by Committee on Printing. practice floor amendments are printed in journal. . (d) Unless otherwise ordered. (v) Usually. (e) Mandatory before passage; optional on introduction. (w) Committee on Reference of Bills generally directs the (0 After Referral Committee orders bill to be printed. . printing of pending legislation prior to referral to committee.' (B) Only if adopted. Either on second or third reading or as. (x) Optional. •recommended by Conference Committee. (y) If time and circumstances permit. (h) Duplicated by means other than printing. (z) After second reading, which is by'title only, bills are re (i) General House bills printed at 1955 session. Senate bills ferred to committee and then printed. rinted or otherwise duplicated by order of President, (aa) All bills, if reported with amendments or amended in the (j).' f n the journals. ^ . , . , Senate, are reprinted immediately, unless amendment re All general public bills as"lfttroduced. stores bill to an eariier printed form. •> Bills and resolutions favorably reported by committee. (ab) Reprinted on colored paper if amended in house of origin.' (m) •In the House. ' . Other amendments printed in journals. - (n) In the Senate. ... (ac) Reprinted; also bills are reprinted as amended. When adopted on second reading. ... (ad) All bills not referred to committees. & (o) All bills that have committee approval. (In Minnesota, a (ae) All public bills must be reproduced; local bills are not. . (P) bill may be ordered printed by a majority vote in either (af) Amendments to major bills may be mimeographed, bouse. In Montana, one-third vote in House and majority lag) Upon motion. S' . vote in Senate may order a bill printed at any time.)...' (ah) 1949 law authorizes the printing of bills between sessions, If amended. but no distribution until'session convenes, [^ Committee and second reading amendments are incorpo- (ai) With redrafts of bills, if time and circumstances permit. ^ LEGISLATURES ANq LEGISLATION - 105 LEGISLATIVE PROCEDURE: OFFICIAL RECORD

-Journal- Published Shows rulings Shows Slate daily of chair all votes Checked by

Alabama...... ^...... • Ye3(a) No . No House—Rules Committee; Senate—Com mittee on Revision of Journal Arizona... v • •..' No No •• Yea House—Chief Clerk; Senate—Secretary Arkansas ., No Yes Yes Journal committee California. Yea Not consistently / • Yes House—Chief Clerk; Senate—Secretary Colorado '. Yes Yea Yea House—Cleric; Senate—Secretary Connecticut Yes Yes Yea Clerks Delaware (a.b) Yea ^-^Yes House—Clerk; Senate—Secretary Florida...... ,.. Yes Yes Ye3(c) House—Chief Clerk; Senate—Secretary, Georgia .. No Yes No Committees on Journals Idaho Yes Senate^Partially . Yea House—Chief Clerk; Sejiate—Secretary lUinols.. Yes Partially • No House—Speaker; Senate—President Indiana. No No Yes • House'—Assistant Clerk; Senate—Asaiatant Secretary Iowa Yes Yes No. House—Chief Clerk; Senate—Secretary Kansas Yea No •Yea Journal Committeea of each house Kentucky... ^...... (d) Yes Yes Chief Clerk ^nd Aasiatant Clerk Louisiana : Yea Yes • Yes Journal Clerk Maine...,. (e) Ye3(f) Yes(0 •House-r-Clerk; Senate—Secretary Maryland Yea Yes Yes Journal Clerk; Legislative Reference'Dept. Massachusetts..; Yes Yes Yes Clerks • Michigan...... Yes . Yea Final passage House—Clerk; Senate—Secretary >mm. Minnesota...... ;. Yes No , No • House—Chief Clerk; Senate—Secretary Mississippi Yes(a) Yea Yes House—Clerk; Senate—Secretary Missouri Yea Yea Yea House—Clerk; Senate—Secretary Montana...; ' No . Yea -: - Yes Journal committee INTebraska Yea No Final reading(g) Journal Clerk . Nevada.. Yea Yes Yes • Assembly—Chief Clerk; Senate—Secretary New Hampshire i Yea Yes Yes . House—Journal committee;-Senate—Clerk New Jersey...... ! No No Yes . Assembly-^Clerk; Senate—Secretary New Mexico. iNo. Yes \ Yea House—Chief Clerk; Senate—Chairman of Judiciary Committee New York...... '• Yes Yes ' Yes Journal Clerk North Carolina...;.... (a) No No Journal committee ' North Dakota Yea • Yes Yes Committee Ohio. Yea ' . Yes Yes Journal Clerk ..-:-—'" '. Oklahoma...... Yes ' Partially .Yes; Journal Clerk Oregon No(b) • Yes Yes ' Chief Clerks . /^ Pennsylvania.. '• Yea , , Yes Yes Journal Clerks ^ Rhode Island...... Yea Yes 'Yes House—Recording Clerk; Senate—Secretary ofState(h) South Carolina Yea Yes Yes ' • Clerks South Dakota Yes . Yes Yes Legislative committee Tennessee,...... ^..... (a) Yes Yes Clerka Texas,.... Yea Yes . Yea Journal Clerks Utah Yea Yes Yea Committee on Revision and Enrolling Vermont...... ;...... Yes . Yes Yes Clerk Virginia • Vea . Yes Clerk aifd Journal Clerk Washington. No Yes • Yea House—Chief Clerk; Senate- -Secretary West Virginia ..... Yea Yes Third'reading Clerks.andjournal Clerka Wisconsin Yes Yes Yes Journal Clerka Wyoming , No Yes Yes Chief Clerka Alaska Yea Yes' Yes Committees on Engrossment and. Enroll ment Guam Yea Yes Yes Executive Secretary HawaU Yea(a) Yes Yes' Clerks : Puerto Rico. Yes No , (Bills) Yea Secretary of each House Virgin Islands (a) Yes Executive Secretary of Legislature

Dally journal prepared; printed after close of session.. not done, Daily calendars. [e) Advance daikr journal printed. On bills and joint resolutions; in other cases, a show of five ,0 . lii completed journal which is not printed. haiids Is required, fi) ' Others at request of one member. • (d) Constitution provides for daily publication, but tbls is ,h) Secretary of State is ex officio Secretary of the Senate.

yrsf •>' 106 THE BOOK OF THE STATES LEGISLATIVE PROCEDURE: HOUSE AND SENATE ACTION

Readings •Roll call on final passage; , __ ^J , mandatory on revest of Majority On of members separate Senate House ElectricroU required to Pass Statie Number days In full . members members call device biU(.a) Alabama ^.. 3 Yes 3rd 1/10 present 1/10 present House Present & "voting Arizona 3 Yes Ist(b). 2nd(b), 3rd ' 2 2 No Elected , ' Arkansas 3 Yes (b) 1st, 3rd S 5 • House M^embership CaUfornla 3 Yes (b) - 3rd 3 3 Assembly Elected - Coloratdo.... 3 (c) 2nd (d). 3rd (d) 1 ' 1- • No . Elected Connecticut..... 3 (e) 2nd, 3rd 1/S present 1/S present No Present & votbg (f) Delaware 3 (c) 1st, 3rd. (g) All bills, joi;it and concur No- Elected rent resolutions ,' Fiorina...... 3 Yes (h) 5- 5 Present Georgia...:.....'. 3 3 3rd (i) 5 IS "Elected , Idaho...... 3 Yes (b) 3rd 3 3 Present 'lUinois...... 3 Yes 1st, 2nd, 3rd •2 5 Elected Indiana...... 3. Yes (b) Jist(b), 2nd(b), 3rd 2 2 Elected Iowa 3 . (k) 1st, 2nd, 3rd (1) 1 1 r^ Elected Kansas...... 3 Yea (b) 3rd S . 25 Elected Kentucky .'. 3 Yes (m) 1st. 2nd(m), 3rd(m) 2 , 2 2/5 elected & ifiaj. voting Louisiana 3 Yes ' 1st All bills and resolutions Both houses Elected Maine ...... (n) Yes (b). 1st (b), 2nd (b) 1/S present 1/S present . No Present & voting (0 Maryland 3 Yes .... 1 5 House . Elected Massachusetts... 3 Yes (o) 1/5 present 30 No Present & voting (0 Michigan...... 3 (c) 3rd (d) 1/5 present I/S present House • Elected' .Minnesota... 3 Yes (b) - 1st, 3rd 1 . 15 Both houses Elected Mississippi 3 Yes (b) 3rd 1/10 preseijt 1/10 present House Present & voting (f) Missouri.... .3 Yes .... 5 . 5' . House . Elected Montana 3 3rd (1) 2 10 • No Present Nebraska 2 (p) 1st, 3rd • 1 Yes Elected (Unicameral) Nevada 3 ^. Yes (b) 3rd, All bills and joint No Elected resolutions New Hampshire.. 3 (c) . .... 1 1 No • (q)" New Jersey 3 Yes (r) - ..... 1/5 present 1/5 present House Membership - New Mexico. 3 (s) •3rd 1 1 . No Present New York;... 3 (t) .... 1 - 1 N6 Elected North Carolina... 3 Yes (b) 1st, 2nd, 3rd • 1/S No. Present & voting (f) North Dakota 2 Yes 2nd 1/6 presefiP 1/6 present Both houses Elected (u) Ohio...... 3 Yes (v) 3rd All bills > -All bills House Elected Oklahoma 3 Yes 3rd Maj. elected iiaj. elected No . •• Elected Oregon 3, Yes (b) 3rd (w) All bills and joint resolutions No Elected Pennsylvania 3 Yes 1st, 2nd, 3rd All bills All bills • No Elected Rhode Island.... 2(d) Yes (d) 2nd 1/5 present 1/5 present No Present & voting South Carolina... 3 Yes 2nd 10 No Present & voting (f) South Dakota • 2 Yes 1st, 2nd (1) 1/6 1/6 No Elected Tennessee 3 Yes (x) 3rd 3 5 House Membership Texas... . 3 Yes' 1st, 2nd. 3rd (1) 3 3 House Present & voting (0 Utahs 3 Yes (b) 3rd > Majority Majority No Elected Vermont 3 .... 2nd 1. 5 No Present&voting (f,y) Virginia ... 3(z) Yes (z) .••• 1/5 present 1/S present Both houses 2/S elected- & ma]. voting Wa8h;,^gton.. 3 . Yes(aa) House—2nd, 3rd 1/6 present 1/6 present House Elected West Virginia 3 Yes(aa) Yes 1/10 1/10 House Present & voting Wisconsin ."3 (ab) .... 1/6 present 1/6 present House Present & voting (f) Wyoming...... 3 Yes (1) 1st. 2nd, 3rd (1) 1 . 1 No Elected Alaska 3 Yes 2nd 3 1/5 present No . Membership • Guam ...;. 3 ' (o) Ist 3 • No Elected. Hawaii. .3 Yes Ist, 2nd (ac); 3rd All bills (ad) All bUls (ad) No Membership ~ Puerto Rico. ' 2 Yes 2nd All.biUs All biUs No • . • Elected ' Virgin Islands...... , . No Present (a) Special constitutional provisions requiring special major business, but when less than two-thirds of elected members.are ities for the passage of emergency legislation or appropriation or present, the assent of two-thirds of those members is necessary • revenue measures not included. to render acts and proceedings valid. .Senate: Not less than (b) Except by two-thirds vote. thirteen senators shall make a quorum for doing business; and (c) Second and third readings only on separate days. when.Iess than sixteen are present, the assent of ten is necessary •--(d) Except by unanimous consent. to reiider their acts and proceedings valid. . (e) Bills or joint resolutions originating with a committee (r)^ Bill may receive second and third reading on same day . may receive second reading same day; when'three-fourths of membership agree. (f) , House rules or custom determine procedure. (s) No more than two readings same day. (g) Third tiding often by title or partial reading. - Assembly: May receive second and third readings same (h) Except by two-thirds vote whereby a bill may be read the day by special provision of Rules Committee or by unanimous first time, the second time (by title only or in full), and the consent. Senate: Bills receive first and second readings upon third time (which must be in full) all on the same day. •; introduction before committee reference. ' (i) First and second readings of local and private bills by I (u) Two-thirds vote required for amendment or repeal of title only unless ordered engrossed. ^ initiated or referred measures. (i) Roll call equipment to be installed in House for 1956 ses (v) Except-by three-fourths vote. X sion. ' (w) On final passage in House the rule provides for reading in (k) Senate: May not have second and third readings same full unless requirement is suspended by two-thirds vote. day without suspending rules except last day. House: Second .(xL Passed each time read. and third readings same day by two-thirds vote. • (y) Quorum for state tax is two-thirds. - (I) Requirements often waived. • - " (z) .Except a bill codifying'the law or .where emergency de (m) Second and. third readings may be dispensed with by vote clared and a four-fifths vote. • of majority of elected members. (aa) Except two readings permitted on same day by four- p (n) Senate: Two readings of all bills and resolves. House: fifths vote. Three readings of all bills, two of all resolves. - (ab) Senate: No two readings on same day. Assembly: Second . (o) Except under 8usi>ention of.rules, then all readings in one and third readings on separate days, ' (ac) If printed, second reading by. title only. (p) Second readlns abolished. Rules often (U8i>ended and re • (ad) For final passage of bill*. Otl-erwise. In Senate, on ferred to committee same day ai first reading.. , request of one-fifth members present. (q) House: A majority of the members Is a quorum for doing

^".f.

'^ LEGISLATURES AND LEGISLATION 107 LEGISLATIVE PROCEDURE: EXECUTIVE VETO , Days after FaleofbiU which bill -—after adjournment—, becomes Days after Days after law (before which bill which bill . adjourn is law dies Votes required Constitution inrohibits ment) unless unless unless Item veto ' in House and Governor from vetoing vetoed " vetoed signed on appro Senate to pass bills _ .: A . (Sundays (Sundays (Sundays priation or items Initiated Referred stale excepted). excepted) excepted) biUs : over veto(a) measures measures .'Alabama...... 6 10 ic Majority elected ^ (b) Arizona.. S 10 •jdr Two-thirds elected(c) Arkansas S 20(d) ir ' Majority elected • California. 30 •He Two-thirds elected Colorado. ^ .10(d) 30(d) "k Two-thirds elected >^ • Connecticut.... 5(e) 15(d) •jlr Majority present (b (b) Delaware...... 10 •36(d) ir Threp-fifths elected (b) (b) Florida.... 5 26(d) ir Two^thirds present (b) (b) Geor^a(0.. 30 (g)" ir Two-thirds elected (h) Idaho.., S io ir Two-thirds present Illinois 10 10. •jlr Two-thirds elected (b) (b) Indiana . 3 S(d.i) .. Majority elected (b) • (b) Iowa.... .3'- 0) 30 ' .. Two-thirds elected Kansas. 3 (k) ir Two-thirds elected (b) (b) . Kentucky.. 10 10 •jlr Majority elected Louisiana...... lO(d.l) 20(d) ir i Two-thirds elected (b) (b) • Maine s (m) ..' Two-thirds present (n) • Maryland (o) 6 6(p) ir ' •' Three-fifths elected (b) (b)

Massachusetts.. 5(e) (Q) ir Two-thirds present *• •*• Michiitan...... ir Two-thirds elected 10 ; 5 • *l _Minnesota...... 3 ' 3 ir Two-thirds elected (b) ^ r Mississippi...... 5 ' (m) ir Two-thirds elected (b) V Missouri...... (r) ir Two-thirds elected t • m• Montana.. . S IS(d.s) ir Two-thu-ds present • • Nebraska 5 5 *(t) Three-fifths elected • • Nevada. 5 10 .:. Two-thirds elected • New Hampshire.. 5 (g) Two-thirds elected (b) New Jersey...... 10(u) 45 'ir Two-thirds electied- ¥(b) v . (b) New Mexico 3 («) 20(8) ir • Two-thirds present (h)^ • •. New York...... 10 30(d) •ilr Two-thirds elected h) , , North Carolina.. r (V) , (V) (V) (v) ...... (b) ,, (b) North Dakota... 3 15(d) ir Two-thirds elected • '"• • \ohio... 10 10 ir Three-fifths elected -k , , hOklahoma S IS it. Two-thirds elected • • • Oregon _, 26 •A'(w) Two-thirds present . . • Pennsylvania... 10(d) 30(d) ir Two-thirds elected. (b) (b) Rhode Island.. 6 10(d) Three-fifths present. (b) (b) South Carolina.. 3 (m) ir Two-thirds elected (b) (b) South Dakota... 3 10(d) •jlr Two-thirds present • - • Tennessee,...,. S 10 •ifcr(x) . Majority elected (b) Texas...'. 10 200) ir Two-thirds present. (b) (b) . Utah 5 10 ir Two-thirds elected • • • •'% Vermont 5 (g) • .'.,'. Two-tliirds present (bV «^ (b) Virginia.- 5 loO) ir Two-thirds present (y) (b) b) Washington..... S 10 ir(z) Two-thirds elected f»- West Virginia... 5(aa) S(d) Majority elected 5W:. (b) Wisconsin 6(1) 6(1) ir Two-thirds present b) (b) Wyoming...... 3 15 (d) ir Two-thirds elected b) Alaska...... 3 3 ir Two-thirds elected Guam i 10 30(g) •jlr Two-thirds elected (b) HawaU 10 10(p) •jlr Two-thirds elected (b) (b) Puerto Rico .10 30(ab) He Two-thirds elected Virgin Islands... 10 30 ir Two-thirds elected

