DOCSLIB.ORG

25 Kondo Corr 1

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
25 Kondo Corr 1 REDIA, XCIX, 2016: 187-195 http://dx.doi.org/10.19263/REDIA-99.16.24 TAKUMASA KONDO (*) (°) - ANDREA AMALIA RAMOS-PORTILLA (**) ANA LUCIA B.G. PERONTI (***) - PENNY J. GULLAN (****) KNOWN DISTRIBUTION AND PEST STATUS OF FLUTED SCALE INSECTS (HEMIPTERA MONOPHLEBIDAE ICERYINI) IN SOUTH AMERICA (1) (*) Laboratorio de Entomología, Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria (CORPOICA), Centro de Investigación Palmira, Valle del Cauca, Colombia. (**) Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario ICA, Museo Entomológico UNAB-Universidad Nacional de Colombia, sede Bogotá. (***) Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias de Jaboticabal. (****) Division of Evolution, Ecology & Genetics, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, A.C.T. 2601, Australia. E-mail: [email protected] (°) Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected] Kondo T., Ramos-Portilla A.A., Peronti A.L.B.G., Gullan P.J. – Known distribution and pest status of fluted scale insects (Hemiptera Monophlebidae Iceryini) in South America. Current information on the known distribution of all 18 species (12 species of Crypticerya Cockerell and 6 species of Icerya Signoret) of fluted scale insects (Hemiptera: Monophlebidae: Iceryini) found in South America is provided. A list of known host plants and natural enemies of these species is given and their pest status in South America is discussed. KEY WORDS: Crypticerya, Icerya, Monophlebidae, South America, distribution, host plants. INTRODUCTION species and, when outbreaks occurred on San Andres Island, Colombia, the most common hosts included essentially all The tribe Iceryini (Hemiptera: Monophlebidae) is palm species (Arecaceae), breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis composed by 84 species distributed in five genera, i.e., (Parkinson) Fosberg), Citrus spp., guava (Psidium spp.), all Crypticerya Cockerell, Icerya Signoret, Echinicerya leguminous trees and weeds (Fabaceae), Ficus spp. Morrison, Gigantococcus Pesson & Bielenin, and (Moraceae), Mammea americana L. (Calophyllaceae), Gueriniella Targioni Tozzetti (GARCÍA MORALES et al., 2016; Melicoccus bijugatus Jacq. (Sapindaceae) and Spondias spp. UNRUH & GULLAN, 2008a, b). Of these, only Crypticerya (Anacardiaceae) (KONDO et al., 2012a). Another species, C. and Icerya are known from South America. Twelve of 27 genistae, has been reported on 80 species of plants, and was described species of Crypticerya and six of 35 species of reported recently in Colombia, where it is considered a pest Icerya have been recorded from one or more South of chili peppers (KONDO et al., 2016). We provide American countries (GARCÍA MORALES et al., 2016). For the information on the distribution and host plants of the Iceryini purpose of this paper, we treat South America as including species found in South America and discuss their economic Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, importance. French Guiana, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, and Venezuela, but exclude the ABC islands, MATERIAL AND METHODS Trinidad and Tobago, and Panama, which are sometimes considered as part of South America. In South America, the The present paper summarizes our current understanding pest iceryine species are commonly called fluted scales of the distribution, host plants, pest status, natural enemies, because the female (often hermaphroditic) produces a white and other information such as biological and taxonomic waxy ovisac marked with longitudinal grooves or flutes. The notes on scale insects of the tribe Iceryini (Hemiptera: species of greatest economic importance in South America Monophlebidae) in South America based on a literature are Crypticerya brasiliensis (Hempel), C. multicicatrices review and personal observations. Kondo & Unruh, C. genistae (Hempel), C. montserratensis (Riley & Howard), C. palmeri (Riley & Howard), C. zeteki (Cockerell), Icerya purchasi Maskell and I. seychellarum RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (Westwood). All of the above species are polyphagous and attack plant species of economic importance. For example, LIST OF ICERYINE SPECIES KNOWN FROM SOUTH AMERICA C. multicicatrices is known to feed on almost 150 plant Crypticerya abrahami (Newstead) Llaveia abrahami Newstead, 1917: 1. DISTRIBUTION IN SOUTH AMERICA - Colombia (KONDO & 1 Original scientific contribution presented and discussed at XIV International Symposium on Scale Insect Studies, Catania-Italy, UNRUH, 2009), Guyana (FOLDI, 2009; NEWSTEAD, 1917; 13-16 June 2016. UNRUH & GULLAN, 2008b), Venezuela (FOLDI, 2009). – Received 20 September 2016 Accepted 24 October 2016 188 T. KONDO ET AL. REDIA, Vol. XCIX, 2016 PEST STATUS – Not considered a pest. reliable way to differentiate them is by looking at slide- NATURAL ENEMIES - Unknown. mounted specimens. HOST PLANTS - Euphorbiaceae: Sapium jenmanii Hemsl. (UNRUH & GULLAN, 2008b); Fabaceae: Pithecellobium Crypticerya flava (Hempel) dulce (Roxb.) Benth. (NEWSTEAD, 1917); Myrtaceae: Icerya flava Hempel, 1920: 334. Psidium guajava L. (T. KONDO, personal observation). DISTRIBUTION IN SOUTH AMERICA - Brazil (HEMPEL, REMARKS - The insects live underneath the bark of their 1920). host plant; adult females are covered by a thin layer of PEST STATUS - Unknown. white wax and lack the typical ornamental waxy secretions NATURAL ENEMIES - Not reported. seen in many species of Crypticerya. Instead of an ovisac, HOST PLANTS - HEMPEL (1920) lists C. flava (as Icerya the females keep their eggs underneath their body in a flava) as occurring on the bark of indigenous trees locally marsupium, which may be an adaptation for living in known as ‘cambará preta’ and ‘sucará’. UNRUH & GULLAN crowded spaces. According to the original description by (2008b) identified ‘cambará preta’ as “black Gochnatia”, a NEWSTEAD (1917), the type specimens were found plant in the family Asteraceae. The other plant, ‘sucará’ “inhabiting indentations in the bark of a rubber-producing appears to be a plant in the genus Xylosma, in the family tree, Sapium jenmani Hemsl. (Euphorbiaceae); attended by Salicaceae. ants which construct coverings over the Coccids”. Similarly, REMARKS - This species is known only from Brazil and in Colombia they are often found on Pithecellobium dulce very little information is available for it in the scientific and Psidium guajava, underneath the bark, on bark crevices literature. and inside ant cartons and tended by Azteca and Crematogaster (Formicidae) ants (T. KONDO, personal Crypticerya flocculosa (Hempel) observation). Two other species, C. pimentae from Jamaica Icerya flocculosa Hempel, 1932: 312. and C. rosae known from Guadeloupe, Haiti, Mexico, DISTRIBUTION IN SOUTH AMERICA - Brazil (HEMPEL, Puerto Rico and the U.S.A., are morphologically identical 1932). to C. abrahami, but are not genetically identical (Unruh & PEST STATUS - Unknown. Gullan, 2008b). NATURAL ENEMIES - Not reported. HOST PLANTS - Fagaceae: Castanea sp.; Rutaceae: Citrus Crypticerya brasiliensis (Hempel) sp. (HEMPEL, 1932). Icerya brasiliensis Hempel, 1900: 370. REMARKS - Only known from Brazil. UNRUH & GULLAN DISTRIBUTION IN SOUTH AMERICA - Argentina (LIZER Y (2008b) were unable to examine specimens of C. flocculosa TRELLES, 1938), Colombia (KONDO et al., 2016), Brazil for their identification guide to species of Iceryini and (HEMPEL, 1900, 1912; LIZER Y TRELLES, 1938; PALOMAR et suggested that this species may be a synonym of another al., 2015; PERONTI & ROSA, 2006; UNRUH & GULLAN, species. 2008b), Guyana (UNRUH & GULLAN, 2008a). PEST STATUS - This species is often found congregating in Crypticerya genistae (Hempel) large numbers on the underneath of branches and twigs of Icerya genistae Hempel, 1912: 55. its host, and has been reported as causing the dieback of DISTRIBUTION IN SOUTH AMERICA - Brazil (CULIK et al., numerous shade trees in São Paulo, Brazil (HEMPEL, 1900). 