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REDIA, XCIX, 2016: 187-195 http://dx.doi.org/10.19263/REDIA-99.16.24 TAKUMASA KONDO (*) (°) - ANDREA AMALIA RAMOS-PORTILLA (**) ANA LUCIA B.G. PERONTI (***) - PENNY J. GULLAN (****) KNOWN DISTRIBUTION AND PEST STATUS OF FLUTED SCALE INSECTS (HEMIPTERA MONOPHLEBIDAE ICERYINI) IN SOUTH AMERICA (1) (*) Laboratorio de Entomología, Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria (CORPOICA), Centro de Investigación Palmira, Valle del Cauca, Colombia. (**) Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario ICA, Museo Entomológico UNAB-Universidad Nacional de Colombia, sede Bogotá. (***) Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias de Jaboticabal. (****) Division of Evolution, Ecology & Genetics, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, A.C.T. 2601, Australia. E-mail: [email protected] (°) Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected] Kondo T., Ramos-Portilla A.A., Peronti A.L.B.G., Gullan P.J. – Known distribution and pest status of fluted scale insects (Hemiptera Monophlebidae Iceryini) in South America. Current information on the known distribution of all 18 species (12 species of Crypticerya Cockerell and 6 species of Icerya Signoret) of fluted scale insects (Hemiptera: Monophlebidae: Iceryini) found in South America is provided. A list of known host plants and natural enemies of these species is given and their pest status in South America is discussed. KEY WORDS: Crypticerya, Icerya, Monophlebidae, South America, distribution, host plants. INTRODUCTION species and, when outbreaks occurred on San Andres Island, Colombia, the most common hosts included essentially all The tribe Iceryini (Hemiptera: Monophlebidae) is palm species (Arecaceae), breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis composed by 84 species distributed in five genera, i.e., (Parkinson) Fosberg), Citrus spp., guava (Psidium spp.), all Crypticerya Cockerell, Icerya Signoret, Echinicerya leguminous trees and weeds (Fabaceae), Ficus spp. Morrison, Gigantococcus Pesson & Bielenin, and (Moraceae), Mammea americana L. (Calophyllaceae), Gueriniella Targioni Tozzetti (GARCÍA MORALES et al., 2016; Melicoccus bijugatus Jacq. (Sapindaceae) and Spondias spp. UNRUH & GULLAN, 2008a, b). Of these, only Crypticerya (Anacardiaceae) (KONDO et al., 2012a). Another species, C. and Icerya are known from South America. Twelve of 27 genistae, has been reported on 80 species of plants, and was described species of Crypticerya and six of 35 species of reported recently in Colombia, where it is considered a pest Icerya have been recorded from one or more South of chili peppers (KONDO et al., 2016). We provide American countries (GARCÍA MORALES et al., 2016). For the information on the distribution and host plants of the Iceryini purpose of this paper, we treat South America as including species found in South America and discuss their economic Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, importance. French Guiana, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, and Venezuela, but exclude the ABC islands, MATERIAL AND METHODS Trinidad and Tobago, and Panama, which are sometimes considered as part of South America. In South America, the The present paper summarizes our current understanding pest iceryine species are commonly called fluted scales of the distribution, host plants, pest status, natural enemies, because the female (often hermaphroditic) produces a white and other information such as biological and taxonomic waxy ovisac marked with longitudinal grooves or flutes. The notes on scale insects of the tribe Iceryini (Hemiptera: species of greatest economic importance in South America Monophlebidae) in South America based on a literature are Crypticerya brasiliensis (Hempel), C. multicicatrices review and personal observations. Kondo & Unruh, C. genistae (Hempel), C. montserratensis (Riley & Howard), C. palmeri (Riley & Howard), C. zeteki (Cockerell), Icerya purchasi Maskell and I. seychellarum RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (Westwood). All of the above species are polyphagous and attack plant species of economic importance. For example, LIST OF ICERYINE SPECIES KNOWN FROM SOUTH AMERICA C. multicicatrices is known to feed on almost 150 plant Crypticerya abrahami (Newstead) Llaveia abrahami Newstead, 1917: 1. DISTRIBUTION IN SOUTH AMERICA - Colombia (KONDO & 1 Original scientific contribution presented and discussed at XIV International Symposium on Scale Insect