(a) Bill returned to house of origin with objectlons.'t except (p) Within.6 days (in Hawaii 10 days) after presentation to in Georgia, where Governor need not state objections, and the Governor, regardless of how long after adjournment. in Kansas, where all bills are returned to House. (q) Within 5 days of receipt by Governor. In practice General b) No provision for initiative or referendum in state, Court not prorogued until Governor has acted on all bills. c) Three-fourths in case of an emergency measure.- •. ' - (r), If Governor does not return bill in 15 days, a joint resolu tion is necessary for bill to become law. Governor must file"bill s with Secretary of State. Govemoi- may not veto items in budget submitted by him id) Sundays not excepted unless last day Is Sunday. , self after it has passed legislature with three-fifths vote. e) Sundays and legal holidays excepted. - (s) If house of origin is in temporary adjournment on 10th day. 0 New constitution, passed by General Assembly, withholds (t) becomes law on day house of origin reconvenes unless re right to veto constitutional amendnrents. turned by Governor on that day. Governor has power of (g) Unslljtned bills do not become.laws after adjournment. (u) veto after repassage of bills in amended form with condi (h) No provision for initiative in state, tion bill must be approved In 10 days or pocket veto. (i) Bill ibecomes law if not filed with objections with Secretary No veto; bill becomes law 30 davs after adjoununentMf of State within five days after adjournment. session unless otherwise expressly directed. (D Sundays not excepted, Also may veto items in new bills declaring an emergency. (k) In practice, the Iejti*'st-.:r? closes consideration of bills (v)' Governor may reduce or eliminate items but must give writ-. three days before au]oumment\»'r;c ^w. ten notice of Item veto either 3 days before adjournment or (1) Governor has 10 days (in Wisconsin 6 da.rs) from time b!U (w) one da^ after bill Is presented for signature. was i>re8ented to him In wl ich to approve or disapprove. (x) Including majority elected. (m) Bill/passed in one seralon becomes lav if not returned May veto items in any bill containing items or sections. . ' . •within 2'days (Maine and Mississippi 3) after reconvening, Budget (appropriation) bill not submitted to Governor (n) Constitution provides that Governor may veto, initiated (y) after passage. meaisuret and if legislature sustains veto, measure is re- , (z) I Sundays are: not excepted. ' ferred to vote of people at next general election. < '• (aa) (o) 1950; constitutional amendment require* any bill vetoed / afteif adjournment, or dying because of pocket veto after (ab) adjDuriDment, to be returned to the legislature when It .. next convenes, for a vote on overriding the veto. w w

1954 AND 1955 SESSIONS,'INTRODUCTIONS AND ENACTMENTS (As of December, 1955)

-Regular Sessions- -Extra Sessions- No. of No. of No. of No. of intra- enact ititro- enact- Slate Convened Adjourned ductions ments Convened Adjourned* duclions • menis Alabama. May 3; 19SS .Sept. 2, 1955 1,6A1 579 Jan. 25. 19SS Feb. 24, 1955 135 70 Mar. 4. 1955 Apr. 8. 1955 160 80 Apr. 13. 1955 July 21. 1955(a) 48 4 •, Arizona...... Jan. 11, 1954 Apr. 10, 1954 585 160' Oc?. 24. 1955 Nov. 28. 1955 NA NA Nov.'28. 1955 (c) • . • . 7 Jan. 10, 19SS Apr. 3, 1955 , 563 . 159 (c) (c) Arkansas...;...... Jan. 10. 1955 .Mar. 10. 1955 1.099 429 Mar. 1. 1954 Apr. 1. 1954 162 California...... ; Mar. 1, 1954 Mar. 30, 1954 33 10 67 Jan. 3. 1955 June, 8, 1955(b) 5,841 1.966 . Mar. 17. 1954 Mar. 23. 1954 Colorado.... Jan. 6, 1954 Feb. 13, 1954 , 122 62 Jan. 5, 1955 Apr. 6, 1955 807 326 June 22. 1955 June 24. 1955 NA- • NA , Connecticut , Jan. 5, 1955 Nov. 21. 1955 (c) (c) (c) June 8, 1955. 3.535 1.270 • Delaware..... Jan. 4, 1955 Aug. 30.4-954 Aug. 30. 1954 NA • NA (c, d) (c) (c) FIoHda . Apr. 5. 1955 June 6, 1955 (c, e) (c) (0 June 3, 1955 3.379 1,801 Georgia.^ ...... ''...,. Jan. 10,'1955 June 6, 1955 June 17, 1955 -49 18 ,Feb;i8. 1955 981 44a g Idaho. .'. :..,, Jan. 3. 1955 (• • 'Mar. 5. 1955 571 • 285 • «» Illinois...... Jan.S. 1955 -June 30, 1955 2,158 , 973 ^ Indiana Jan. 6, 1955 Mar. 7, 1955 1,016 363 ' Iowa.... r*'- Jan. 10, 1955 Kansas Jan. 11, 1955 : Apr. 29. 1955 1.080 321 1 Apr. 6. 1955 879 447 '. Kentucky. ....,...... ' Jan. 5. 1954 4*- • Louisiana May 10, 1954 Mar. 19, 1954 949 318 . Jan. 3. 1955 ^ Jan. 14, 1955 NA^ NA- . May 9, 1955 Julys, 1954 1.658 767 Maine...... Jan. 5, 1955 .June 7. 1955 321 142 Sept. 21. 1954 Sept. 23, 1951 50 31 Maryland "Feb. 3, 1954 May 21. 1955 1.877 883 Jan. 5. 1955 Mar. 4. 1954 -T 384 79 Sept. 7. 1954 Sept. 8. 1954 Massachusetts Jan. 6, 1954 Apr. 4,1955 1.492 * 725(f) b Jan. 5,1955 -June 11. 1954 3.412 813 Aug..l8.!l954 Aug. 19. 1954 -6 • •3 Michigan Jan. 13, 1954 Sept. 16. 1955 . 3,697 . 933 Nov. 1. 1955 .'(c) (c) (0 Jan. 12, 1955 Apr. 26, 1955 Apr. 26. 1955 12 6 May 14, 1954 744 217 Minnesota Jan. 4, 1955 Sept. 7, 1954 Sept. 30. 1954 199 123 Mississippi. Jan. 5, 1954 . -July 15. 1955(g) 914 283 Jan. 11. 1955 Apr. 7,1955 481 276 April 21. 1955 3,507 892(h) Missouri ,...... ;..... Jan. 5, 1955 Feb. 23, 1954 Apr. 23. .1954 38 13 ^May6. 1954 1,855 670 Montana.... Jan. 3. J55S /May 31. 1955 943 291 Nebraska..'. .T...... • Jan. 4, 1955^ Apr. 20, 1954 May 7. 19S4 10 6 _Mar.5. 1955 . 634 279 Têvada, , ...... :l.,,.. Jan. 17, 1955 Jan. 5. 1954 Jan. 9. 1954 26 24 June 17, 1955 559 : 354 ^.^ New Hampshire ....;. Jan.S, 1955 Apr. 6. 1954 Apr. 9. 1954 7 3 -Mar. 25, 1955 912 553,(1)' — Aug. S,, 1955 -752 460 New Jersey.. Jan. 12. 1954 Jan. 10. 1955 940 »320 Sept. 17, 1954 ' Sept. 17, 1954 NA NA Jan. 11. 1955 (c. i) (c) • (c) New Mexico. Jan. 11. 1955 Mar. 12. 1955 860 377 Sept. 26, 1955 ^ Oct.i5,-195S NA NA New Vork... Jan. 6. 1954 Apr. 19. 1954 6.121 NA June 10, 1954 =^ June 10, 1954 6 A • Jan. 5. 1955 Apr. 2. 1955 6,677 NA North Carolina.«.... Jan. 5. 1955 May 25. 1955 1.997 1.426 North Dakota. Jan. 4. 1955 - Mar. 11. 1955 612 355 Ohio. Jan. 3. 1955 Jan. 11, 1954 Jan. 15. 1954 -July 13, 1955(k) 1,355 331 Oklahoma.. Jan. 4. 1955 May 28, 1955(1) 1.033 436 Oregon...... ;.. Jan. 10. 1955 May 4. 1955 1.432 856 Pennsylvania Jan. 4. 1955 (cm) (c) (c) Rhode Island Jan. 5, 1954 Jan. 4. 1955 Apr. 23. 1954 957 433 ' South Carolina..... Jan. 12. 1954 Apr. 30. 1955 1.121 519 'Jan. 11. 1955 Apr. 2. 1954 '. • . 863 418 iSouth Dakota i'. Jan. 4. 1955 May 27. 1955 1.204 604 Tennessee. .,.. Jan. 3, 1955 Mar. 4. 1955 .815 442' Texas. •••••. Jan. 11". 1955 Mar. 15. 1954 Apr. 13. 1954 211 58. • , ; Mar. 18.' 1955 2.291 947 Utah Jan. 10. 1955 Apr. 23, 1955 Apr. 23, 1955 4 •'4 June?, 1955 1.431 530(n) Vermont. Jan. 5. 1955 Mar. 10. 1955 577 -212 Virginia. Jan. 13. 1954 June 11. 1955 571 351(n) o Washington. , Jan. 10, 1955 Mar. 11, 1955 Mar. 24, 1955 64 21 Mar. 31, 1954 . "NA , NA West Virginia ., Jan. 12. 1955 May 9, 1955 May 13, 1955 16 2 - Mar. 10, 1955 1,387 430 Wisconsin , Jan. 12.: 1955 Mar.. 14, 1955 931, 210 Wyoming Jan. 11, 1955 -Ôct. 21, 1^55(o) 1503 NA Alaska Jan. 24. 1955 Jan. 28, 1955 Apr. 7, 1955 22 19 • Feb. 19. 1955 437 267 Guam...... Jan. 11, 1954 Feb. 15. 1954 Feb. 17, 1954 NA . -NA June 14. 1954 Mar. 25. 1955. 493 259 ; July 26, 1954 July 28, 1954 NA NA Jan. 10. 1955 June 13. 1955 Feb. 9. 1954(pi) ) ^. ,eo Hawaii Feb. 16. 1955 July 13, 1954 (p) } NA 158 ' Puerto Rico. Jan. llj 1954 ireb.8,19SS (p) \ j^. ; ..„ July 19, 1954 July 24, 1954 NA 1 Jan. 10. 1955 July 12. 19SS(p) J NA^ 148 Sept. 7. 1954 Sept; 25, 1954 NA 28 Sept. 27, 1954 Oct. 12. 1954 NA 12 May'27, 1955 2,963 545 Aug. 8, 1955 Aug. 27. 1955 NA 18 May 31, 1954 - NA 217 Oct. 24. i955 Nov. 11. 1955 NA NA May 31, 1955 NA 234 Nov, 21. 1955 Dec. 10, 1955 NA NA VlrgliÎslands. NA. •NA- • NA NA *Actual adjournment dates ore listed regardleas of constitutional limitation. (J) Recessed January 31-March 7;.April 4-Âpril 25; June 9-Augu8t 8; August 29-Septem- NAtInformation not available, ber 12; and September 23-December 5. • (a) Recessed April 22-jruly 21. _ Recessed Tune 23.-July 12. (b) Recessed January 21-February 28. * Recessed March 3l-April 6. (c) 1955 leaialature still in session when table was compiled. (m) Recessed May 11-May. 23; June 29-July 11; .House recessed August 5-Auau8t,29; (d) Recessed August 1 i-September 26. ' • », . „ . ;.„ Senate recessed August 9-August 29; botii houses recessed-September 3^Septembur 12: (e) Special reapportionment session recessed August 10-September 26 and September 29- October 21-Noveinber 14. June4, 1956. ' (n) Figures do not Include resolutions. .' (f) The legislature at the 1956 session will consider sixty 1955 billsvctoed by the Governor. (o) Recessed June 24-October 3. . , Recessed June 4-July 14. (P) Legislature meets for tWo 30-day periods of each year, the first con\ênlng the second. Excluding resolutions not requiring Governor's signature. ' Monday in January, the .second-convening the second Monday in June. The legislature at the 1957 session will consider three 1955 acta vetoed by the Governor., m fT w M-

SALARIELLA S AND COMPEI^SATION OF LEiglSLATORS

SALARY AND DAILY PAY PLANS ADDITIONAL COMPENSATION FOR LEGISLATORS

— .; •• ' ' '• • • • Regular Session Special Session -\r \ • Salary Daily Pay Plan . Plin r-_ ^-— .r—^—S Amount • Basic Date Travel Allowance •Limit on of salary Limit salary basic _: A Amount no. of calculated Amount on no. is salary Amouni Additional expense per days of for of pay of days fixed estab- : per [' Number of trips allowances state day pay biennium per day of Pay by ' lished mile y during session during session AlalSama 910 36 L(a) $10 -36 L Const. 1946 10c • One round trip $20 per day (a) Arizona 8 60 C(b) - 8 20 C Const. 1932 20c One way. $17 per day (c) Arkansas.... « 1.200 6 15 C Const. 1946 5c One round trip None California... 12.000(b) Const. 1954 Sc(d) $14. per day extra allowances for committee mem-r bers (d) Colorado.... 2b(e) 120 .C 3.600(b,e) 20(e) :None Stat. 1953 (0 One round trip • None Connecticut. 600 ...... Const. 194§ 10c None • •. Delaware.... 2.000 • ...... Stat. 1949 M)c Unlimited mileage None ' - • Florida...... 2,400 ... •..... Const. 1954 7Hc Eight round trips $15 per day Georgia 10 40C(b) 10 70C(g) Coiujt. 1945 10c One round trip $5 per day 1 / ^ Idaho 10 60 C 10 '20 C Const. 1946 JOc One round trip . Additional $5 a day fo.r maximum of 60.'days for ' •7 committee members " Illinois...... 10,000 Stat. 1951 10c Round trip;per week n $50 for postage and stationery ^ Indiana...... 3.600(h) Stat; . 1955 6c Round trip per week $10 per day (i) ^ g lowa.^...... 2.(000 20 • None Stat. 194Qi 5c One round trip None Kansas...... 90(b,j) S 30 1 Const. & 1949 15c One round trip $7 per day Stat.. . • • da Kientucky.. 25 60 L(k) 25 Ncne Stat. 1950 15c One round trip • $10 per day; $50 iii lieu of stationery Louisiana... 30(1) 90 C(b,j) 30 30 C Stat. 1952 10c Eight round trips and $150 per month while legislature not In se88lon(l) four round trips during budget session* '' Maine.. 1.250(h) 10 None Stat. 1955 Sc Round trip per week Small allowance for postage, telephone; etc. Maryland.... 3.600(b) Const. • 1946 20c(m) $800 per biennium Massachusetts... 9.000(b) , (n) None Stat. '• 1951 7c(o) Each day (o) $800:per biennium; weekly'expense allowance ac ^ cording to distance from capitol (o) . "y Mlchiitan...... ;^ 8.006(b) Stat. . - 1954 10c Round trip per month $2.000.^per biennium; pliis allowance for postage, . telephone and telegraph Minnesota 4.800(h) 25 (h) None Stat. 1955 ISc One round trip Hou8e;:;$l,100; Senate $1,200 at 19SS session (p) Mississippi... 2.000 15 None Stat. 10c One round trip (a) None J' . Missouri...... ; 3.000 Const, (r) 1945 lOc(r) One round trip (r) $10 pe'r day ' ' . Montana 20(h) 60 C ! 20(11). 60 C' Stat. 1955 7c None - • . Nebraska 1.744 Const. & 1934 ' 6c .One round trip $100 postage allowance Stat. ; Nevada.. IS 60 C IS 20 C Stat. 1945 7MiC Daily commuting (s) $10 per day (s); $60 for postage, etc. ""266" 3 15 C Const. & (t). . Rate-distance ratio (t) New Hampshire,, Stat. None • . 10.000(b) Const. & 1954 .... State railroad pass New Jersey.. Stat. • None- 20 60 C 20 30 C Const. & 1953 10c '^ One round trip New Mexico...... Stat. Stationery, postage, telephone and telegraph IS.OOO(b) Conit. & 1954 (0 Round trip per week allowance New York Stat. $1,000 expense allowance at 19SS annual session. ' North Carolliia... 15 90C(u) IS 25 C Const. 1950 None, (u) None (u) North Dakota.... S(v) 60 L S(v)' None Const.. 1889 10c One round trip $IO'per day l!