2007; HEMPEL, 1912), Colombia (KONDO et al., 2016). Recently, in the Department of Boyacá in Colombia, C. PEST STATUS - Crypticerya genistae has been reported as a brasiliensis was reported as causing great damage to many pest of eggplants, peanuts, peppers and tomatoes in types of shrubs and guava trees (KONDO et al., 2016). Barbados (HODGES et al., 2008). In Puerto Rico it has been NATURAL ENEMIES - Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae: reported as a devastating pest of soybeans and other Brethesiella abnormicornis (Girault), Brethesiella longipes legumes (JENKINS et al., 2014). In Florida, hosts currently Blanchard (NOYES, 2004; TRJAPITZIN & TRJAPITSYN, 2006). are restricted to common roadside plants, with no HOST PLANTS - Arecaceae: Caryota sp.; Euphorbiaceae: infestations observed in agricultural crops or on ornamental Codiaeum sp.; Lauraceae: Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J. plants (HODGES et al., 2008). In Colombia, it has been Presl.; Magnoliaceae: Liriodendron tulipifera L.; Moraceae: reported as a pest of chili peppers, Capsicum sp. cv. ‘Topito’ Ficus sp.; Myrtaceae: Callistemon viminalis (Sol. ex (Solanaceae) (KONDO et al., 2016). Plants in the families Gaertn.) G. Don, Psidium guajava L.; Rosaceae: Rosa sp. Asteraceae, Euphorbiaceae and Fabaceae are favored by C. (HEMPEL, 1900, 1912; KONDO et al., 2016; LIZER Y genistae (ETIENNE & MATILE-FERRERO 2008; HODGES et al., TRELLES, 1938; PALOMAR et al., 2015; PERONTI & ROSA, 2008; STOCKS, 2013) and plants of the families Malvaceae 2006). and Solanaceae also appear to be common hosts of C. REMARKS - Outside South America, C. brasiliensis has genistae. been recorded from Panama (Canal Zone) by COCKERELL NATURAL
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Dipterists Digest
    Dipterists Digest 2019 Vol. 26 No. 1 Cover illustration: Eliozeta pellucens (Fallén, 1820), male (Tachinidae) . PORTUGAL: Póvoa Dão, Silgueiros, Viseu, N 40º 32' 59.81" / W 7º 56' 39.00", 10 June 2011, leg. Jorge Almeida (photo by Chris Raper). The first British record of this species is reported in the article by Ivan Perry (pp. 61-62). Dipterists Digest Vol. 26 No. 1 Second Series 2019 th Published 28 June 2019 Published by ISSN 0953-7260 Dipterists Digest Editor Peter J. Chandler, 606B Berryfield Lane, Melksham, Wilts SN12 6EL (E-mail: [email protected]) Editorial Panel Graham Rotheray Keith Snow Alan Stubbs Derek Whiteley Phil Withers Dipterists Digest is the journal of the Dipterists Forum . It is intended for amateur, semi- professional and professional field dipterists with interests in British and European flies. All notes and papers submitted to Dipterists Digest are refereed. Articles and notes for publication should be sent to the Editor at the above address, and should be submitted with a current postal and/or e-mail address, which the author agrees will be published with their paper. Articles must not have been accepted for publication elsewhere and should be written in clear and concise English. Contributions should be supplied either as E-mail attachments or on CD in Word or compatible formats. The scope of Dipterists Digest is: - the behaviour, ecology and natural history of flies; - new and improved techniques (e.g. collecting, rearing etc.); - the conservation of flies; - reports from the Diptera Recording Schemes, including maps; - records and assessments of rare or scarce species and those new to regions, countries etc.; - local faunal accounts and field meeting results, especially if accompanied by ecological or natural history interpretation; - descriptions of species new to science; - notes on identification and deletions or amendments to standard key works and checklists.