Studies, Catania-Italy, UNRUH, 2009), Guyana (FOLDI, 2009; NEWSTEAD, 1917; 13-16 June 2016. UNRUH & GULLAN, 2008b), Venezuela (FOLDI, 2009). – Received 20 September 2016 Accepted 24 October 2016 188 T. KONDO ET AL. REDIA, Vol. XCIX, 2016 PEST STATUS – Not considered a pest. reliable way to differentiate them is by looking at slide- NATURAL ENEMIES - Unknown. mounted specimens. HOST PLANTS - Euphorbiaceae: Sapium jenmanii Hemsl. (UNRUH & GULLAN, 2008b); Fabaceae: Pithecellobium Crypticerya flava (Hempel) dulce (Roxb.) Benth. (NEWSTEAD, 1917); Myrtaceae: Icerya flava Hempel, 1920: 334. Psidium guajava L. (T. KONDO, personal observation). DISTRIBUTION IN SOUTH AMERICA - Brazil (HEMPEL, REMARKS - The insects live underneath the bark of their 1920). host plant; adult females are covered by a thin layer of PEST STATUS - Unknown. white wax and lack the typical ornamental waxy secretions NATURAL ENEMIES - Not reported. seen in many species of Crypticerya. Instead of an ovisac, HOST PLANTS - HEMPEL (1920) lists C. flava (as Icerya the females keep their eggs underneath their body in a flava) as occurring on the bark of indigenous trees locally marsupium, which may be an adaptation for living in known as ‘cambará preta’ and ‘sucará’. UNRUH & GULLAN crowded spaces. According to the original description by (2008b) identified ‘cambará preta’ as “black Gochnatia”, a NEWSTEAD (1917), the type specimens were found plant in the family Asteraceae. The other plant, ‘sucará’ “inhabiting indentations in the bark of a rubber-producing appears to be a plant in the genus Xylosma, in the family tree, Sapium jenmani Hemsl. (Euphorbiaceae); attended by Salicaceae. ants which construct coverings over the Coccids”. Similarly, REMARKS - This species is known only from Brazil and in Colombia they are often found on Pithecellobium dulce very little information is available for it in the scientific and Psidium guajava, underneath the bark, on bark crevices literature. and inside ant cartons and tended by Azteca and Crematogaster (Formicidae) ants (T. KONDO, personal Crypticerya flocculosa (Hempel) observation). Two other species, C. pimentae from Jamaica Icerya flocculosa Hempel, 1932: 312. and C. rosae known from Guadeloupe, Haiti, Mexico, DISTRIBUTION IN SOUTH AMERICA - Brazil (HEMPEL, Puerto Rico and the U.S.A., are morphologically identical 1932). to C. abrahami, but are not genetically identical (Unruh & PEST STATUS - Unknown. Gullan, 2008b). NATURAL ENEMIES - Not reported. HOST PLANTS - Fagaceae: Castanea sp.; Rutaceae: Citrus Crypticerya brasiliensis (Hempel) sp. (HEMPEL, 1932). Icerya brasiliensis Hempel, 1900: 370. REMARKS - Only known from Brazil. UNRUH & GULLAN DISTRIBUTION IN SOUTH AMERICA - Argentina (LIZER Y (2008b) were unable to examine specimens of C. flocculosa TRELLES, 1938), Colombia (KONDO et al., 2016), Brazil for their identification guide to species of Iceryini and (HEMPEL, 1900, 1912; LIZER Y TRELLES, 1938; PALOMAR et suggested that this species may be a synonym of another al., 2015; PERONTI & ROSA, 2006; UNRUH & GULLAN, species. 2008b), Guyana (UNRUH & GULLAN, 2008a). PEST STATUS - This species is often found congregating in Crypticerya genistae (Hempel) large numbers on the underneath of branches and twigs of Icerya genistae Hempel, 1912: 55. its host, and has been reported as causing the dieback of DISTRIBUTION IN SOUTH AMERICA - Brazil (CULIK et al., numerous shade trees in São Paulo, Brazil (HEMPEL, 1900). 2007; HEMPEL, 1912), Colombia (KONDO et al., 2016). Recently, in the Department of Boyacá in Colombia, C. PEST STATUS - Crypticerya genistae has been reported as a brasiliensis was reported as causing great damage to many pest of eggplants, peanuts, peppers and tomatoes in types of shrubs and guava trees (KONDO et al., 2016). Barbados (HODGES et al., 2008). In Puerto Rico it has been NATURAL ENEMIES - Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae: reported as a devastating pest of soybeans and other Brethesiella abnormicornis (Girault), Brethesiella longipes legumes (JENKINS et al., 2014). In Florida, hosts currently Blanchard (NOYES, 2004; TRJAPITZIN & TRJAPITSYN, 2006). are restricted to common roadside plants, with no HOST PLANTS - Arecaceae: Caryota sp.; Euphorbiaceae: infestations observed in agricultural crops or on ornamental Codiaeum sp.; Lauraceae: Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J. plants (HODGES et al., 2008). In Colombia, it has been Presl.; Magnoliaceae: Liriodendron tulipifera L.; Moraceae: reported as a pest of chili peppers, Capsicum sp. cv. ‘Topito’ Ficus sp.; Myrtaceae: Callistemon viminalis (Sol. ex (Solanaceae) (KONDO et al., 2016). Plants in the families Gaertn.) G. Don, Psidium guajava L.; Rosaceae: Rosa sp. Asteraceae, Euphorbiaceae and Fabaceae are favored by C. (HEMPEL, 1900, 1912; KONDO et al., 2016; LIZER Y genistae (ETIENNE & MATILE-FERRERO 2008; HODGES et al., TRELLES, 1938; PALOMAR et al., 2015; PERONTI & ROSA, 2008; STOCKS, 2013) and plants of the families Malvaceae 2006). and Solanaceae also appear to be common hosts of C. REMARKS - Outside South America, C. brasiliensis has genistae. been recorded from Panama (Canal Zone) by COCKERELL NATURAL