1 10.000(h) • • • ...... Stat. 1955 10c ^ '. Round trip per' week Postage and stationery "15 75'L(W) 3.95b(w) 15 75 L(w) Const. 1948 lOc One round trip Postage, stationery. telephone and telcKraph aliow- ance and shipping legUlative supplies Oregon / l,200(x) Const. 1950 10c Postage, stationery and shipping legislative supplies •• \ Pennsylninta »*» • . • « • • « 3.000(y) (.^) . W Stat. i937(y) 5c Round trip p€r week $3,600 per biennium Rhode Island 5 60 L(b) 5 None Const. 1900> 8c None South Carolina...' 2.000(b) («) Stat. . 7c Round trip per week None ". _ - South Dakota.... l.OSO 10 None Stat. i947 Sc One round trip None • . ViT io 75 C 10 20 C Stat. 1958 16c %5 per day 25 120 C 2S , 30 C . Const. • I95K 10c • Onejound trip Small expense allowance determined at session Utah... 1.000 • • « Const. & 1951 lOc One round trip $5 per day f _ .: Stat. Vermont l,(SOO(aa) Stat. 1955 20c One round trip Stationery •- 1.080 . Stat. 1948 7c One round trip « None — : / Washington 2;400 -^-T-iQ Stat. 1949 10c One round trip ^ •• , •' West Virginia 3.000(b) ... Const. 1954 10c One round trip $15 per day /' Wl8(X>nsln...... 4,800 ... Stat. 1949 (ab) Rate-distance ratio (ab) None /;• "\2 40 C None Stat.; 1941 One round trip $100 monthly expense allowance (ac) "\ 8c $6 per day /' Alaska...... IS 60C IS • 30 C Organic 1942; 15c, • ••••••'•••••••••••••a Act, 1949 $20 per day Amend. & * . Stat. IS 60C(b) 15 OrRanic 1950 None • None Act Hawaii...... 1.000 (z) Organic 1931; 20c One round trip $10 per day for members from Oahu; $20 for legis Act. 1949 lators from: outer islands \ V • Amend. & Stat. Puerto Rico...... '••••• 6.000(b) Stat. 1953 15c Round trip per week (ad) $15 per day; $200 for telephone; $100 for postage; $100 for stationery Virgin Islands.... • • • • • • • • 1.200(b) • • • Stat. • • • • (0 Eight round trips $10 per day ~ L—Legislative Days; C—Calendar Days ' „ (r) Proposed constitutional am^dment to be voted on In November, 1956. and effective (a) In practice the leEislature meets for 18 weeks. Legislators receive 9210 a week in com upon adoption; would remove constitutional limitations on salary and permit legislature to bined daily salary and expense allowance, a total of ^.780 for each regular biennial session. determine salary in future. It also carries provisions for weekly round trips at mileage rate (b) Annual sessions. allowed state officials. (c) For regular and 8i)ecial sessions. (s) 7^c a mile for daily commuting or $10 per day if living in capital. (d> 10c a mile for committee meetings and $15 a day for maximum of .60 days for Interim tt) l5c per mile for first 45 miles, 8c for next 25 miles. 6c for next 25 miles, 5c over 95 miles. (u) Proposed constitutional amendment to.be voted on In November, 1956, and effective (e) Legislators rKcive $50 a month during biennium plus $2,400 per biennium. paid at rate . Upon adoption, would increase the period for which legislators may be i>aid from 90 to 120 of $20 a .day during regular and special sessions with remainder paid as a lump sum. Salaty days and would establish exi>ense allowance of $8 and travel at 7c a mile. ^ applied ^o all House members and Senators elected in 1955 and will become effective for hold (v) Proposed constitutional amendment to be voted on June, 1956, and effeiHive for 1957 over Senators or their successors in 1957. if adopted, would increase daily pay from $5 to $10. (f) Actual and necessary expenses. .. . . „ ,„ , „ , . (w) Legislators receive $15 forfirst 75 legislative days. Including Intervening non-leglslatlve (g) 70-day limit on special sessions called by Governor; 30-day limit on sessions convened days, for regular or special sessions, otherwise $100 a month. by legislature except for impeachment proceedings. '- (x) Proposed constitutional amendment.to be voted November, 1956, and effective upon (h) Salary shown is new salary which becomes effective at 1957 session. proclamation.of the Governor, if adopted, would increase legislative salaries from $1,200 to (!) Determined at each session. Figure represents amount at latest session. $2,400 a biennium.^ (i) 90 days biennial total: 60-day regular session. 30-day budget session. (y) 1955 statute makes provision for $3,000 annual salary in the event annual eeaalons are ' (k) Legislators are paid for Sundays and holidays during session, consequently compensa adopted. tion period usually is 72 to 74 days. (z) Fixed amount for special sessions: Pennsylvania. $500. or $750 If Ibnger thaiv«ne month: (I) • Legislators receive $30 per day during session and $150 per month while not In session. South Carolina, $1,000; Virginia, $540: Hawaii. $500. (m) In terms of Axed amount for each legislator. (aa) Weekly salary of $70 adopted effective. May 10. 1955; previous rate of $1,250 per ses (n) Determined at each session. .,,..,. sion waser week. ~. , . ,.. , , mite for each additional mile. (p) Effective 1957. per diem at rate paid to state oflidals will replace lump sum expense ' (ac) For legislators filing affidavit regarding necessity of establishing temporary residence allowance. • . . ^ » j » i .i at capital during regular or special sessions. (q) Plus one extra round trip each 7 days at 6c a mile. , (ad) Minimum $10. . t ' ; : : •: • 7—• , ?ir #r

APPORTIONMENT OF LEGISLATURES , As of November, 1955 ,

Frequency of required reapportionment. ; * Citation: Required Other Dates of art. 6* sec. -Basis of apportionment- every 10 schedules for Apportioning last two State of const. Senate House year!/* reapportioning agency apportionment*

Alabama.. IV. 50; IX. Population, except no Population, but each Legislature. 1901 1880

- • * 197-203 county more than one county at least one member. member. Arizona IV. 2. 1 (t) Districts specifically es- Votes cast for Governor After every guber No provision for Senate; redis- H-19S4 1952 ' tablished by constitu- at last preceding gen- natorial election tricting for House by County tion. eral election, but not (every 2 years). Boards of Suiwrvisora. * less than if computed on basis of election of 1930. Arkansas. VIII, 1-5 Population. Each .county at least X Board of Apportionment (Gov 1951 1941 one member; remain ernor, Secretary of State, and ing members distrib Attorney General). Subject to uted among more revision by State Supreme populous counties Courtii ..o^^ according to popula- to , tion. California.., IV,6 Population, exclusive of Population, exclusive Legislature or. if It fails, a Re 1951 1941 persons ineligible to of jDersons ineligible apportionment Commission naturalization. No to naturalization. (Lieutenant Governor. Con county, or city and troller, Attorney General. Sec county, to have more retary of State, and Superin than one member; no tendent of Public Instruc more than three coun tion). In either case, subject ties in any district. to a referendum. Colorado.... , .• V.'45-47 Population. * '. .,; Population. X General Assembly. 1953 1933 Connecticut. . III. 3. 4 Population, but each Two members from each Senate General Assembly for Senate, no H-1876 county at least one town having over provision for House. ' S-1941 member. . T- 5,000 • population; others, same num ber as in 1874. © Delaware. . II. 2 Districts specifically es Districts specifically No provision. 1897 tablished by constitu- - established by oon- tion. , 7 . stitution. Florida.... ,; VII. 3. 4. Population, but no 3 to each of 5 largest X(a) Legislature. 1945(a) 1935 county morcythan one counties. 2 to each member. of next 18,1 each to others. 7 :-.'i

Georgia. III.2;^^ar.i). Population, but no Population, i.e., 3 to X General Assembly "may" change 1950 1940 3 (Par. ii) county more than one each of 8 largest Senatorial districts. Shall member. counties, 2 to each of change House apportionment next 30, I each to ' at first session after each U.S. others. census. Idaho. III. 2. 4, 5; One member from each» Total House not to ex X Legislature. 1951 1941 XIX, 1.2 county. ceed 3 times Senate. E^ch county entitled to at lejist one repre- dentative, appor tioned as provided by law. Illinois.., ;. IV. 6, 7, 8 Fixed districts based on Population. • House Senate is fixed. General Assembly, or, if it fails, 1955 1901 a reapportionment commis sion appointed by the Gov ernor. Indiana. IV. 4, S, 6 Male inhabitants over Male inhabitants~-over Every 6 years. General Assembly. 1921 1915 21 years of age. 21 years of age. Iowa III. 34.35 Population, but no ,One to each county, X General Assembly. H-1927 .1921 county more than one and one additional S-1911 1906

member. ' to each of the nine •/• most populous coun ties. . " • . • Kansas.^ y,. II,2;X,l-3 Population. Population, but each Every S.'years. Legislature. Hrl94S county at least one. 8-1947 tucky Sec. 33 Population. Population, but no. • General Assembly. 1942 918 more than two icoun- ties to be joined in a w district. Louisiana...... :... III. 2-6 Population. Population, but each X ..... Legislature. 1921 1902 parish and each ward of New Orleans at least one member. Maine IV, Pt. I, 2.3; Population, exclusive of Population, exclusive X • • a. . • Legislature. H-19S5 1941 ( IV, Pt. II, aliens and Indians not of aliens. No .town S-1951 1941 1 taxed. No county less more than seven than one nor more than members, unless a five. consolidated town. Maryland 111,2,5 One from each county Population, but mini No requirements. Membership frozen for House; J943 and from each of six mum of two and' no provision for Senate. , districts constituting maximum of six per 'I Baltimore city. county. Each of Bal timore districts as many members as largest county. Massachusetts, Amdt. LXXI Legal voters. Legal voters. General Court. H-1947 1939 S-1948 1939 Michigan..... V. 2-4 Districts specifically pre Population, (c) \- House Senate is fixed. Legislature or. If it fails. State H-1953 1943 scribed by constitu Board of Canvassers (Secre tion. tary of State, Treasurer. Com missioner of State Land Office) apportions House. Senate is fixed. Minnesota ' IV, 2, 23,24 Population, exclusive of . Population, exclusive And after each Legislature "shall have power.' 1913 1897 nontaxable Indians. of nontaxable In state census. dians.

•®^ w

APPORTIONMENT OF LEGISLATURES—Continued

As of November, 1955 /. Frequency of required reapportionment Citation: Required Other ^ Dates of art. 6* sec. • Basis of apportionment- every 10 schedules for Apportioning last two Slate • of const. Senate House year^ reapportioning agency aPPortionmtnts

Misaissipjpl XIII. 254-256 Prescribed by' constitu-. Prescribed by constitu Xiegislature "may," 1916' 1904 tion. tion, each county at "least one. Counties grouped into three divisions, each divi sion to have at least 44 members. S Missouri III, 2-11 • Population. Population, but each X House: Secretary of Stateapjjorr 1951 1946 county at least one tions among counties; county member. courts apportion within coun ties. Senate: by commission appointed by Governor. Montana V, 4; VI, 2-6 One member from each Population. 1943 1939 county. , No requirements. Legislative Assembly. ,_k Nebraska '. '.. 111,5 Unicameral legislature—population 1935 1920 •r' excluding aliens. From time to time. Legislature "may." •f^ , ' X Legislature. 1951 1«»47 Nevada I,13;XVII.6 One'member for each Population. county. - . House . Senate—from time General Court, H-1951 1943 'f- New Hampshire, .i.... Pt. II,9,11.26 Direct taxes paid. Population.(d) to,time. • 5-1915 1877 New Jers^. .*.. IV, ii, 1; IV. One member from each Population, but at least X '..... Legislature. 1941 1931 iii, 1, county. one member from each county. New Mexico ;. IV, (3) One member from each At least one member X ^.... . Legislature. 1955 1949 county. for each county and » additional represent atives for more pop ulous counties. New York III. 3-5 ' Population, excluding Population, excluding Legislature. Subject to review 1954- .1944 • _ aliens.Nocouhtymore aliens. Each county by courts. . ' than H membership, (except Hamilton) at nor more than H mem- '"least one member. ' • •, • bership to two adjoin-, , ing counties. . North Carolina.. 11,4-6 Population,-excluding Population, excluding General Assembly. 1941 IWl aliens and Indians not aliens and Indians taxed. not taxed, but each . . " - county at least one , member. North Dakota.... II, 26. 29. 32, Population. Population. X Or after each state Legislative Assembly, 1931 1921 35 census. OulO* •••••« c^a •••••••• • «vlt 1*11' Population. Population, but each X(e) Each biennium(e) Governor, Auditor, and Secre 19S3 1951 county at least one tary of State, or .any two of member. them. . Oklahoma.. V, 9-16 Population. Population, but no Legislature. 1951 1941 county to have more than seven members, (j) Orefton...'. IV, 6, 7 Population. Populatioi^. Leg^lative Assembly, or failing 1954 1911 that. Secretarjr of State. Reap portionment subject to Su preme Court review. ;PeiuuyIvanla. 11, 16-18 Population, but no city Population, but each General Assembly. 1953 1921 orcounty to have more county at least one than J^ of member member. ship. Rhode Island XIII; Amdt. Qualified voters, but Population, but at House Senate—a,fter each General Assembly "may." 1940 1936 XIX minimum of 1 and least one member presidential elec- , maximum of 6 per city from each town or tion. or town. city, and no town or city more than H of total, i.e., 25. ^ South Carolina ..' Ill; 1-8 One miember from each Population, but at least General Assembly. 1952 1942 county. one member from each county. u^ South Dakota...... III.5 Population. Population. Legislature, or failing that. Gov 1951 1947 ernor. Superintendent of Pub lic Instruction,, Presiding Judge of Supreme Court, Attorney General, and Secre tary of State. Tennessee II. 4-6 Qualified voters. ... Qualified voters. - X, ; ...... General Assembly. 194S(f) 1903 Texas MI, 25-26a, 28 Qualified electors, but no Population, but no X Legislature or. if it fails. Legisla 1951 1921 county more than one county more than 7 ' tive Redistrictlng Board (Lieu member. representatives" un-. • tenant Governor, Speaker of less population great House. Attorney General, er than 700.000, then Comptroller of Public Ac 1 additional repre counts, and. Commissioner of sentative for each ' General L^uid 0£Sce). 100.000. Utah iX. 2. 4 Population. Population. Each coun- • Legislature. ?1955 1931 ty at least one mem V'W ber, with additional representatives on a population ratio. Vermont.., 11,13.18.37 Population, but each One member from each Senate Senate—or after each Legislature apportions Senate; 1793(g).... county at least one inhabited town. state census. no provision for House. member. y Virginia...... IV. 43 Population. Population. , General Assembly. 1952 1942 1^ ~ '^r

/ APPORTIONMENT OF LEGISLATURES Continued As of November, 1955

-/•

Frequency of required reapportionment * Citation: Required Other Dates of ^ art b'.sec. • Basis of apportionment- every 10 schedulesfor Apportioning last two' Stale of const. Senate House years* reapportioning agency apportionments

Washington. 11,3, 6; XXII, .P.opulation, excluding Population, excluding X Legislature, or by initiative. 1931 1909 1,2 Indians not taxed and Indians not taxed soldiers, sailors and and soldiers, sailors officers of U. S. Army and officers, of U. S. and Navy in active Army and Navy in service. active service.

West Virginia. VI, 4-ip, SO Population, but no two Population, but each X Legislature. 1950 1940 members from., any county at least one county, unless one member. . county constitutes a. district.

Wisconsin... IV. 3-5 Population and area. Population. X Legislature. 1951 1921

^ Wyominft...... III. 3; III, 2-4 Population, but each Population, but each X . Legislature. 1931 1921 county at least one county at least one o^ member. member. Alaska Organic Act: Four members from each Population, excluding House U. S. Director ot Census. 1953 1945. 37Stat.512. judicial district. militaryand families. '.'•,• 4 Guam.. Organic Act: Legislature elected at large. 1950 (2d) . , Sec. 512 , Hawaii Organic Act: Population,(h) Population, (h) Territorial Legislature. 1900{i) ' Sec, 55 Puerto Rico .111.3,7 Two senators for each of One representative for X(k) Board composed^of Chief Justices 1917 1952 eight senatorial dis each of 40 represent and two additional members tricts, and eleven at ative districts and representing different political large. eleven at large. parties, appointed by Gover nor with Senate consent. Virgin Islands...... Organic Act

•Every ten years, or after each federal census. ' . (e) Constitution requires reapportionment everj^ 10 years and also sets up a ratio and H—House; S—Senate. • i • apportionment procedure so that reapportionment .is actually accomplished in each biennial (a) Extraordinary reapportionment session convened June 6, 1955, and in September re period for the succeeding session. This is raafidatory, and the legislature has ho power to cessed to June 4, 1956. Legislature may not adjourn until reapportionny;nt is effected. take action in the matter. (b) 1941 action duplicated 1931 apportionment. (f) Not a basic reapportionment; two counties .moved from one district to another. ' (c) Any county with a moiety .of ratio of population is entitled to separate representation. (g) Apportionment plan for House is provided in the constitution with no provisions for (d) Amendment adopted in November, 1942. sets the membership of the House of Repre reapportionment. House apimrtionment thus dates from adoption of constitution'In 1793. sentatives at not more than 400 and not less than 37S. It requires, for each representative (h) Citizens of the Territory (U.S. citi;:ens residing one year in Territory of Hawaii). additional to the first, twice the number of inhabitants required for the first, with the pro (i) Date Hawaii became a territory. vision that a town or ward which is not entitled to a representative all of the time may send (i) In practice no county has less than one member. one a proportionate part of the time, and at least once m every 10 years. (k) Beginning, In 1960.