    [Show full text]
  • Regulation of Classical Biological Control of Invasive Plants in North America
    Evaluating and Regulating Biological Control Agents: A North American Perspective P.G. Mason Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada North American Plant Protection Organization, Ottawa, Ontario EPPO / COST - SMARTER / IOBC / IBMA / CABI WORKSHOP ON EVALUATION AND REGULATION OF BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENTS 23-24 November 2015 North American history … Entomophagous biological control agents • United States – first release in 1888: Cryptochetum iceryae against Icerya purchasi (cottony cushion scale) in citrus; Rodalia cardinalis was released in 1889 • Canada – first release in 1885: Trichogramma minutum against Nematus ribesii (imported currantworm); 1910 Mesoleius tenthredinis against Pristiphora erichsonii (larch sawfly) • Mexico – first release in 1922: Lixiphaga diatraeae against Diatraea saccharalis (sugarcane borer) Phytophagous biological control agents • United States – first release in 1945: Chrysolina hyperici against Hypericum perforatum (Klamath weed, St. John’s wort) • Canada – first release in 1951 : C. hyperici against H. perforatum • Mexico – first release in 1977: Neochetina eichhorniae against Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth) … North American history … United States • 1957 - Subcommittee on Biological Control of Weeds established [U.S. Department of the Interior’s (USDI) Bureau of Reclamation, Bureau of Land Management, and Fish and Wildlife Service; and from the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) Forest Service and Agricultural Research Service]. • 1971 - name changed to Working Group on Biological Control of Weeds. Canadian and Mexican comments were invited because the Working Group knew that an introduced organism recognizes no political boundaries and its introduction needed to be considered on a continental basis. [+ Environmental Protection Agency, Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service (now the National Institute of Food and Agriculture), and the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • ARTHROPODA Subphylum Hexapoda Protura, Springtails, Diplura, and Insects
    NINE Phylum ARTHROPODA SUBPHYLUM HEXAPODA Protura, springtails, Diplura, and insects ROD P. MACFARLANE, PETER A. MADDISON, IAN G. ANDREW, JOCELYN A. BERRY, PETER M. JOHNS, ROBERT J. B. HOARE, MARIE-CLAUDE LARIVIÈRE, PENELOPE GREENSLADE, ROSA C. HENDERSON, COURTenaY N. SMITHERS, RicarDO L. PALMA, JOHN B. WARD, ROBERT L. C. PILGRIM, DaVID R. TOWNS, IAN McLELLAN, DAVID A. J. TEULON, TERRY R. HITCHINGS, VICTOR F. EASTOP, NICHOLAS A. MARTIN, MURRAY J. FLETCHER, MARLON A. W. STUFKENS, PAMELA J. DALE, Daniel BURCKHARDT, THOMAS R. BUCKLEY, STEVEN A. TREWICK defining feature of the Hexapoda, as the name suggests, is six legs. Also, the body comprises a head, thorax, and abdomen. The number A of abdominal segments varies, however; there are only six in the Collembola (springtails), 9–12 in the Protura, and 10 in the Diplura, whereas in all other hexapods there are strictly 11. Insects are now regarded as comprising only those hexapods with 11 abdominal segments. Whereas crustaceans are the dominant group of arthropods in the sea, hexapods prevail on land, in numbers and biomass. Altogether, the Hexapoda constitutes the most diverse group of animals – the estimated number of described species worldwide is just over 900,000, with the beetles (order Coleoptera) comprising more than a third of these. Today, the Hexapoda is considered to contain four classes – the Insecta, and the Protura, Collembola, and Diplura. The latter three classes were formerly allied with the insect orders Archaeognatha (jumping bristletails) and Thysanura (silverfish) as the insect subclass Apterygota (‘wingless’). The Apterygota is now regarded as an artificial assemblage (Bitsch & Bitsch 2000).
    [Show full text]
  • History of Pest Management Lecture 1
    Insect control and Insecticide 1- اسم المقرر سموم ومبيدات ومكافحة حشرات -402ش ورمزه الكودى 2- التخصص علم الحشرات 3- الفرقة الرابعة 4- عدد الوحدات )5 ساعات( نظرى + )5 ساعات( عملى History of Pest Management Lecture 1 World’s Worst Plant Pests Worst Historical Pest • Schistocerca gregaria (desert locust) a pest since biblical times, they fly in unexpectedly, strip a field bare in an hour and consume a very wide range of crops. Locust swarms may vanish for many years, only to break out of their endemic regions after periods of abnormally high rainfall. ﴿فَأَ ْر َس ْلنَا َعلَ ْي ِه ُم ال ُّطوفَا َن َوا ْل َج َرا َد َوا ْلقُ َّم َل َوال َّضفَا ِد َع َوال َّد َم آيَا ٍت ُّمفَ َّصﻻَ ٍت فَا ْستَ ْكبَ ُرواْ َو َكانُواْ قَ ْوماً ُّم ْج ِر ِمي َن﴾ ]اﻷعراف: 133[. World’s Worst Plant Pests Most Expensive to Control • Diabrotica vergifera vergifera (western corn rootworm) In terms of the amount of pesticides once used to control and the expense of developing a resistant GM-strain, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera beetle is a strong contender. World’s Worst Plant Pests Greatest Human Impact • Phytophthora infestans (potato blight) Caused the Irish potato famine (1845-1852), one million people died and a further million emigrated from Ireland, causing the population to decrease by about 24%. World’s Worst Plant Pests Greatest Human Impact • Hemilaea vastatrix (coffee leaf rust) a fungus that devastated coffee production in Sri Lanka (Ceylon) in the 19th Century and famously led to a switch to tea drinking in the UK.