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    270 Integrated Pest Management and Pest Control – Current and Future Tactics Smith, H.S., 1919. On some phases of insect control by the biological method. J. Econ. Entomol. 12: 288–292. 12 Solomon, M. 1949. The natural control of animal populations. Jour. Anim. Ecol. 18:1–35. Sun, C. N., G. P. Georghiou and K. Weiss. 1980. Toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis to mosquito larvae variously resistant to conventional insecticides. Mosq. News 40:614-618. Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritoidea): Steffan, W. A. and N. L. Evenhuis. 1981. Biology of Toxorhycnhites. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 26: Biology, Host Plants, Natural Enemies, 159-181. Trpis, M. 1972. Development and predatory behavior of Toxorhynchites brevipalpis (Diptera, and the Implications to Their Natural Control Culicidae) in relation to temperature. Environ. Entomol. 1: 537-546. Trpis, M. 1973. Interaction between the predator Toxorhynchites brevipalpis and its prey Aedes M. A. Uchoa aegypti. Bull. Wld. Hlth. Org. 49: 359-365. Laboratório de Insetos Frugívoros, Tully, T. P. Cassey and R. Ferriere. 2005. Functional response: rigorous estimation and Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados sensitivity to genetic variation in prey. Oikos 111: 479-487. Brazil Van Dam, A. R., and W. E. Walton. 2008. The effect of predatory fish exudates on the ovipositional behavior of three mosquito species: Cules quinquefasciatus, Aedes aegypti and Culex tarsalis. Medical and Veterinary Entomology 22: 399-404. 1. Introduction Vanlerberghe, V., M. E. Toledo, M. Rodriguez, D. Gomez, A. Baly, J. R. Benitez, and P. Van der Stuyft. 2009. Community involvement in dengue vector control: cluster Brazil is the third world largest producer of fruits, surpassed only by China (94.4 millions of randomised trial.
  • Chapter 9 Biodiversity of Diptera

    Chapter 9 Biodiversity of Diptera

    Chapter 9 Biodiversity of Diptera Gregory W. Courtney1, Thomas Pape2, Jeffrey H. Skevington3, and Bradley J. Sinclair4 1 Department of Entomology, 432 Science II, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011 USA 2 Natural History Museum of Denmark, Zoological Museum, Universitetsparken 15, DK – 2100 Copenhagen Denmark 3 Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids and Nematodes, K.W. Neatby Building, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6 Canada 4 Entomology – Ontario Plant Laboratories, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, K.W. Neatby Building, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6 Canada Insect Biodiversity: Science and Society, 1st edition. Edited by R. Foottit and P. Adler © 2009 Blackwell Publishing, ISBN 978-1-4051-5142-9 185 he Diptera, commonly called true flies or other organic materials that are liquified or can be two-winged flies, are a familiar group of dissolved or suspended in saliva or regurgitated fluid T insects that includes, among many others, (e.g., Calliphoridae, Micropezidae, and Muscidae). The black flies, fruit flies, horse flies, house flies, midges, adults of some groups are predaceous (e.g., Asilidae, and mosquitoes. The Diptera are among the most Empididae, and some Scathophagidae), whereas those diverse insect orders, with estimates of described of a few Diptera (e.g., Deuterophlebiidae and Oestridae) richness ranging from 120,000 to 150,000 species lack mouthparts completely, do not feed, and live for (Colless and McAlpine 1991, Schumann 1992, Brown onlyabrieftime. 2001, Merritt et al. 2003). Our world tally of more As holometabolous insects that undergo complete than 152,000 described species (Table 9.1) is based metamorphosis, the Diptera have a life cycle that primarily on figures extracted from the ‘BioSystematic includes a series of distinct stages or instars.