• . . /^- ' •' • . . • • LEGISLATIVE SERVICE AGENCIES

AMAJOR legislative development since states, by; 1917, to create legislative refer- 1900 has been the creation and ex- ence facilities. • pansion of.various types of perma- These reference agencies vary in or- nent staff agencies to provide state legisla- ganizational structure as well as in specific tors with needed assistance. This develop- services. A majority are sections of the ment has been occasioned primarily by the state library, state law library, or depart- increasing number and complexity of the mentof library and archives. This method problems arising for legislative considera- of organization is most common when the tioh and by the rapidly mounting costs of bureau does little or no bill drafting. In state government. " sey^ral states where drafting is a major Major areas of assistance to legislators activity—notably in Alabama, Delaware, which have taken institutional form in. Florida, Illinois, Indiana, Maryland, Mich-. recent years include: * igan, Ohio, Pennsylvania and Virginia— 1. Reference and research assistance on the bureau is independent of the library, any subject of legislatkjn; . • * The technical nature of bill-drafting and 2. Drafting of legislation; , statutory revision services has led to the 3. Statutory, code and law revision-; creation, in more than a third of the states, 4. Advance studyj?fimportant subjects of specialized agencies with primary re- expected to come before future legislative sponsibility for carrying out one or both of sessions; these activities. VAmong them are the 5. Development of. recorhmendations Legislative Counsels in California, Massa- for legislative action; chusetts and Orego^;.the Legislative Com- 6. Continuous review of state revenues missioner in Conneciticut; statutory or code and expenditures and pre-session review of revisers in Colorado, Florida, .Kansas, the budget; Minnesota, Mississippi, Nebraska, Nevada, 7. Post-audit of state fiscal operations. North Carolina,'Rhode Island, Washing- The oldest of the permanent service ton and Wisconsin; code commissions in agencies are the legislative reference li- South Dakota, Tennessee and Virginia; braries, now established in more than and the Legislative Bill Drafting Commis- . forty states. sion in New York. In several other states Some or all of the following services are the functions are part of the services legis- provided by legislative reference agencies lative councils perform, in the various states: factual research in- As now practiced in most states, code formation; spot research and counseling; and statutory revision consists primarily of preparation of,, legislative manuals and form revision or modified substantive re state directories, indexes and ' digests of vision, i.e., the systematic classification and legislative material, up-to-date reports on compilation of statute law; elimination of the'content and status of pending,legisla- obsolete, outmoded, or unconstitutional tion, and legislative newsletters;, assistance parts; and, to some extent, the rectification in drafting bills;. and statutory revision, of conflicts and inconsistencies. In recent In 1901 Wisconsin established the first years an increasing numberôf states have integrated agency to provide most of these authorized revision along these lines on a services foj;,its legislators, following develop- continuous basis. , rnent during the previous decade of spe- Extensive revision in the substance of the cialized legislative reference divisions within law, involving major changes in policy, is the state libraries of New York and Massa- carried ori systematically .by only a few chusetts. The success of the Wisconsin state agencies atpresent—notably ^by the reference library led more than half of the New York Law Revision -Commission, 117 118 THE BOOK OF THE ST A TES created in 1934; to some extent by the New effective and continuing legislative partici .Jersey Law Revision and Legislative Ser pation in forming policy; and means by vices Commission; the General 'Statutes which legislatures can obtain a sound fac Commission in North Carolina; the quasi,- tual basis for deliberations and decisions. public State Law Institute in Louisiana'; In addition, many councils perform a and the California Law Revision Commis highly valuable educational function for sion, created in 1953. . •' j the general public, through means includ The most significant development in the ing open hearings on important issues and legislative service agency field during the. jdistribution of council research reports. past twenty years has been expansion of j Most of the legislative council laws the legislative council idea. More, than ladopted since 1943 provide in one way or two-thirds of the states have established ^knother for coordinating the legislative agencies of ^his nature, following creation council and legislative reference functions of the Kansas Legislative Council in. 1933. and activities. The laws in Alabama, Essentially, legislative councils are;, per Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, Florida, Ken manent joint legislative committees which tucky,:, Louisiana, Missouri, Nebraska, meet periodically between sessions and Nevada, New Mexico, North Dakota, consider problems expected to confront South Carolina, Tennessee and Utah pro- the next session of the legislature. In most , vide for such combination of functions. instances, councils are'^composed exclu • Integration was a major objective in sively of legislators. They range in size Ohio when the legislature in 1953 com from five members (in South Carolina) to bined most legislative services as responsi-. 165 (in Oklahoma), with fifteen rnembers bilities of the new Legislative Service Com . a median. If the three councils which in mission, in New Jersey in 1954 when the clude all members of the legislature (those Law Revision and Legislative Services of Nebraska, Oklahoma and South Da Commission was establishe4j and in Ken kota) are omitted, the median is fourteen. tucky in 1954 when numerous fujactions The councils have the services of con were consolidated in the Legislative Re tinuing research staffs with their accumu search Commission and new functions lated re;sources. Thus equipped, they can assigned to it. develop comprehensive, impartial analyses An important development since the of public issues and make these analyses early forties has been the creation in sev available to all legislators for study and eral states of specialized staff facilities use. Most councils—or research commit- under legislative supervision to provide •• tees, as they are called in many states— continuous review of state revenues and may undertake studies on their own initia expenditures and pre-session analysis of tive; many councils formulate legislative the budget. Since the California Legisla ' programs based on their interim research. ture in 1941 created its Joint Legislative Ten of the thirty-four jurisdictions with Budget Committee, with a staff headed by council or council-type agencies in opera at. legislative auditor, the legislatures of tion established them during the first more than one-third of the states, as in decade of the council movement. Since dicated in Table 1, have established com 1943 an additional twenty-four legislatures parable facilities for continuing fiscal have activated similar agencies, as shown investigation and budgetary review. in Table 2. In only one instance, that of This fiscal function has been assigned to the Michigan Legislative Council, has a the legislative council, a committee of the law creating a^council been repealed out council, or the staff serving the coUndi in right. One council statute, that of Rhode ten states: Arizona, Arkansas, Kansas, Island, has never been activated. One Maryland, Minnesota, Nebraska, Nevada, ' council act was ruled unconstitutional by . New Jersey, Ohio and Oklahoma., In a state supreme court, that creating the contrast, Illinois, Massachusetts, New Montana Legislative Council in 1953. Hampshire, Texas, Washington and Wyo Legislative councils, staffed with com ming, all of which have legislative councils 'p- petent research assistants,, meet two long-* or council-type agencies, have lodged felt needs: they provide machinery for fiscal review authority in separate legisla- ^ LEGISLATURES AND LEGISLATION 119 tive budget commissipns, committees,, or factual reports and analyses on important boards. problems. The statute creates a cbminittee In the related field of legislative post- to hire a director land set salaries foA the auditing, significant developments have staff", but in other respects the act appears been taking place. By the close of .1955, not fo have been designed as a legislative seventeen states,Âlaska and Puerto Rico, council proposal. There are indications, had created such facilities. Three agencies as this is \vritteh that the new agency may -those in California, Florida and Alaska develop along the lines of the legislative were established in 1955. A bill to research committee. create one in West Virginia in that year Other action during the biennium in was vetoed. Two of these agencies are cludes creation in South Carolina of a among the oldest legislative services in the Committee on Statutory Laws, with country—the Connecticut Auditors of statutory revision responsibilities. In Puer , Public Ac"counts, founded in 1702, and the to Rico a Legislative Reference Service Tennessee Department of Audit which with broad responsibilities was activated dates from 1835. . " in 1954. The Alaska legislature in 1955 . DEVELOPMENTS OF 1954-55 treated a Department of Library Service, • Diiring che 1954-55 bienhium, interest one of the activities of which is expected to in legislative service agencies was un to be legislative reference assistance. In abated. The period was marked by vari North Dakota, the legislature in 1955 pro ous reorganizations'of agencies, intensifica vided funds for the Legislative Research tion t)f "services, and addition of new serv- Committee to undertake a continuous pro- ices by older agencies, gram of sta:tutory revision. New Hamp- Creation of the legislative postâudit shire's Legislative Council, created in agencies in California, Florida and Alaska 1951, was staffed for the first time in 1955. is mentioned above. The trendt oward consolidation of serv- In the field of permanent legislative re- ices continued, as reflected by the New search facilities, the legislative "cpuncil Jersey developments. Even more notably, area, Massachusetts created a new agency Kentucky's legislature in 1954 abolished in 1954; its six-member Legislative Rd- the independent Statute Revision Com- search Council receives staff" assistance mission and gave the Legislative Research from the Legislative Research Bureau, Commission its duties of statutory revision, created by the same act. bill drafting and publication of administra- Developments in New Jersey covered tive regulations. The commission also was many aspects of legislative organization granted extensive responsibilities of a legis- and services.. A joint interim legislative lative "housekeeping" nature. , committee recommended extensive chaliges . . Of interest to legislative service agencies to the 1954 session, after a two-year study, were several opinions of courts and At- In line with its recommendations, numer- torneys General in 1954 and 1955r In ous procedural and organizational changes Montana the State Supreme Court, by a were made to streamline legislative opera- divided opinion held the 1953 legislative tion. A multi-service Law Revision, and council act unconstitutional on. numerous Legislative Services Commission wascre- grounds (iS/a/^ ex rel. Mitchell ys. Holmes, ated, to provide research, drgffting, re- .274 P. 2d 611).. An opinion by the At- vision and related services. It replaces the torney General of Arizona in 1955 (Opin- older Law Revision and Bill Drafting ion 55-105) upheld the constitutionality of Commission. An office of Legislative the legislative Council in that state. Earlier Budget and Finance Director was estab- rulings in Alaska, Arkansas, Maryland, lished to provide fiscal analysis and budg- Michigan, Oklahoma and Washington etary review services. The state library's have upheld the constitutionality of such reference services also were expanded. agencies. In mi(i-1955, in an opinion of During the closing days of Idw'a's 1955 the Attorney General of Missouri, all of session the legislature created a Legislative . the twenty-one special interim committees Research Bureau, designed to provide the created by the 1955 legislative session were legislature and legislative committees with held to be unconstitutional. 120 THE BOOK :0F THE STATES LEGISLATIVE COUNCILS AND GOUNCIL-TYPE AGENCIES

. . Number of Members Term , *—_ , '•• '•-'-... 1955-57 - : ,• ' . . • > , • Appropriations Rep- Ex- . . ' . for council re- . officio Year and research . senta- and No. of Slate . Agency • ^ created service Total Senators lives- others years

—: '. -. : -• ^ •• : '. : * , Alabama.. LegisIative>Council(a) 1945 .§ 5^.700(b) 12 -4.6 _,2(cr_ 2 . Arizona Legislative Council 1953 150.000 12 5 5 2(c) '2 Arkansas Legislative Council 1947 81,200 21" 6 12 3(f) 2(g) Colorado.... Legislative Council 1953 42.000(i.j) 13 5 6 2(c) 2(k) Connecticut. .;..... Legislative Council 1937 78,952 18 4 8 '6(1) 2(g) Florida. ....:...... Legislative Council(a) 1949 200,000 18 8 8. 2(c) (n) Illinois ...; Legislative Council 1937 107.520 22 10 10 2(c) 2(r) Indiana. Legis. Adyisory 1945 (t) 8 3 3. 2(c) 2 Commn. (a) ' ,

• • • ' ' • • . Kansas.. ;.. Legislative Council 1933 94,963G.v) 27\ - 10 IS '2(c) 2 Kentucky Legis. Researcli Commn. 1936(y) 256.625(z,aa) 7 (ab) fab) 7(ab) (ab) Louisiana \. Legislative Council 1952 160.000.(aa) 18, 8 8 2(c) 2 • Maine.... Legis. Research Comm. 1939 112.432(ad) 16' • 7 7 2(c) 2 Maryland Legblative Council 1939 . 80,000 ' 20 6 (5 8(ae) 2(g) Massachusetts Legis. Research Council(a) 1954 ; 88,422(j,af) 6-3 4 .. 1 Minnesota Legis. Research Comiri. 1947(y) US.OQO 18 , 9 9 .. 2(ah) Missouri...... Comm. on Legis. Research 1943. :300,000(aj) 20 10 10 .. (ak) Nebraska Legislative Council 1937 72,500 43(al) 43(am) (am) .. (al) Nevada Legislative Commission (a) 1945 ni,431(ao) 8 4 4 .. (ap) New Hampshir.e..... Legislative Council 1951 24.500 15-3 9 3(aq) 2(ar) New Jersey Law Revision & Legis. 1954 67,120 8 "4 4 .. (ak). Services Commission • ,• ' New Mexico.. Legislative Council (a) 1951 90,570(as) 13 5 .6 2(c); (at) North Dakota..;.... Legis. Research Comm. 1945 85.700(au) 11 S 6 .. ' 2 Ohio... Legis. Service Commn. 1943(y) 400,000 1.4 6 6 2(aw) - 2(g)-- Oklahoma...... State Legis. Council 1939(y) 100,000 .165(al) 44-^—.121 .. . (al) Pennsylvania Joint St. Govt. Commn. 1937 (ba) 26 12 12 2W) 2(g) South Carolina . Legislative Council 1949 80,100(j) 5 (bb)' ._(bb) 5(bb)- - (bb) South Dakota. Legis. Research Council 1951 . 75,500(bd) 110(al)-35 '75 .. (al) Tennessee Legis. Council Comm. 1953- 110,000(bf) 15 S 8 .2(c) 2(bg) Texas.;...... Legislative Council 1949 153,380 17 5 10 2(c) (bi) Utah... Legislative Council 1947 50,000, 13 4 4 5(bj) 2 Virftinia.... Advisory Legis. Council 1936 44.000(aa) 11 4 7 .. 2(g) Washington State Legis. Council . 1947- - 127,000(bk) 21, 9 10 2(a\v) 2(k) Wisconsin...... Joint Legis. CouncU 1947 90,000 15 5 " 8 2(aw) 2 Wyoming Legis. Interim Comm. 1943(y) 60.000 12 6 6 .. 2(bm) Alaska :... Legislative Council 1953 , 67.356 / 8 3 3 2(c) 2 • ExcIudinK ex-offido members. • . (3) .\pprovat of the Executive Committee is reqiiired in the (a) The research staff arm for the agency in certain statesby appointmentvbf Senate members, statute is given a different name, as follows: Alabama, I^giala- . (t) No appropriated amount available to Legislative Advisory tive-Reference-Service; Florida-.-Legialative Reference Bureau; Commission; members receive perdiemand other expenses in Indiana, Legislative Bureau; Massachusetts', Legislative Re- unlimited amount. Research and staff services are provided the search Bureau; Nevada, Legislative Counsel Bureau; New Commission by the Legislative Bureau, which received an appro- Mexico, Legislative Council Service, priation of $118,720 for the hienniura. " (b).Includes $6,200 for Legislative Council and $47,500 for . (u) Indiana, .President of Senate named Chairman; Kansas, Legislative Reference Ser\'ice. Maryland, Texas, President of Senate named Chairman, ¥' (c) President of Senate aind Si>eaker of House are named ex- • Speaker of House. Vice-Chairman; Kentuckjjr, Governor named officio members in statute. • Chairman but may designate Lieutenant Governor to act as (d) Elected by legislature. Chairman; Oklahoma, Chafrmanship alternates each session (e) Appointees representative of all sections of the state. between President Pro Tem of Senate and Speaker of House. (f) Ex-officio members include President Pro Tem of Senate, (v) Includes $30,000 for special studies; does not include un- Speaker of House and one legislator named by the Governor to ' expended balances. . represent him on the Council.; (w) Appointment of members subject to approval by re- (g) Members appointed to serve until next regular session or spectivc houses. until successors selected. ' (x) Plus $7.00 per day. ' ~-vv (h),Members chosen by Congressional District Caucus of . (y) Kentucky, Legislative Research Commission in 11'48 re- Senators and Representatives respectively. •! placed Legislative Council created in 1936; Minnesota, Legisla- (i) Includes $2,000 for special Council committees. tive Research Committee established as a temporary commis- (j) Fiscal year 1955-1956. sipnin 1947 becamepermanentinl9Sl;Ohio,LegislativeScrvice (k) Members serve until appointment of successor or termina- Commission in 1953 replaced Program Commission created in tion of term of office in the legislature. 1943; Oklahoma. Legislative Council was created in 1939 but (1) President Pro Tem of Senate, Speaker of House. Majority not activ^ated until 1947; Wyoming, Lesrislative Interim Com- and Minority Leaders of Senate and House are named ex-officio mittee, re-created each session since 1943, was made permanent members in statute. • in 1949. (m) Senate and House members of each political party elect (z) Includes $76,875 for statute revision. . Council members. The President Pro Tem of Senate and (aa) 1954-1956 biennium. Speaker of House appoint.the Senate and House membership (ab).Legislative Research Commission composed ex-officio of in the event that the legislature fails to elect the members. Governor, President Pro Tem of Senate, Speaker of House, (n) Members serve.at pleasure of House and Senate respec- Majority and MinC^ty Floor Leaders of House and Senate. tiveiy. Members serve for term of office. ' (o) Vacancies are filled by remaining Council members. (ac) At least three regular meetings each year are required, (p) Chairman and Vice-chairman are elected by Council (ad) Includes cost of printing session laws and $25,000 for membership, one representing each house. Customarily chair- special study. E*-'. manship rotates between House and Senate. (ae) Members named ex-officio are President of Senate, Chair- (q) Annual meeting in January, all others on call. man of Senate Finance Committee, Chairman of Senate (r) Term Is for two years except that a Senator appointed at Judicial Proceedings Committee, Minority. Fioor Leader of the beginning of a new term serves for four years. Senate, Speaker of House, Chairman of House Ways and Means.

