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The Utah Nippo, Salt Lake City's Japanese Americans, and Proving Group Loyalty, 1941-1946

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The Utah Nippo, Salt Lake City's Japanese Americans, and Proving Group Loyalty, 1941-1946 Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU All Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate Studies 8-2012 "Super Salesmen" for the Toughest Sales Job: The Utah Nippo, Salt Lake City's Japanese Americans, and Proving Group Loyalty, 1941-1946 Sarah Fassmann Utah State University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Fassmann, Sarah, ""Super Salesmen" for the Toughest Sales Job: The Utah Nippo, Salt Lake City's Japanese Americans, and Proving Group Loyalty, 1941-1946" (2012). All Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 1286. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/1286 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. “SUPER SALESMEN” FOR THE TOUGHEST SALES JOB: THE UTAH NIPPO, SALT LAKE CITY’S JAPANESE AMERICANS, AND PROVING GROUP LOYALTY, 1941–1946 by Sarah B. Fassmann A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS in History Approved: David Rich Lewis Lawrence Culver Major Professor Committee Member Melody Graulich Mark R. McLellan Committee Member Vice President for Research and Dean of the School of Graduate Studies UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY Logan, Utah 2012 ii Copyright © Sarah L. B. Fassmann 2012 All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT “Super Salesmen” for the Toughest Sales Job: The Utah Nippo, Salt Lake City’s Japanese Americans, and Proving Group Loyalty, 1941–1946 by Sarah L. B. Fassmann, Master of Arts Utah State University, 2012 Major Professor: Dr. David Rich Lewis Department: History This thesis examines the Utah Nippo, its messages to Salt Lake City’s Nikkei population, and draws out the paper’s editorial themes intended for resident Utah Nikkei. The Utah Nippo was one of three Japanese-language newspapers that published during World War II and it was a voice for community leaders and editors who urged Salt Lake Nikkei to behave in certain ways that (they believed) would prove a certain loyal American identity. Such an identity was comprised of prescribed behaviors: supporting the government and war effort, attending patriotic activities, keeping a low social profile, and quietly enduring the fear and discrimination directed at them as Nikkei in the midst of a national war against Japan. The Utah Nippo painted the model minority stereotype during World War II, although scholars view it as a postwar concept imposed on Asian Americans. Although not entirely dictated by the Japanese American Citizens League, the newspaper content was influenced by the League’s wartime campaigns for working with the U.S. government and behaving loyally. Nikkei in community leadership roles actively encouraged this image because it meant safety by assurance of Americanism. Individuals and editorials highlighted behaviors that helped or hurt the group image. The newspaper also focused iv on ending racism in the U.S. within Nikkei communities and as they resettled throughout the nation. While the Utah Nippo printed such sentiments, not all residents necessarily agreed with or did as the newspaper suggested, yet the articles indicated the identity that editors and leaders hoped to create. In light of the tenuous situation that Salt Lake Nikkei felt they lived in, it made sense for individuals to outwardly conform and incorporate the paper’s behavioral guidelines in order to deflect suspicions over loyalty away from the group. (158 pages) v PUBLIC ABSTRACT “Super Salesmen” for the Toughest Sales Job: The Utah Nippo, Salt Lake City’s Japanese Americans, and Proving Group Loyalty, 1941–1946 by Sarah L. B. Fassmann, Master of Arts Utah State University, 2012 In this thesis, I examine the Utah Nippo, a newspaper that published in Salt Lake City, Utah, in Japanese and English during World War II. People of Japanese descent are called Nikkei. The immigrant parents are termed Issei and their U.S. citizen children are Nisei. I look specifically at the Utah Nippo English section editors’ messages to Salt Lake City’s Nikkei population and draw out the paper’s editorial themes intended for resident Utah Nikkei—and for the larger Euro-American population. After the 7 December 1941 Japanese military attack on Pearl Harbor, the United States government ordered that Nikkei on the West Coast be imprisoned during the war. This disrupted all Nikkei’s lives, including those in Utah who were not imprisoned. Newspapers on the West Coast could not publish, making the Utah Nippo one of three Japanese-language newspapers that published during World War II. It was a voice for community leaders and editors who urged Salt Lake Nikkei to behave in certain ways that (they believed) would prove a certain loyal American identity. Such an identity was comprised