•\- T

LEGISLATURES AND LEGISLATION 121 LEGISLATIVE COUNCILS AND COUNCIL-TYPE AGENCIES-Continued

General . Statute requires Ugislative representation Meetings membership* of >\ Officers required r- "— > • \ A Ap Con- pointed Other sres- •..•^ Elected At Compensation hy_ pre- methods Polili- • sional least Only ' > siding of selec- cat . dis- • Ex TTjem- quar-. on Per Ex officers lion parties tricts officio bership terly call diem penses (d) • • • ,. .Alabama (e) • • IS Travel ...... Arizona (h) (h) • 15 "Travel .Arkansas • .• • • ..:... Colorado i' (m) . (m) • • • 20 . • ^Ckjnnectlcut. •(o) •(p) (q) • Florida • (3) • • • • Illinois * • •(") • 15 • ....Indiana •(w) • •(u) s- Travel(x) Kansas •(u) • 25 Travel ; Kentucky • • 20 Travel Louisiana • • • •(ac) 10 • ..Maine •(w) • (e) •(u) 20 Travel Maryland • (ag) • •' Massachusetts • (ai) •(ai) • • • Minnesota (ai) • • • .Missouri • • (an) • Nebraska (d) • • • Travel • Nevada • • (e) • • ...... Ne^ Hampshire • • • , .". .New Jersey • • 15 Travel . :. .New Mexico •(av) • • • 10 • North Dakota • (ax) •- • • • Ohio (ay) (ay) •(u) (az) • (az) .'6 Travel .Oklahoma • • 15 Travel Pennsylvania • (be) 10 :. South Carolina (ay) (be) • 10 • ...... South Dakota (bh) . • • 10 • Tennessee • • • (u) • • Texas • • • • • ;.....Utah • • 10 • ...... Virginia •(w) • • • 15 Travel Washington (bl) • • • • ....Wisconsin • • • 12 • .....'... Wyoming • • • (bn) • (bo)- 20 Travel ..'.; Alaska

Committee. Chairman of House Judiciary Committee, and in OklahomaHs appointed by presiding officers and is representa Minority Floor Leader of House. tive of congrepsionaldistricts; South Dakota executive board is (af) Includes $1,000 for Leeislative Research Council and . elected by legislature. $87,422 for Legislative Research Bureau. The Bureau's appro • (az) Executive committee meets quarterly; full Council meets priation includes unexpended balance from previous fiscal year. on call. .\ (ag) Chairman appointed by President of Senate, Vice-Chair (ba) Appropriation bill not enacted when table was compiled. man by SpeakeV of House. Governor's budget contains $425,000 for Commission. (ah) Members are appointed during or after legislative session (bb) Presidfent of Senate, Speaker of House, Chairman of and serve until convening of next regular session. House and'Senate Judiciary Committees and Secretary of State (ai) House members appointed by Speaker, one from each comprise ex-etition of two members. ir^

TABLE 1 PERMANENT LEGISLATIVE SERVICE AGENCIES

Recom BiU mends Spot re Continuous Date drafting Prepares substan search and study of , Budgetary Legis .agency Reference for bill and tive legis- Prepares counseling state reve review lative \ eflab- Service agency library legts- Statutory law sum lativfi research ior nues and and post Slate Xlished and staff head facilittes lalure •revision maries. program . reports legislators expenditures analysis audit

Alabama 1945 Legislative Council Charles M. Cooper, Secretary 1945 Legislative Reference Service Cliarles M. Cooper, Director . 1907(a.) Dept. of Archives and History • Peter A. Brannon, Director 1947. Legislative Committee on Public Accounts • 1947 Dept.of Examiners of Public Accounts Ralph P. Eagerton, Chief Examiner • Arizona.. 1953 Legislative Council Jules M. Klagge, Director 1937 Dept. of Library and Archives Mulford Winsor, Director 1950 Post Auditor Wilson R. Bland, Post Auditor to, Arkansas. 1947 -Legislative Council •« •(b) -: Marcus Halbrook, Director • ... i 1953 Joint-Auditing Committee — • • 1953 Division of Legislative Audit - - / •! Orvel M. Johnson, : Legislative Auditor California. 1913 Legislative Counsel Bureau . ' Ralph N. Kleps, Legislative Counsel 1904(a) Administrative-Legislative Reference • Service (State Library) Carma R. Zimmerman, State Librarian Melvin Oathout, Reference Librarian 1941 Jcint Legislative Budget Committee A. Alan Post, Legislative Auditor 1953 Law Revision Commission John R. McDbnough, Jr., Exec. Secy. 1955 Joint Legislative Audit Committee • 1955 Legislative Audit Bureau • Auditor General (To be appointed) Colorado. 1953 • Legislative Council Shelby F. Harper, Director • 1927 Legislative Reference Office {Department of Law) • Clair T,,Sippel, Secretary 1951 Committee on .Statute Revision ' Charles M. Rose. Rev. of Statutes Connecticut. 1937 Legislative Council • Harry H. Lugg, Director 1907 Legislative Reference Department {State Library) James Brewster, State Librarian Muriel A. Naylor, Chief 1947 Legislative Research Department • Robert A. Wall. Legis. Commissr. 1902 Auditors of Public Accounts Joseph B^Downes, Auditor Raymond J. Longley, Auditor Delaware. 1945 Legislative Reference Bureau Andrew D. Christie, Exec. Director Florida... 1949 Legislative Council • 1949 Legislative Reference Bureau • S. Sherman Weiss, Director • • 1939. Statutory Revision 6* Bill-Drafting Depts. • {.Office of Attorney General) • Charles T. Henderson, Director 1955 Legislative Auditing Committee Senator Verle A. Pope, Chairman Georgia. 1914(a) State Library Jane Oliver, State Librarian 1951 Bill Drafting Unit • {Office of Attorney General) Atty.-Gen. Eugene Cook, Director Frank H. Edwards, Deputy Dir. 1923 Department of Audits and Accounts B. E. Thrasher. Jr., State Auditor Legislative Counsel (inoperative) Iliinois...... 1937 Legislative Council • Jack F. -Isakoff, Dir. of Research 1913 Legislative Reference Bureau • Jerome Finkle, Executive Secretary . 1937 Budgetary Commission ... 1945 Senator Everett R. Peters, Chmn. Legislative Advisory Commission 1907 Samuel T. Lesh, Secretary [. Legislative Bureau • Samuel T. Lesh, Director . Legislative Research Bureau • Director (to be appointed) . 1939 Legislative Reference Bureau • • {State Law'Library) Geraldine Dunham, Act. Law Libn. 1951 Budget 6* Financial Control Committee' Rep. Henry H..Stevens, Chairman Kansas...... 1933 Legislative Council Frederic H. Guild, Research Dir. • • •. ' 1947 Legislative Budget Committee {of the Legislative Council) •: 1909(a) State Library i 1929 Louise McNeal, State Librarian .• •• •' / . Revisor of Statutes • Franklin Corrick, Revisor • Kentucky...... 1936(c) • Legislative Research Commission • Arthur Y. Lloyd, Director \ Jarhes A. Tyler, Revisor ofStatutes rr ^. «3f m

• ,- TABLE I ' . - • .:' PERMANENT LEGISLATIVE SERVICE AGENCIES- • Continued

Recom • Bill mends Spot re Continuous Date drafting Pije^ares substan search and study of Budgetary Legii- agency Reference biliand tive legis Prepares dounseling state reve- review. lative estab Service agency library legis Statutory law sum lative research for nues and and post state lished and staff head facilities lature fevfsion-- maries Program reports legislators expenditures analysis audit

Louisiana 1952. Legislative Council Emmett Asseff, Exec. Director 1946(a) State Library Essae M. Culver, State Librarian 1938 Stale Law Institute J. Denson Smitii, Director Maine...... 1939 Legislative Research Committee — • Samuel H.Slosberg, Dir. of Legislative • Research Legislative Reference Section ir • (Slate Library) Marion B. Stubbs, State Librarian Edith L. Hary, Law and Legislative Reference Librarian 1907 •Department of Audit ' — Fred,M. Berry, State Auditor 1^ Maryland....., 1939 Legislative Council Carl N. Everstine, Secretary and ' Director of Research 1916(d) Department of Legislative Reference • . r • -k' Carl N. Everstine, Director . • 1947 State Fiscal Research Bureau — (Dept. of Legislative Reference) •. John S. Shriver, Director .... State Library ir , Nelson J. Molter, Director Massachusetts. 1954 Legislative Research Council — 1954 Legislative Research Bureau — Herman C. Loeffler, Director 1908(a) Legislative Reference-Division ir (State Library) Dennis A. Dooley, Librarian Vacancy—Legislative Reference Assistant .... Coiinsel to Senate and Counsel to — •ki House of Representatives Thomas R. Batematj. Senate Counsel j Frederick B. Willis, House Counsel • 1946(e:) House Ways and Means Committee — Charles E. Shepard, Legislative Budget Director Michiaan.. . 1941 legislative Service Bureau ir Eugene F. Sharkoflf. Director - 1947 'Committee on A udit and A pprnpriations — C. J. McNeill, I-egia. Ciimi)trt>ller -^ Minnesota. . 1947(f). Legislative Research Committee V. Louis C. Dorweilcr, Jr.. •1 Director of Research .... Slate Law Library Margaret S. Andrews, State Libn. 1939 Revisor of Statutes . * • •William B. Henderson, Revisor Duncan L. Kennedy, As^t. Revisor Mississippi Stale Library ^ Julia Baylis Stames, State Librarian 1944 Revisor of Statutes {Dept. of Justice) • • ^ Lester C. Franklin, Jr., Revisoijjf ^ Statutes and Asst. Atty. Gen. Missouri. 1943 Comnitlee on Legislative Research William R. Nelson, Dir. of Research ^ ^ Edward D. Summers, Rev. of Statutes Montana.. 1921(a) Legislative Reference Bureau (State Law Library) •Adeline J. Clarke, Librarian T'teuiuaiia., 1937 Legislative Couticil Jack W. Rodgers, Dir. of Research • 1945 Revisor of Statutes Walter D. James, Revisor and • Reporter of the Supreme Court Nevada. 1945 legislative Commission 1945 Legislative Counsel Bureau • J. E. Springnieyeri Lcgis. Counsel • • 1949 Legislative Auditor {.of the Legislative Counsel Bureau) • — A. N. Jacobson, Legislative Auditor 1951 Statute Revision Commission i' Russell W., McDonald, Director Law and Legislative Reference Section (State Library) Constance C. Collins, State Libn. New Hampshire. 1951 Legislative Council -/ Mrs. Mary B. Parsons, Res. Analyst 1913(a) Legislative Service (State Library) Mildred P. McKay, Librarian f Philip Hazelton, Legislative Reference Librarian 1947 Legislative Budget Assistant Remick Laighton New Jersey...... 1954 Law Revision and Legislative Services Commission Charles DeF. Besore, Executive Director and Chief Counsel John W; Ockford, Counsel to the Legislature 15)54 Legislative Bud git and Finance Director (to be appointed) 1945 Bureau of Law and Legislative Reference (Division of the Stale Library, Archives and History, Dept. of Education) Roger H. McDonough, Director, Division of the" State Library, Archives and History Margaret E. Coonan, Head, Bureau of Law and Legis. Reference 1933 Department of State Audit Frank Durand, State Auditor

/ IT i?r IfT

TABLE I PERMANENT /LEGISLATIVE SERVICE AGENCIES—Continued

' • • Recom Bill mends • Spot re Continuous Date drafting Prepares substan search and study of Budgetary Legis agency Reference for . ••>..,, bill and tive legis Prepares counseling slate reve review lative estab Service agency library legis- ^^ . Statutory law sum lative research for nues and and post Slate . lished and staff head facilities Idture - -revision maries program • reports legislators expenditures analysts audit New Mexico..., 1951 Legislative Council — 1951 Legislative Council Service -k Jack E. Holme3, Director • New York...... Legis. Reference Library (State Library) ir Charles F. Goanell. State Librarian • William P. Leonard, Legislative Rtference Librarian Legislative Bill Drafting Commission — Theodore E. Bopp. Commissioner J. Daniel Fink, Commissioner 1944 Law Revision Commission , —. John W. MacDonald, Exec. Secy.' North Carolina. 1945 General Statutes Commission — • {Department of Justice) Vacancy (g). Secretary 1939 • Division of Legislative Drafting (}• — • • Codification of Statutes {Department of Justice) Vacancy (g). Director 1947 Revisor of_ Statutes {Department of j — Justice) Vacancy (g), Revisor North Dakota.. . 1945 Legislative Research Comfhittee "tc • C. Emerson Murry, Directof William J. Daner, Revisor oT Statutes / Ohio . 19S3 Legislative Service Commission ir John A. Skipton, Director • 1910 Legislative Reference Bureau ' ic i^ /• • Arthur A. Schwartz, Director . 1939(0 State Legislative Council — Jack A. Rhodes. Director 1951 Legislative Audit Committee {of the .— Legislative Council) Paul S. Cooke; Legislative Auditor \9\1 (h) Legislative Reference Division {State -k • Library) Ralph Hudson, State Librarian Orefton. 1953. Legislative Counsel Committee — • • • Sam R. Haley, Legislative Counsel 1913{a) State Library • Eleanor S. Stephens, State Libn. Josephine Baumgartner, Legislative , Reference Librarian Pennsylvania., 1937 Joint State Government Commission ir Guy W. Davis. Director • 1909 Le-'islilive Fefrrence Bureau -k S. Edward Hanncstad. Director Rhode Island.... \.9Q7(a.) Legis. Reference Bureau {StateLibrary) -k "k Grace M. Sherwood. State Librarian Mabel G. Johnson, Legis. Reference J^ibrarian \...... Assistant in Charge of .Law Revision — •' •*• {Office of Secretary of State) [, Maurice W. Hendel, Assistant in • ; Charge of Law Revision 1939 Finance Committee of House of — — Representatives Rep. John J. Wrenn, Chairman 1939 Legislattve Council {itioperative) — — 6k>uth Carolina.. 1949 Legislative Council \ ir. if L. G. Merritt. Director 1954 Committee on Statutory Laws — — L. G. Merritt, Secretary and Code Commissioner South Dakota... 1951 Legislative Research Council T*r — Loren M. Carlson, Director of Legislative Research % 1951 Revisor of'Statutes — • Leo D. Heck, Revisor and Supreme Court Reporter 1943 Department of.Audits and Accounts — — John C. Penne, Comptroller Tennessee..., 1953 Legislative Council . ir ' • -k. Thomas A. Johnson, Exec. Dir. Stale Library and Archives k — — • Dan Robison, State Librarian and Archivist ' 1953 Code Commission - — — Justice A. B. Neil, Chairman 1835 Department of Audit . — >- William Snodgrass, Comptroller of ^ Treasury Texas... 1949 Legislative Council —. *(i) Read Cranberry, Exec. Dir. 1909 Legislative Reference Division k *(«) (State Library) —— Doris H. Connerly, Legislative Reference Librarian 1949 Legislative Budget Board — — • , : •(« — I Vernon A. McGee, Budget Director 1943 Legislative Audit Committee — — • ••'•— • C. H. Cavness, State Auditor Utah 1947 Legislative Council — — Lewis H. Lloyd, Director Vermont 1931 (a.) Legislative Reference Bureau, k k k (Stale Library) • , • Lawrence J. Turgeon, State Librarian Hazel Chisholm, Assistant Librarian Virginia.. 1936 Advisory. Legislative Council • — ' — • John B. Boatwright, Jr.. Secretary 1914 Division of Statutory Research and • k k Drafting r John B. Boatwright, Jr., Director ,' 1948 Code Commission • — ' — • John B. Boatwright, Jr., Secretary .1928 Auditing Committee — — 1928 Auditor of Public Accounts — ' — J. Gordon Bennett, Auditor

/ TT w w

TABLE I ' PERMANENT LEGISLATIVE SERVICE AGENCIES—Concludea

Recom Bill mends Spot re- Continuous Date drafting Prepares substan search and . study of Budgetafy Legis- agency Reference bill and tive legis Prepares counseling slate reve- review lative estab Service agency • library .for Statutory law sum- lative research for nues and and post lished • facilities legis revision maries Program reports legislators expenditures analysis audit Slate and staff head lature 1947 Stale Legislative Council Donald C. Sampson, Executive Sec. Slate Library • Maryan E. Reynolds, State Librarian -.1951 Legislative Budget Committee Paul W. Ellis, Legislative Auditor 1951 Statute Law Committee Richard O. White, Revisor West Virginia. .. 1947 Joint Commillee on Government and Finance (j) 1953 . Legislative Auditor {of the Joint Com mittee on Government and Finance) C. H. Koontz, Legislative Auditor Wisconsin .. 1947 Joint Legislative Council Earl Sachse, Executive Secretary ^ 1901 -Legislative Reference Library t M. G. Toepel, Chief 1909 Revisor of Statutes to ^ James J. Burke, Revisor °° Wyomlnft .. 1949(f) Legislative Interim Committee E. L. Newton, Executive Secretary State Library May Gillies, State Librarian 1953 Permanent Legislative Ways and Means Committee A. H. Michelsen, Exec. Secretary Alaska . 1953 Legislative Council Jack F. McKay, Executive Director 1955 'Legislative Audit Committee 1955 Division of Legislative Audit • Legislative Auditor (to be appointed) Guam..... Legislative Aide and Liaison Officer 'Juan M. Tuncap, Legislative Aide 1950 Legislative Counsel to the legislature • John A. Bohn, Legislative Counsel • HawaU .. 1943 Legislative Reference Bureau •(k) • Robert M. Kamins, Director ^ Puerto Rico... .. 19S4 Legislative Reference Service •k • Carlos V. Davila, Director Office of Legislative Services • ,, 1. 1950 Commission for the Codification of the Laws Sec. of Justice Jos6 Trias-Monge, Chairman 1952 Office of Controller. Rafael de J. Cordero.. Controller 1947 Legislative Counsel {inoperative) (a) Year legislative reference services first provided within existing library agency. . temporary basis in 1943 and made permanent in 1949. (b) Also responsible for preparing a state budget. (g) Revisor of Statutes is ex officio Secretary of the General Statutes Commission and . (c) Legislative Council originally created in 1936; replacetl by present Legislative Re head of the Division of Legislative Drafting and Codification of Statutes. search Commission in 1948. Statute Revision Commission, organized in 1938, was consolidat '(K) Services established in 1917; division formalized by statute in 1949. ed with Research Co^pmission in 1954. , (i) Bulk of bill drafting is done by Attorney General's oflicc as a courtesy to the legisla (d) Established as'a departmentl of the government of the City of Baltimore in 1907i-in ture. Legislative Council and Legislative Reference Librarian also do some general drafting, • 1916 functions were expanded to include service to the state legislature. (j) Carries on Interim research, program in conjunction with Commission on Inter (e) Year full-time research staff was organized. state Cooperation. (f) Minnesota: established on a temporary basis in 194" and made permanent in (k) Is serving presently as secretariat for special Compilation Commission. 1951; Oklahoma: created in 1939 but not activated until 194';;Wyoming: cstabUthed on a " f faif I \[trfmmti^miMmSiUSk tmmStm mmum

• 2 ••

Legislation

TRENDS IN STATE LEGISLATION, 1954-1955

EGiSLATURES of fourteen states met in ^ regular session in 1954 and of forty- . FINANCE I•^ five in 1955. In addition, more than The expansion of ser\'ices and facilities half of the states had special legislative ses required substantial increases in appropri sions in one or the other of the two years. ations. Record budgets were the norm in Elsewhere in this volume sections on in both years, which continued the trend of dividual fields of state action iAclude treat all the post-war years. As reported by the ment of important legislationVin various Bureau of the Census, total general ex categories. This chapter summarizes over penditures of the states Rad risen from all trends during the biennium.^ S5.2 billion in 1946 to S15.8 billion in The prevailing trend has beeb one of 1954, and higher totals are being regis-, expansion of services and facilities\ backed tered nW. In two states apprbpriations by recoi-d budgets and, in 1955, niore tax of 1955 far exceeded $1 billion—in Cali legislation than in any other ycary since fornia a total of $l,529million and in New World War II. York $1,259, million. . Accounting for the expansion have BieeUj For the revenue needed to meet the above all, the rise in population anoy an bills the states still were able to depend accumulated backlog of public neexJs. to a considerable extent on the automatic Basic factors have included rising pubi increases frorn existing • taxes that come . school enrollments, coupled with shorty with growth of the. population and the ages of teachers and of adequate build economy. But the tempo of automatic in- ings; needs for construction and for facul ^crease in revenue that accompanied the ty at state institutions of higher education; Korean war starting in 1950 had tapered •^he obsolescence of thousands of miles of iff". Previous surpluses in state treasuries highways; the necessity of making high vvcre depleted or greatly reduced. A num way travel safer; the requirements of ber of states were able to avoid major tax mental hospitals aniJ mental hygiene. legislation, in the biennium, but increased Not only is the population rising. In faxes were enacted by a substantial ma creasing percentages of children and of jority of the legislatures. older people in the to^l population, the Most of the increases were voted in the mobility of the popul^ion, and numerous major legislative year of 1955. Rises in social changes that have accompanied con special excise taxes and in motor vehicle tinuing industrialization and the shift of fees were the most common; some fifteen people from rural to metropolitan areas, states raised gasoline taxes in 1955; about all have brought increased demands for a dozen increased their cigarette taxes,. governmental services. All had their ef and Missouri adopted a cigarette tax for fects on the legislative; sessions of 1954-55. the first time. But there was much activity 129 w

130 THE BOOK OF THE STATES in the income and,^eQ,eral sales tax fields in Idaho; and establishment of an ap also; some twenty legislatures in 1955 pointive Pardon Board, replacing a board adopted measures to increase revenue of elective officials, in Montana. The from one or the other of those sources— Pennsylvania legislature authorized the in most cases by raising rates; in some by Governor to initiate and put into effect broadening the tax base or adopting in governmental reorganization plans at the come tax withholding; in one, Nevada, by bureau level, subject only to legislative adopting the sales tax for the first time. veto. Among enactments on the judiciary, ' The growth of income tax withholding Florida established a uniform retirement was marked during the biennium—the system for Supreme Court Justices and 'states providing for it increasing from Circuit Court Judges; Nebraska likewise three to ten. Arizona, Colorado and Ken created a retirement system for the Su tucky enacted it in 1954, and Alabama, preme and District Courts; and New York Idaho, Maryland and Montana in 1955. set up a nine-member Judicial Conference (See "Recent Trends in State Taxation," to provide more efficient administration page-228.) of the state courts. Increases of salary were not as numerous GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION

, • • • ' . - as in the previous biennium, but a num With the growth of state government, ber of sessions provided for them in one proposals designed to improve organiza or more of the three branches of govern tion and facilities in its three branches- ment. Several legislatures that had not legislative, executive and judicial—con previously done so authorized coverage tinued, and a number of important meas under Old-Age and Survivors' Insurance ures for these objectives were enacted dur for state employees, or authorized inte ing the biennium. gration of OASI and state retirement plans. Action: of 1954 included substantial re (See "LegislativeOrganization and Serv duction by the Louisiana.legislature of the ices," pages 93 to 128; "State Adminis number of House and Senate standing trative Organization," page 149; and "Ju committees; establishment by Maryland dicial Administration and Procedure," of a central office for.a number of the page 193.) state's licensing boards; abolition by the New Jersey legislature of. its long-standing STATE SERVICES "secret caucus'^ system, for which it sub A large majority of the legislatures dur stituted, an entirely new committee struc ing the biennium increased state aid for ture"; and adoption in New York of a code public schools, many of them by very of fair procedure for legislative and execu large amounts. Thus they maintained the tive investigating bodies, with a series of trend of years. State money continued to safeguards for witnesses, as well as a code be voted primarily for operating expenses, of ethics to divorce private interests from above all instruction, At the same time

^•" public duties of state officials and legis- legislatures paid increasing attention to • lators. the pressing problem of school construc Among measures of 1955 affecting the tion needs. Several took important steps legislatures were a series of enactments in; to relieve building shortages, either by in Connecticut to reform legislative practices creasing the fiscal ability of communities of a century's standing that had led to log to finance construction or by direct pro jams and confusion; and action by the vision of state funds. Likewise, several Illinois legislature to reapportion the state legislatures, during this two-year period for legislative seats, in accordance with a gave further impetus to the movement for constitutional amendment of 1954. Bearijig school district reorganization and consoli on the executive departments, legislation dation, which over the country has led to included, for example, substitution by Ar replacement of uneconomical, poorly kansas of a single State Medical Board for staffed and inadequately equipped small three separate boards; authorization for schools with modern community establish ^ extension of the merit system in Florida; ments!. As a result of state and local legis provision of a Director of Administration lative and adrniipistrative measures, the ." LEGISLATURES AND LEGISLATION 131 number of school districts had been cut coholism, or studies of it, were provided in from 127,244 in 1933 to about 60,000 in a number of states. In another outstand- 1955. ' ing public health area, legislatures of states The legislatures generally again in- where statutory action was needed adopted creased appropriations for state institutions measures in 1955 to facilitate the nationr of higher education. And the movement wide program of pc.Uo^'accination through for providing better opportunities for ad- the state health departments. During the vanced education through joint arrange- biennium, moreover, there was widespread ment^ under intei"state compacts—in which legislation to combat tuberculosis. State the Southern Regional Education Board concern over problems of the aging has has pioneered successfully—gained further increased notably in recent years as the momentum. The Western Interstate Com- problems themselves have grown, due to pact for Higher Education was ratified in the increased numbers of older people and 1955 by California, Washington and Alaska the complex of modern social conditions —raising the member jurisdictions to ten that affect them. This concern was re states and one territory; the newly de- fleeted in a series of enactments creating veloped New England Higher Education state commissions, committees or other - Compact was ratified by Massachusetts in agencies to assist in study of the problem, 1954 and by Connecticut, Maine, New or for action to improve the status of the Hampshire and Vermont in 1955. . aging, or both. Numerous measures were (See "State Public School Systems," passed for the purpose of increasing pro- page 245,^ and "The States and Higher tection for children and combatting juve- Education," page 258.) nile delinquency. • "... The sessions of 1954-55 provided for a (See entries on "Health and Welfare," broad, nation-wide advance in highway pages 296 tb-~346.) building, backed by the widespread in- During the biennium the legislatures creases in gasoline and other motor fuel adopted more water legislation than in taxes and in motor vehicle fees. Increased any corresponding period for many years, appropriations and bond issues promised Several set iip new agencies to plan and that the current, unprecedented rate of administer water resource programs. Nu- roas^building would be stepped up mairk^ merous legislatures initiated studies of water edly. Along with the basic, free-road sys- resources and of water rights and use. At tems, the toll road movement continued to least twenty voted measures to permit and glow; during the last two years five states encourage action in small watershed de- created toll road authorities, and a sixth velopment—generally in line with the authorized turnpike construction by an Watershed Protection anS Flood Preven- existing agency. Among the western.states tion Act adopted by Congress in 1954 to : legislatures assisted in a program for re- promote a joist federal-state-local pro- ciprocal handling of fixed-fee taxation of gram. And various legislatures acted to heavy interstate vehicles. Legislation across, strengthen water pollution control pro- the nation, meantime, included numerous grams in their states, enactments to increase highway safety. (See "Water Resources," page 373.) (See "Highway Systems and Motor In labor legislation, some thirty-five Vehicle Regulation," page 273, and "High- legislatures in the two-year period im- way Safety Regulation," page 285.) proved benefits under the workmen's com- Afiecting public health and welfare,, pensation laws; three adopted minimum- rheasures for mental treatment and mental wage laws for the first time; two approved health again were prominent. The bulk fair employment practice acts; four adopt- of the funds voted were for mental hos- ed legislation to aid older workers, and pitals. At the same time several legislatures several strengthened their "procedures for made special provisions for mental health industrial mediation:. More than a third of research and for training of mental health the legislatures adopted lawsjon standards personnel. Enactments in several states of employment for women. These includ- assiired development of mental hygiene , ed three acts prohibiting employers from clinics. New facilities for treatment of al- discriminating on the basis of sex as re-

\ 132 THE BOOK OF THE STATES gards pay—enactments that raised to six tional opportunities, important develop teen the number of states With such equal- ments and extensions in the compact.field pay statutes.' •-'• •^'. included action on the Interstate Compact (See entries in "Labor and Industrial on Juveniles; the South Centrallnterstate Relations," pages 404 to 433.) Corrections Compact, for cooperative use „. The legislative sessions brought much of institutions for women prisoners; various significant legislation in other fields, in water compacts, including the new Great cluding corrections, crime control, state • Lakes Compact, which created a commis- regulatory activities, and important aispects sioii to investigate problems of water re of conservation and management of natur sources and recommend action in the al resources in addition to the measures on Great Lakes Basin; and compacts for co water noted above. Separate articles, indi operative protection against forest fires. cated in the index^ deal with these areas as Enactments of uniform state laws were fre well as those for which legislative trends quent, and of measures suggested by the are summarized here. Drafting Committee of State Officials to deal with, cornmori state problems. Much INTERSTATE ACTION legislation vvithiij individual.states, more The legislatures in 1954 and 1955 over, was aided by prior cooperative adopted many acts to further interstate co studies on behalf of groups of states or all operation, through interstate compacts and the states. • other means. In addition to the ratificatio:^s (See "Interstate Compacts," page 15; .of the-interstate compacts in the West and "Uniform State Laws," page 137; "Sug New England for increasing higher educa gested State Legislation," page 143.)

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DIRECT LEGISLATION, 1953-54 ^. .1

NUMEROUS proposals received the direct duced precinct reqiiirements for voting approval of the voters in state-wide registration from four months to sixty days, elections in. 1953 and 1954, as Wisconsin voters in 1954 approved an act amendments to state constitutions or as of the 1953 legislature permitting persons measures submitted ^under referendum who have resided in the state less than.a procedures. , During the two years the year to vote for Presidential and Vice Presi- vpters passed upon such proposals in a dential electors. large majority of the states. Measures Montana's voters in 1954 provided for adopted included pro visions'affecting elec- Presidential preference primaries. A New • tions, constitutional rights, the brganiza- York amendment, adopted in 1953,.pro- tion and administration of government, vides for joint election oi" the Governor . and individual state services. In most afid Lieutenant Governor,, so that a single cases the adoptions were in the form of vote is cast for both offices, constitutional amendments. . In action affecting constitutional rights The following summary of e,nactments is outside the field of elections, New Mexico by no means all inclusive, but indicates the in 1953 removed a constitutional prohibi- nature of many measures that held wide^ tion ofthe sale of liquor to Indians; Cali- interest. fornia's voters in 1954 extended to resident _, v>. v. foreigners who are eligible for United States ELECTIONS, CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS citizenship the same privileges- relating to Action affecting elections included a property ownership that native-born citi- constitutional amendment by the people zens have; and a Texas amendment gave of Tennessee—one of a series of eight women the right and duty of jury service, amendments proposed by a constitutional . Washington, in the same year, amended its convention which they approved in 1953— constitution to permit corporations whose eliminating the poll tax. Alabama's voters majority stock is owned by alienis to own . . adopted two amendments reducing ,the land in the state; the previous prohibition, scope of the poll tax. Late in 1953 they it was explained, had discouraged certain . approved one reducing its cumulative fea- American corporations from investing capi- ture—permitting persons to vote'on pay- tal and providing new payrolls, ment of two,years'back poll taxes, a maxi- . . ,-. T, \. mum of S3.00 as compared with a previous ^ ADMINISTRATION, EXECUTIVE BRA5ICH maximum of $36. In 1954 they exempted Measures bearing on administration or blind Or deaf persons from paying poll organization of the executive branch of state taxes. government included the followingin 1953: The people of Maine-in 1954, by consti- New Mexico's voters increased from .six tutional amendment, placed all Indians on to twenty days the period after adjourn- an equal footing with other citizens as re- ment of the legislature during which the gards the right to vote. Previously, In- Governor may approve bills presented him* dians living off reservations and paying during the last three days of the session. A normal taxes could vote; those living on New York amendment authorized the legis- reservations, and thus tax exempt, could lature to increase the Governor's salary not. Maryland voters in the same year" from $25,000 to $50,000 and that of the . approved an a.mendment permitting the Lieutenant Governor from $10,000 to legislature to extend to other citizens of $20,Q90. The people of Tennessee,. in two the state absentee voting privileges hitherto . of their eight amendments that year, in- restricted to members of the armed forces, creased the Governor's term from two A North Carolina amendment of 1954 re- year to four, without righ^"of immediate • »!.

134 . THE BOOK -OF THE STATES succession, and, in changing the Gover"! A reapportionment amendment adopted nor's veto powers, authorized him to reduce v in Arizona in 1953 increased the Senate or veto items in appropriation bills. from a total of nineteen members to two Enactments in 1954 included establish from each county—a total of twenty-eight; ment in California of a Department of changed the basis for apportionment for Alcoholic Control to administer liquor the House of Representatives; and limited' . licensing laws, in place of the State Board membership of the latter to eighty. In Illi- of Equalization; and a Colorado amend- nois a constitutional amendment of 1954 ment vesting in the Public Utilities Com-' required the General Assembly to redis- mission exclusive jurisdiction oyer the regu- trict the state for legislative seats and pro- lation of the facilities, services and rates of vided the basis, for redistricting. (The all public utilities except those municipally legislature reapportioned the state accord- owned. An Illinois amendment increased 'ingly in 1955.) Oregon's voters in 1954 the term of State Treasurer from two years adopted an amendment authorizing the to four, the Treasurer remaining ineligible legislature to diyide counties having more to succeed himself. Maryland's voters than one State Senator or Representative raised the Governor's salary from $.4,500 into subdistricts for election of Senators to $15,000 a year and authorized the and Representatives. General Assembly to fix the salary of the In 1953 New Mexico's voters . ap- JSecretary of State. North Carolina voted proved an amendment raising legislators' to vest the power of parole in the State per diem pay from $10 to not more~than Board of Paroles instead of the Governor $20; one of the Tennessee, amendments of —the Governor retaining the power to that year increased legislative compensa- commute sentences and grant pardons. In tion from $4.00 to $10 a day, w|jh an Ohio an aniendment increased the tenns additional $5.00 a day for'expenses, and of Governor, Lieutenant Governor, At- authorized future change by legislative torney Gjheral, Secretary of State and action rather than constitutional amend- , TreasurejTto four years, effective with the ment. In the following year a California 1958 election; under the amendment the amendment raised legislators'salaries from Governor's tenure is limited;'to two succes- $300 to $500 a month; one'in Texas fixed sive four-year terras. The Texas electorate legislative pay at $25 a day, not to exceed adopted an amendment permitting the 120 days in any session, as compared with legislature to fix the salaries of the Gover-. previous compensatioii of $10 a day up to nor and other state constitutionEil officers, 120 days and $5.00 a day thereafter; and a provided that the salarie^re not less than West Virginia amendment increased legis- •those provided in the const^tutioii'of Janu- lators' salaries from,$500 a year to $4,500. ary 1, 1953. ^ ." In-South Carolina, subject to legislative X, T - approval, the. voters eliminated a consti- LEGiSLATUREs , tutionar limit of five cents a mile for Voters in four states provided through travel expense of legislators. . constitutional, amendments in 1954 for an- Other measures affecting legislatures nual sessions of thelf legislatures. In included a Tennessee aniendment in 1953 Georgia they called for annuaisessions not placing restrictions on special, local and to exceed forty days, in contrast to the v private acts that may be passed by the former seventy-day biennial sessions. Kan- General Assembly; and a Louisiana, sas adopted annual sessions'ofwhich'^ those .a.mendment of 1954 requiring the Gover- 'in even-numbered years:are to be budgef^tTor to notify each member of the legisla- sessions, limited to t«jrty days. Louisiana, . turcj in writing, five days in advance of the likewise, voted for annual sessions includ-. proclamation of special sessions, except in ing a budget session limited to thirty days; cases of epidemic, enemy attack or public in her case the budget session is in odd- catastrophe, numbeired years. And in West Virginia :'' j the voters provided for annual sessions . - JUDICIARY with those in the even-numbered years To '.Af>New Mexico constitutional, amend- be on budget matters. " ment of 1953 provided for theJ^xing of