of prescribed behaviors: supporting the government and war effort, attending patriotic activities, keeping a low social profile, and quietly enduring the fear and discrimination directed at them as Nikkei in the midst of a national war against Japan. The Utah Nippo painted the model minority stereotype during World War II, although scholars view as a postwar concept imposed on Asian Americans. The model minority stereotype vi is that Asian Americans are the “best” immigrant group in the U.S. because they achieve in Euro- American institutions. This is not true and is a racist stereotype. However, in this thesis, I argue that the model minority image was one which Nikkei wanted to cultivate during World War II because it meant that they were truly and successfully American. Another influence on the Utah Nippo that I discuss in this thesis is the Japanese American Citizens League, or JACL. Although not entirely dictated by the JACL, the newspaper content was influenced by the League’s wartime campaigns for working with the U.S. government and behaving loyally. The JACL planned meetings and conventions that had patriotic themes and messages in them. Nikkei who attended would, supposedly, learn about how to better their American image. The presence of the announcements showed Euro-American observers that the community and League were working together to be adequately American. Nikkei in community leadership roles actively encouraged this image because it meant safety by assurance of Americanism. Other focuses in the Utah Nippo include specific examples of behaviors and demands that racism in the U.S. stop. Individuals and editorials highlighted behaviors that helped or hurt the group image. At the latter part of the war, the newspaper focused on ending racism in the U.S. within Nikkei communities and as they resettled throughout the nation after being released from camps. Although the Utah Nippo printed such sentiments, not all residents necessarily agreed with or did as the newspaper suggested, yet the articles indicated the identity that editors and leaders hoped to create. In light of the tenuous situation that Salt Lake Nikkei felt they lived in, it made sense for individuals to outwardly conform and incorporate the paper’s behavioral guidelines in order to deflect suspicions over loyalty away from the group. vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Three years ago, I drove down 300 West and 100 South in Salt Lake City with my husband. A street sign caught my eye—Japan Town Street. Little did I know that there were still a Japanese Church of Christ and a Buddhist Temple on that street, which had been a small Japanese community many years ago, but had been mostly demolished in the 1960s to make way for the Salt Palace Convention Center. “A Japan Town in Salt Lake? No way!” I said. At the time, I was searching for a research project for my history senior paper and decided to look into this topic more. The questions I asked early on slowly evolved into my master’s thesis. I am very thankful for all those who helped me on this journey. I’d like to thank Dr. Victoria Grieve for her comments on my senior paper and encouragement to turn it into a thesis or dissertation at a later time. Dr. Mic Nicholls also deserves to be acknowledged for a highly entertaining methods course and the reassurance that it was all right if a research project died before it began. Historians spend a lot of time researching in archives. I thank Brad Cole and Bob Parsons from Special Collections and Archives at Utah State University for their suggestions of collections, especially pulling pertinent folders of the Leonard J. Arrington Historical Files for me. I also thank the student workers there for fetching boxes and making copies for me. The help of Lorraine M. Crouse at the University of Utah’s Special Collections in suggesting ideas and collections to look at is most appreciated. I am grateful to the Utah State University Department of History for a Graduate Student Travel Award for summer 2011, which funded my drives to Salt Lake City and the copies I made. While working on the thesis, I’ve been able to present my research in several forums. I appreciate the comments of Dr. Lon Kurashige at the Pacific Coast Branch of the American Historical Association in August 2011 and Dr. Aaron Skabelund at the Utah Phi Alpha Theta viii meeting in March 2012. Their comments were helpful and thought provoking, and my arguments are better because of them. I’m grateful for the friends I’ve made and shared ideas with during this process. Thanks to the other history graduate students for letting me join them in their office and distracting them from their work—and letting me use their microwave. Special thanks to Greg Palmer and Jaquelin Pelzer for their friendships. I would overlook a major part of my graduate school life if I did not thank the wonderful people at the Western Historical Quarterly.
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