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' \^ - 1 :; . / V ; •j ' •' '"••' ... Jf-'--— LEGISLATURES AND LEGISLATION : 135 salaries of Supreme and District Court ,-. A Judges by law rather than in "tH^consti^ FUNCTIONAL AREAS ^ tution as previously. New York's voters in Education. Kentucky's votefs in 1953 the same year approved two amendments adopted an ameiidment which facilitated to help relieve court congestion, including movement toward a foundation program authorization of temporary assignments of by eliminating a requirement that state General Sessions Judges in New York City_^ school-aid funds be distributed on a pupil- ., to the State Supreme Court. In 1954 census basis whether or not the school-age Louisiana voters provided by constitu- children are in school. An Ohio amend- tional amendment that candidates for ment of 1953 authorized creation of a . election as District Judges must be mem- StatS''*B6ard of Education with power to bers in, good standing of the Louisiana appoint a Superintendent of Public In- Bar Association; and that when new judge- struction. ships are created by the legislature the In California, the voters in 1954 ,ap- offices shall be filled by special election proved a $100 million bond issue to pro- called by the Governor. A Maryland vide loans and grants to school districts amendment of 1954 provided for six new for such purposes as school site acquisition County Judges and clarified the rights of and improvement, schdol building and the General Assembly to increase the equipment. In Georgia one amendment number of County Judges by statute. In was voted to perniit the General Assembly another 1954 amendment North Carolina to provide for grants of state, county or voters authorized return to the bench of ^municipal funds to citizens of the state for retired Supreme Court Justices in emer- educational purposes, in discharge of all gencies. obligation of the state to provide adequate / education. Another Georgia amendment LOCALITIES provided a referendum procedure by Tennessee's voters in 1953—^besides re- which county school boards may increase stricting special, local and private acts the existing 15-mill school tax limit up to that may be passed by the legislature as 20 mills, thus making greater support for noted above—adopted an optional home local education possible. Rhode Island's rule amendment and provisions to make electorate approved a $3.5 million bond donsolidations of city an,d county functions issiie to relocate the Rhode Island College possible. A l^ew York amendment of the of Education. In South Dakota a 1954 same, year authorized municipalities to amendment increased the limit on bonded join together m developing water supplies, indebtedness for School districts from 5 to Georgia in 1954 adopted a constitutional 10 per cent on the assessed valuation pf arriendment authorizing the General As- taxable property. Similarly, a Wyoming sembly to provide by delegation'of its amendment of the.same year increased the powers for self-government of municipali- over-all debt limit of school districts, for ties. the purpose of erecting or enlarging school A Kansas amendment of 1954 author- buildings, from 6 to 10 per.cent on as- ized the legislature to designate "urban . sessed value of the taxable property, areas" iri^counties and to enact laws giving Highways. Ohio's voters in 1953 by con- designated counties or urban areas powers stitution^ . amendment authorized the of local goverriuient and consolidation of state to borrow lip to $500 million for local government. Eliminating a former highway purposes. Colorado voters in distinction between municipalities of dif- 1954 approved a referred measure author-' ferent size, Maine voters in the same year izing revenue anticipation warrants not adopted an amendment permitting all exceeding $35 million for highway con- municipalities, regardless of size, to instruction. Texas in the same year adopted crease their indebtedness from 5 per cent . a constitutional amendment prohibiting to 7:5 per cent of their last regular valua- the legislature froriTlending the credit of tions. A 1954 Maryland amendment con- the, state, or granting use of state funds for ferred home rule on municipal jjorpora- toll roads. A 1954 Wyoming amendment tions. dedicated all gasoline and other road user i^

136 THE BOOK OF THE STATES taxes ,to construction and maintenance of veterans of the Korean conflict and to streets and highways, costs of highway certain of their relatives; and $1^000 for administration and enforcement of state certain survivors of veterans who died of traffic laws. service-connected injury or disease. \ Welfare and Health. Georgia in 1954 Nebraska adopted two amendments in adopted an amendment authorizing the 1954 relative to taxation. One permits the legislature to permit cities, towns or hous legislature to prescribe standards and ing authorities to undertafe slum clear methods for determining the value of real r ance and redevelopment as a government. or other tangible property at uniform and function for pubUc purposes. Voters in proportionate values. The other provided New York approvbsd a proposition in 1954 that if the legislature should adopt a authorizing a bond issue up to $350 million general sales or income tax, or combina for mental hospitals and other mental tion of the two, the state would be pro hygiene facilities, and another proposition hibited from levying a property tax for for a $200 million bond issue for slum state purposes. A third Nebraska amend clearance and public housing. Rhode ment required that general management Island voters, also in 1954, approved a of all lands and funds set apart for educa bond issue of $3 million for expansion of tional purposes be vested in a five-member welfare institutions. Board of. Educational Lands and Funds appointed by the Governor, with qualifi- OTHER ACTION / catipris, terms and compensation set by Voters^ in several states adopted meas the legislature. A So^tfli Dakota aniend- ures affecting veterans or their kin. In ment of 1954 authorized pooling of income 1953 New Jersey voted a constitutional from state lands owned by the various state amendment extending certain tax exemp institutions and redistribution of the in tions to widows of all war veterans, and come in a ratio based on that of the acreage New Mexico extended an existing $2,000 owned by thei individual institutions. veterans' property tax exeniption to apply Idaho's voters adopted an initiative to veterans of the Korean conflict and measure in 1954 regulating dredge min those who serve in any period when the ing. Its provisions include prohibition of armed foi-ces are engaged in conflict under dredging without a permit and a require orders of the President. This exemption is ment that dredge-mining ground be applicable also to widows of veterans. In smoothed over and water courses replaced 1954 California's electorate approved a for fish, wildlife and recreation. $175 million bond issue to assist war A South Carolina amendment, voted in veterans of that state in acquiring farms 1954 and ratified by the legislature in and homes. In Louisiana the voters 1955, eliminated an anti-dueling provision adopted a constitutional amendment pro from the state oath of office. viding for bonuses ranging from $50 to (Sfee also "State Constitutions and Con-\ m: $250, depending upon.the service area, to stitutional Revision," page 67.) UNIFORM STATE LAWS*

\U7. National Conference of Cbmrnis- Adoption Act and certain desirable iamend- sioners on Uniform State Laws for rrients to the Uniform Ancillary Adminis the past two years'has adhered to its tration of Estates and Simultaneous Death objectives, namely^ the promotion of uni ActSi. formity in state laws on all subjects where The 1954 AnnualMeeting of the,Con- . uniformity is deemed-desirable and.practi ference, held in ChicagOj was a very pro cable, the drafting of model acts on suit ductive session. Five Uniform Acts and able subjects, and the promotion of uni one Model Act were approved at the meet formity of judicial decisions throughput ing and are now available to the states for the United States.. A review of this period adoption: Uniform Supervision of Chari will demonstrate the accomplishments of table Trusts Act, Uniform Aircraft Re the National Conference. sponsibility Act, Uniform Civil Liability At the 1953 meeting of the conference in for Support Act, Uniform Disposition of Boston, Massachusetts, final apprpvarwas Unclaimed Property Act, Uniform Pres- given to the Uniform Rules of Evidence, ei^'ation of Private Business Records Act, and these rules are now available ^for Model Post-Mortem Examination Act. adoption by the states. The conference With the increase in the, number of .air considers the rules, as one of its most im- craft owned arid operated by private ; portarit and far-reaching work products. owners, it became obvious that there Dealing largely with procedural rather' . should be available to the states language than substantive law, they are so drafted of an act designed to accomplish a, basic that they, may be put in force as rules of purpose similar to that embodied in the court in those jurisdictions where the court Autornobile Financial Responsibility Acts possesses unquestioned rule-making power. now on the statute books in most of the •Under the leadership of Chief Justice states. It is believed that the draft ap Arthur T. Vanderbilt the Supreme Court proved by the conference after soriie three of New Jersey narned a committee to study years of study and research will accom the rules and make recommendations to it. plish that result. , . The committee report has been filed, and One of the most popular acts ever it recommends adoption of the Uniform drafted by the conference was the Uniforrh Rules almost in toto. Reciprocal Enforcement of Support Act. The conference undertook drafting in It now has been adopted in all forty-eight the evidence field at the request of the states. It had become apparent, however, American Law institute. The Model that there was great lack of uniformity--, Code of Evidence prepared by that body dealing with the civil liability for support was not acceptable to the bar, and hence it and that the Reciprocal Enforcement Act never was adopted in any state. At the did not provide the inaximum rernedy. A Institute's request, the conference underr Civil Liability for Support Act therefore took to revise the draft in such a way as to was drafted to fill this need. retain the basic provisions but to eliminate Disposition of unclaimed property and the objectionable features that had made preservation of private business records it unacceptable. The conference believes long have been subjects under study by this objective has been accomplished. the conference. As a result acts in these In addition to the rules of evidence, the fields were approved at the 1954 nieeting. conference completed in 1953 the Uniform The bench and bar generally have long recognized that the County Coroner sys- • *Prepared by JOE C. BARRETT, President, T^'ational Conference of Commissioners'on Uni tern, as in practical use throughout the' form State Laws. (Continued on page 142) 137 138 THE BOOK OF THE STATES RECORD OF PASSAGE OF UNIFORM AND MODEL ACTS* ., As of September 1, 1955

s? !^' .2 •"-1 3 SI . *• 5 •« Q *-t - W o 5 .2 Ok Ok.. 5 •> »^ . ^ a< . • •5 «' K ^^ E 2 5-8 3 • •• .—* 1 •2 o - fe: , n •2-. •S" •3 u 2: 5-5 - V R a R ' B r .2 . o Q «•' •-> R • 3 • 8 O a O Q •*• 3 2 K^ Q O .1 s o <\ •a i| s R ' i .•.'•• *•* S feS; 1 Q E 5 a :2 ^^ ••• 1 3 O RS to tQ CO Q I >2 ft. ft; a • • • • • • -• • ' , , • • , , 5• - • .. • • . ' ^ a•: . Arlzonai^...... • • • • • .. • • •' • • • • .. ,', • • • • • .. .. StaU' ', ,• Arkansas:...... • • • • • .. • • • .. • • , , • • • • • • • * California;..... • • »- • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

;. • • • *• . • .. • • ^ ^ • ^ ^ • • -v • • • • • .. • .. Connecticut. ^. • • 1C • • .. ' , , • -"- , . » • • • • • • .. • • T • • • • , ," • • .. • , .' . , • • • .. •k • ••' •; • .. -• * • • • • • • ...... • • • • .. • " '^ttitv • • • Idaho...... •^ •* • -y. • • .. • • , . • , , • * • • • , , • • • .. .. Illinois... • • •*r • • • • • , ,- • -« • • ,• • • • • , , • • .. Indiana...... • • • • * •• * • • • • • • • • • • • TBr. •. • -4 • • • • • • • • .. .. • • Kansas •• • • • • - • • • ...... -• • * , , • ..• • .. '.. • , , , , , , • , , • • • • • • • • • • • Louisiana • • •• • • :',.-. ••' ••. ••• • • • ••i,i • • • • • • .. • .. . Maine...... ^.; • • • • • .. •J. ^ • • • • •'.. Maryland •• • • A*- • .. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • .. Massachusetts. • • • W • • • • • • • • • .. • ,• , , , • • • .. • • • r • . • •k • • • • • • • • • •: • • . • Minnesota..... ••• ••; • • k • .. • • • • • • .. ••• • • .. .. • • t • • • • , , • •• • .. .. Missouri...... • • , , • • .. • • , , • . , , • .. • • • '• • • ,, • • • •' *• •. • • wC • • • Montana...... • • ••• • •. • •• • • • •»•••.. • .. • • • • • •• • T^ Nebra«Ica.....; •-• • • -" • .. • • . • • • • • * Nevada .;• • *• •••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • ,., • • New Hampshire • • • • • .. , , • • , , • • • • , • • .. .. •• •k .. • • •-• • • • • • • • • • ••'• • • • • • .. ..

New Mexico... • • • • • .. • • •,. • • • • • • .. .. New York :-... it • • • • .. • • • • . , j , • • • • , , • • • • • North Carolina. • • , ,- • • .. • • ; • , . • • .. • »• • • • • North Dakota...... •. :• • •k'} • ••• ••• • • • • • •• •• •'• • • ^Asaa •ft' • • ..

Oliio..:...... • • • • .; • • • • • .. • • •. • • Oklahoma ] i • , , . ; • .. • • , • • • • • • :•: • • • • , , • .. • • . , • , , • .. • , . , • • • * • .. • Pennsylvania... V * • • •. * • • • • • • * • • • • ••••• • • •'• • • .. Rhode Island... • • • • • .. • ;. • •.. • • • ...: • • South Carolina • • • • .. • , , , , • , , • .. • • • • • ..•.• • •'• i • a • South Dakota.. • • • , , • • • • • • .• • • •: • • , , • • • • • Tennessee..... • • • '•• * •• • * * o* • • • • •••. • • • • ^K • t .,- 1- . •. •••• *• • • • • • • • • Utah • • • , , • • • • • • ,,, • • • . , • • • • • . • • • • .• • • ... , , • , , • , , ' • it a * • • , V

Virginia .. .. •••• -•.• .* • • • • • '•'•\ • • • • •• • • • • • .. , , Washington.... •'• • • • 'fC TK/>V, « * • • • • • • * wC " • • • • • West Virginia.^ • • . * • • • • ., • , , • •.' • • • • • • • .•.,... . '• , , , , , , , , Wyoming..;..,. • • • • •. • • • • • • • • • • * .. • • • • • • • • • •• • ••• • • • • • • • •. • • • .. .. District of , Columbia.... • • .• • • .. • • .. • • Alaska ••••. . ••• • • • • • • • V , • • .. • • , , , , if ^K Hawaii • • • • • . , • • • • , , k .-k • • , , • k .. • Puerto Rico.... • • • • • • • • • • • TotiEd 52 52 37 33 ,51 ?1 36 38 20 30 14 39 24 25 20 42 19 46 48 34 9 7 'Prepared by the National Conference of Comniisaionerf of Uaifonn State Lawa..' f These atates have adopted the Council of State Government*' form of Support of Dependents Act wUch is similar to the Coa> ference Act. ....••' / '^As Amended.' /-.•,''•". LEGISLATURES AND LEGISLATION 139 RECORD OF PASSAGE OF UNIFORM AND MODEL AGTS--Continued As of September 1, 1955:

2 5 ST ^ 1 5 • f ..'• 5' 2. •^ S •- -s 5 »^ ^ ''^ § "5 ae M .2 5 '^ « *^ 3 C •5 .g ^ o 3 ' O w V •> Si -2 5 2> ^ ,«^^ ^ -2 -2 '5 S -2 s °= 3 '^ 2 31 1 1 •i. *JS *>*"* i^"^ fli'"^ S P"© ^'o ^'o. a R »»t>) .2"^ "S'n c 2~» .£•< vi*.. 3 3 i s i Siaxe c S-^ S-'»^-' i 5 i -5 5:2 -a i 3-3 3 -s 2 § CS feg h 5 •*• ...... ••.... • .. • • .... ' • .. .. • 1 .2 is b^=^ -1 i ^ -2 -g 11^ 1^ §-5 1 ••.... • .. .. * .. • • .. .. • • .. .. • .. .. • .. .. • .. • • .... Colorado .. .. • ...... • • .. .• • .. .. • • • ...... • • .. .. • • • .. • .. • • ..; •ic -ir ... • • .. • • ..±. .. .. • • .. Idaho •..•.. lUinols • .. • .. • ..-^ ...... - . *-r. .Indiari* •if •• •• ^* •• •• •• •• * ••..•• • .. • .. • ...... k • • .. • .. .. • .. • • • .. .: .. .. • .. • .. k •*• .. •*• •*• .. Maine • .. • .. .. k -k .. k k .. .. k .. k k .. ^. if .. .. k k .. k ^ . Mas..'. .... ^ •k -k -k -k k .. .. Ohio • .. • .. .. • -k ...... • ; • • • .. •k .. ,• ,.. .. • .. .. • • ...... • • • .- .. .. • .. • .. .. •» • • • .. ... Pennsylva.ila • • • .. .. • ...... \\ • • .. .. • .. ;. .. .. • .. .. • South CaroUna • • • .. • * .. • •..•.. •k k V. • • • • .. .. •• Tennessee • • .. • .. • • ...... \ >•

•*• ...... ,. V k .. k k •• .. ..t Virginia ..••.. • .. •• .. ... X .. .. •, .. .. • ...... • .. *• .. • ..A-. .. • • • • • - TST • • •• v...... r. .. .. Wyominil District of V. k k ....^.....Alaska • * • ..

42 25 28 6 3 7 1 8 30 3 26 S 11 16 0 2>^43 13 11 3 0 0 1 Total % Q*

140 THE BOOK OF THE STATES RECORD OF PASSAGE OF UNIFORM AND MODEll AGTS-Continued As of September 1, 1955 _ ^ . _

•S — ^ o- "5 •« R- S ^ . ^ . ^ 2 v-ic "s-S • o s ^ I ^ :S s ^ ° Q r s? 1 R ^s I '^ 1::^ -sri V :i .§ ^ ^ § ^ ? 5 s; 'i § s S 5;t -r ^ ^2 1^1

o> •80, B^-^î-- ^ •t'i; •Sw.ta, ?a;-s-o -5 |E-,-SK 8 State CaQtiyiippi§iiRi....-...-.-...... ] -^(1,^0,0,. QSOKj'c^âjQiT:;. -^ÔCsa.^ '^Cjâ. . Alabama -k -^ Arizona .... -^ .. .. * . Arkansas...... -k -k ic California *....• TV .. • • Colorado , ...... k Connecticut -^ Delaware • Florida ...... • ^ Georftla..^ • •• •• .. ^f Idaho • -ic Illinois .. • .. .. T!r Indiana ...... ir Iowa... • -k • Kansas -k it Kentucky. .. -k • • .... it Louisiana...... -k •*" Maine .. .. 'ic Maryland... .. -k lir^ Massachusetts. .^. k TV Michigan ^. .. .. -if o ' ,. ,{ Minnesota -k "k > /- \ MississippMiaalaitinnil -tt Missouri -k .. ix •. Montana -k * •• Nebraska • • .. • ...... • Nevada .. .. k ir •• .. New Hampshire k •• •• k -fr .. -k * ir New Jersey -k -^ New Mexico -k -ir jts^- New York; .. .. • • .. . North Carolina -k ^» it •• . North Dakota.. • .. .. • it .. . Ohio .. .. -iV Oklahoma -k it Oregon .. * it Pennsylvania -k it Rhode Island... ^ it Scuth Carolina • it South Dakota.. .. ./ .. • it Tennessee.. S it Texas...... tV Utah .. .. • Vermont .. * jfr VbftinU .. .. • §* Washington.... • • .. • ... -. .- • West Virginia.. • Wisconshi..... -k k^ k -k .. .. Hr it Wyoming • .. • 'it District of Columbia -k Alaska::.... •*• it Hawaii •*• it Puerto Rico ...... • Total 9 8 1 32 0 0 1 48 15.6000241 I 1 0000 .'^b

LEGISLATURES AND LEGISLATION 141 RECORD OF PASSAGE OF UNIFORM AND MODEL ACTS-Concluded As of September 1, 1955

- t;: S -I c I ^ |,|- 2 r .8 5 is -^.s vû%0,v^Kj«^ ^S'^'S'' O Sit"*, o^^ -^^ s- r § ^ ^ ^ ^ |i ^ ^-2 "^ :2 ^ I §. 2: .5 5 2; I 5 oe ^ ••§ a l| I « iÎ^ •§! ?| ^ ^ -5 ^- I-^ V5 =2 5"^ if •jf , Alabama i( •^ ., .. ' .. Arizona •J- .. "..- ...... Arkansas ...... ic California .. Colorado !. Connecticut Delaware .. .. .• :.. Florida \. .. Georftia if Idaho ...... -f^ .. if Illinois ,. .. .' .. if Indiana .- ...... Iowa it • .. 1 Kansas if .. .. if .. Kentucky if .. .: ...... • Louisiana .. .. V-. .. .. ; Maine if ...... Maryland .. • .. .. Massachusetts .. if .. .. if .. .".' .. ,', ...Michigan .. ,. .. .. Minnesota if .... Mississippi if [ .. Missouri • if' .. .. .'. .. Montana \;) ,i if if ' ; .. Nebraska if if [ '.' .. .[ ,. Nevada .. • if ][ ...... '.. .'. .. .'. .. New Hampshire ...... '. , ...... New Jersey - « .. *. ' • • • • New Mexico ..if ...... '...... New York ], ,, '. ]. ....,.,'.. .'...... ', .'. .'. '.. .. .'. .'. .'. ,. .North Carolina ' ' ' '' ' '. .. '. '' "' ' . ' '' ' .. '. .. ' .... North Dakota...... if ...... Ohio if .. '.. '...... ; .Oklahoma i . if • .'. '. .'. '• • .. .. .'. Orefton if .. if .. •• .'. '.. .. !...... Pennsylvania .. .. • .. ..Rhode Island ...... '.. '...... South Carolina if if ...... '. .. .. ]...... •• South Dakota ...... if if .. .. '...... if • • ...... \i .. Tennessee if .. .. if Texas if if if Utah if ...... •*• .... -.. .. •" • Vermont ; Virginia ,. .. if ...... Washington West Virginia if .: ...... if if yf • • •'• Wisconsin if ; Wyoming District of .. .. Columbia .. .. .; Alaska .. • Hawaii Puerto Rico 4 5 2 5. 3 2 0 1 0 0 12 2 3 1 2 " 10 10 0 3 0 11 ...... Total 142 LEGISLATURES AND LEGISLATION United States, was ineffective for the de existing law through failure to provide tection of crime. Drafting designed to cure means by which proper administration of at least some of the defects of this system those trusts can be compelled. The subject was recommended by the American Medi matter was first brought to the attention of cal Association as well as by various groups the conference by the National Association concerned with the detection of crime and of Attorneys General, with which the cour punishment of the offender. The Model ference worked* closely, in preparation of Post-Mortem Examinations Act is a result the act. It is %Ijr that the act will serve a of this recommendation. In preparing the real need in many of the older and more act the conference worked closely with populous states. committees from peace officers' organiza- Thus the conference has not been idle. 'tions and American Medical Association, It proposes to continue its activities to im if The Uniform Supervision of Charitable prove the administration of justide and to Trusts Act was designed to provide a means promote greater uniformity in the law. It by which appropriate state officers would continues to work closgJy with the Council be furnished information about the crea of State Governments and provides a sub tion of such trusts and means by which to stantial part of the Council's drafting com compel their execution in the interest of mittee. The Council has been quite effec the beneficiaries. It was found that in some tive in promoting adoption of uniform and states there were literally thousands of dor model acts drafted by the conference. The mant charitable trusts which apparently- splendid working arrangement between had been forgotten by the beneficiarif^ or the two bodies isâ source of great satisfac the trustees. iThere is great deficiency in tion to the conference officers.

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SUGGESTED STATE ^LEGISLATION—1955 PROGRAM

THE Drafting Committee of the Coun- included recommendations for amendment cil of State Governments has been in of state laws to facilitate absentee voting existence since 1940. It was created by mepibers of the armed forces; suggested to develop emergency defense legislation legislation to prevent loss of voting resi- for suggested enactment by the states at dence in national elections, by providing that time. During World War II the com- for temporary retention of the right to votel mittee prepared suggested state legislation after having left the state to reside else- to facilitate state-federal cooperation iri where; general recommendations for im- the war effort. Since then there has been a provement of absentee voting laws; and a transition to more normal continuing statement regarding model state laws on problems, and the committee has devel- election administration, registration and oped drzift proposals in a great variety of direct primariesHIGHWAY, S fields.closely Frowithm thitse inceptionNational, Conferencit has workede of . Commissioners on Uniform State Laws. An act was suggested under which ia The Drafting Committee is composed of person suspected of driving while intoxi state legislators, members of Commissions cated must either submit to a chemical on Interstate Cooperation, Uniform Law test to determine whether he was under Commissioners and other state officials. the influence of alcohol or face revocation Sidney Clifford of Rhode Island has of his driver license. Language also was served as chairman since 1949. The staff suggeisted to provide for interstate notice of of the Council of State Governments acts traffic violations, so that appropriate ac as secretariat; advisory and techri^l serv tion may be taken by the home state ices are provided by the Unitea^tates against violators. Other recommendations Department of Justice and many^ther dealt with the immediate taking of land agencies and organizations. under erninent domain for highway con The program of suggested state le^^^- struction purposes and with respect to con- tion prepared by the Drafting Comiml^e trolled-access highways. each year is widely distributed among Qie states, and individual items are selected ih HEALTH, WELFARE AND SAFETY the states for introduction and enactment. In this field the 1955 program included The program prepared for the 1955 legis proposals dealing with regulation of hyp lative sessions included about sixty sepa notic and somnifacient drugs; care and rate proposals, in such widely varying treatment of narcotic addicts; protection areas as regulation of charitable fund rais- against the sale of dangerously flamniable ~ing, civil defense, proof of wills, voting laws, fabrics; protection, especially of children, flammable fabrics and hypnotic drugs. a^inst dangerous excavations and aban- This article summarizes certain items of ddned iceboxes; care, treatment and com major interest, and the accompanying mittment of the mentally ill; and rehabili- table presents a general listing, by cate- tation services/for the physically handi- gories, of the bills and recommendations capped, carried in^thc committee's report for 1955.^ STVTE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT ELECTIONS The Drafting Committee developed im- A series of proposals on election laws portarit amendments to its earlier enabling was presented in the 1955 prograni. These act for coverage of state and local em- ^FoT dttaih sec Suggested State Legislationi Pro- ployees under the federal social security gramjor 1955, The Ckjuncil of State Governments, program. In accordance with action by 143 144 THE BOOK OF THE STATES Congress, provision was made for the inte reports the full texts of uniform acts newly, gration of public retirement systems with. promulgated by the National Conference Old-Age and Survivors Insurance. Pre of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws. viously, federal social security coverage In this way state legislatures and state was denied if the worker was already cov administrative officials are made aware as ered by a public retirement system; A soon as possiblcgf new and important pro suggested act was presented to permit the posals for uniform state action,. In the loan of state employees to other govern 1955 report six such uniform measures mental units, within and without the were carried ^-covering supervision of char United States, with full protection of the itable trustees, disposition of unclaimed employee's rights. Recommendations were property, civil liability for support, preser made concerning investment of state funds vation of private business records, aircraft and development of proper administrative financial responsibility and post-mortem machinery in that connection. A state examinations. ment was included relating to model acts to strengthen local fiscal management in OTHER PROPOSALS such fundamental respects as budgeting, Among other proposals in the report for borrowing and tax collections. 1955 were a series of acts to regulate char- Ktj . itabic fund-raising organizations so as to AGRICULTURE'AND FORESTRY prevent racketeering; an act to permit .One suggested, act has the purpose of proof of wills out of court, simplifying pro providing appropriate measures to control bate when there is no contest of the will; •forest insects and diseS^cs on state and several measures to strengtheri and acti private lands. The act authorizes surveys vate civil defense programs; and an act to to detect infestations, procedures for estab protect radio and television stations from lishing control zones and applying control libel suits arising out of statements made, measures, and means for apportioning by political speak"ers over whom the sta costs. Acts were carried to irnprove condi tions have no control. tions related to migrant farm labor, in Also included were a proposed interstate cluding registration of crew leaders and compact on interpleader; provision for co farm labor contractors, and to amend state operative returns of parole and probation health laws so that sanitary codes will violators in order to save duplicate trips apply to farm labor camps. Recommenda by state corrections officials; an act pro tions also were made for improvement of hibiting "bait advertising" by unscrupu laws for control of agricultural pests and lous dealers who have no intention of sell animal diseases. ing the goods'advertised at the indicated price; and an act providing penalties UNIFORM L.-^ws against persons who refuse to, give up a In recent years it has been the practice party-line telephone in case of erner- of the Drafting Coinmittee to present in its gency. ; ^ , ; ,\ •

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•\ . LEGISLATURES AND LEGISLATION . 145 . PROPOSALS OF THE DRAFTING COMMITTEE PROGRAM FOR 1955 . {Titles are in abbreviated form)

NATIONAL DEFENSE 1. Compensation Benefits for Civil Defense 5. Model State Civil Defense Act* X Workers \ 6. Emergency Civil Defense Funds* 2. Illumination Control 7. Civil Defense Loyalty Oath* 3. Tuition Charges for Military Personnel 8. State Code of Military Justice * 4. Absentee Voting by Servicemen 9. Use of Phrase "Armed Forces" *

HEALTH AND WELFARE 1. Regulation of Charity Rackets 5. Care and Treatment of Mentally 111I*' 2. Social Security Coverage Enabling Act "--6. Hospitalization and Commitment of the 3. Determination of Disability Mentally 111* •-"~~ 4. Migratory Farm Labor (three acts on health 7. Rehabilitation of the Handicapped * and welfare regulation) 8., State Unemployment Benefits

SAFETY 1. Regulation of Flammable Fabrics 3. Fireworks Regulation , 2. Dangerous Excavations and Abandoned Arti- 4. Emergency Use of Telephones cles (three acts) '

' LEGAL AFFAIRS 1. Proof of Wills Out of Court .3. Interstate Compact on Interpleader 2. Broadcasters' Liability Inlmunity " 4. Registration of Trademarks HIGHWAYS AND MOTOR VEHICLES J. Driver Intoxication Tests 3. Taking Highway Rights of Way * (_2. Interstate Notice of Driving Violations 4. Controlled Access Highways * NARCOTICS AND CRIME CONTROL - ' 1. Hypnotic and Somnifacient Drugs 3. Cooperative Returns of Parole and Probation 2. Care and Treatment of Narcotic Addicts Violators , .4. Standard Probation and Parole Act*

CONSERVATION -• L Control of Forest Insects and Diseases 3. Plant Disease and Pest Control * ^ 2. Watershed Legislation and Programs * 4. Animal Disease Control* • MISCELLANEOIJS 1. Payroll Savings Plans 8. Commission on Intergovernmental Relations * 2. Governmental Leaves of Absence 9. Weights and Measures Laws * 3. Loss ofVoting Residence in Natiotial Elections 10. Election Administration * 4. Absentee Voting in" General 11. Investment of State Funds * • 5. Bait Advertising \2. Local Fiscal Enabling Acts * 6. State and Regional Planning * 13. Exchange Teacher Programs * 7, Slum Clcau-ance and Urban Renevyal* ;•

UNIFORM ACTS t " 1. Supervision of Trustees for Charitable Pur- 4. Preservation of Private Business Records poses 5. Aircraft Financial Responsibility 2. Disposition of Unclaimed Property 6. Post-Mortem Examinations 3. Civil Liability for Support .^

* Indicates descriptive statements only, no suggested legislation carried, f As promulgated by the National Conference of Commissioners;on Uniform State Laws.

/'•••• 146 THE BOOK OF THE STATES DRAFTING COMMITTEE OF STATE OFFICIALS OF THE COUNCIL OF STATE GOVERNMENTS, * 1955-5t ^ SroNEY CLIFFORD, Chairman Commissioner on Uniform State Laws (Rhode Island)

HARRINGTON ADAMS (Pennsylvania) SAM M. LEVINE (Arkansas) g Deputy Attorney General Jklember, House of Representatives

MILTON ALPERT (New York) ARTHUR Y. LLOYD (Kentucky) . Deputy Attorney General " Commissioner on Uniform State Laws

ELISHA T. BARRETT (New York) SENATOR OTTIS E. LOCK (Texas) Joint Legislative Committee on Commission on Interstate Cooperation Interstate Cooperation LLOYD W. LOWREY (California) JOHN B". BOATVVRIGHT, JR. (Virginia) Commission on Interstate Cooperation Coinmissioner on Uniform State Laws DALE MACIVER JAMES M. BULLARD (Oklahoma) « Assistant Attorney General . Member, House of Representatives LowRY N. COE (District of Columbia) MRS. MARIE F. MAEBERT (New Jersey) . Commissioner on Uniform State Laws Member of the General Assembly . WI'LLOUGHBY A. COLBY (New Hampshire) E. J. MCCAFFREY (Illinois) Commissioner on Uniform State Laws Legislative Reference Bureau DAYTON COUNTRYMAN (Iowa) N ROBERT L. MOULTON (Ohio) - Attorney General Commission on Interstate Cooperation SENATOR DONALD P. DUNKLEE (Colorado) C. EMERSON MURRY (North Dakota) Commission on Interstate Cooperation Legislative Research Committee

MRS. MARJORIE.D. FARMER (Connecticut) ARNOLD OLSEN (Montana) Commission on Interstate Cooperation Attorney General CARL M. FRASURE (West Virginia) EDWARD L. SCHWARTZ (Massachusetts) Commission on Interstate Cooperation Commissioner on Uniform State Laws FRED GULICK (Kansas) Commission on Interstate Cooperation R. JASPER. SMITH (Missouri) Commissioner on Uniform State Laws S. EDWARD HANNESTAD (i^ennsylvahia) Commissioner on Uniform State Laws; HENRY P. THOMAS (Virginia) • ' •* • . . ,- . Commissioner on U^ifomi State Laws CHARLES TOM HENDERSON (Florida) . Assistant Attorney General VERNON W. THOMSOI^ (Wisconsin) Attorney General ROGER HOWELL (Maryland) Commissioner on Uniform State Laws SENATOR CHARLES E. TooKE, JR. W.b. HUGHES (Indiana) (Louisiana) Member, House of Representatives' Commission on Interstate Cooperation - THOMAS M. KAVANAUGH (Michigan) Miss INEZ WATSON (South Carolina) Attorney General Clerk, House of Representatives SENATOR EARL J. LEE (Nebraska) WILLIAM WINTER (Mississippi) Commission^ on Interstate Cooperation Commission on. Interstate Cooperation