    [Show full text]
  • Surveying for Terrestrial Arthropods (Insects and Relatives) Occurring Within the Kahului Airport Environs, Maui, Hawai‘I: Synthesis Report
    Surveying for Terrestrial Arthropods (Insects and Relatives) Occurring within the Kahului Airport Environs, Maui, Hawai‘i: Synthesis Report Prepared by Francis G. Howarth, David J. Preston, and Richard Pyle Honolulu, Hawaii January 2012 Surveying for Terrestrial Arthropods (Insects and Relatives) Occurring within the Kahului Airport Environs, Maui, Hawai‘i: Synthesis Report Francis G. Howarth, David J. Preston, and Richard Pyle Hawaii Biological Survey Bishop Museum Honolulu, Hawai‘i 96817 USA Prepared for EKNA Services Inc. 615 Pi‘ikoi Street, Suite 300 Honolulu, Hawai‘i 96814 and State of Hawaii, Department of Transportation, Airports Division Bishop Museum Technical Report 58 Honolulu, Hawaii January 2012 Bishop Museum Press 1525 Bernice Street Honolulu, Hawai‘i Copyright 2012 Bishop Museum All Rights Reserved Printed in the United States of America ISSN 1085-455X Contribution No. 2012 001 to the Hawaii Biological Survey COVER Adult male Hawaiian long-horned wood-borer, Plagithmysus kahului, on its host plant Chenopodium oahuense. This species is endemic to lowland Maui and was discovered during the arthropod surveys. Photograph by Forest and Kim Starr, Makawao, Maui. Used with permission. Hawaii Biological Report on Monitoring Arthropods within Kahului Airport Environs, Synthesis TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents …………….......................................................……………...........……………..…..….i. Executive Summary …….....................................................…………………...........……………..…..….1 Introduction ..................................................................………………………...........……………..…..….4
    [Show full text]
  • First Record of the Cottony Cushion Scale Icerya Purchasi (Hemiptera, Monophlebidae) in Slovakia – Short Communication
    Plant Protect. Sci. Vol. 52, 2016, No. 3: 217–219 doi: 10.17221/23/2016-PPS First Record of the Cottony Cushion Scale Icerya purchasi (Hemiptera, Monophlebidae) in Slovakia – Short Communication Ján KOLLÁR 1, Ladislav BAKAY 1 and Michal PÁSTOR 2 1Horticulture and Landscape Engineering Faculty, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Nitra, Slovakia; 2Faculty of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Technical University in Zvolen, Zvolen, Slovak Republic Abstract Kollár J., Bakay L., Pástor M. (2016): First record of the cottony cushion scale Icerya purchasi (Hemiptera, Monophlebidae) in Slovakia – short communication. Plant Protect. Sci., 52: 217–219. Damage by the cottony cushion scale Icerya purchasi (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Monophlebidae: Iceryini) was found on Rosmarinus officinalis at the locality Suchohrad in Slovakia. Icerya purchasi is a cosmopolitan plant pest of warmer climates. In Central Europe it is a pest of glasshouses. It is the first observation of the cottony cushion scale (at least short-term) occurrence in the outdoor conditions in Slovakia. Keywords: Icerya purchasi; Coccoidea; insect pest; Monophlebidae The cottony cushion scale, Icerya purchasi Maskell, from where it can escape outdoors and survive in 1878 (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Monophlebidae: Iceryini) favourable conditions even in colder climates. is a cosmopolitan plant pest native to Australia and The cottony cushion scale can be distinguished possibly New Zealand, known on over 200 differ- easily from other scale insects. The mature females ent plant species (Caltagirone & Doutt 1989; (actually parthenogenetic) have bright orange-red, Causton 2001). It has been introduced into other yellow, or brown bodies (Ebeling 1959). The body is parts of the world through global trade.
    [Show full text]
  • REPORT on APPLES – Fruit Pathway and Alert List
    EU project number 613678 Strategies to develop effective, innovative and practical approaches to protect major European fruit crops from pests and pathogens Work package 1. Pathways of introduction of fruit pests and pathogens Deliverable 1.3. PART 5 - REPORT on APPLES – Fruit pathway and Alert List Partners involved: EPPO (Grousset F, Petter F, Suffert M) and JKI (Steffen K, Wilstermann A, Schrader G). This document should be cited as ‘Wistermann A, Steffen K, Grousset F, Petter F, Schrader G, Suffert M (2016) DROPSA Deliverable 1.3 Report for Apples – Fruit pathway and Alert List’. An Excel file containing supporting information is available at https://upload.eppo.int/download/107o25ccc1b2c DROPSA is funded by the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration (grant agreement no. 613678). www.dropsaproject.eu [email protected] DROPSA DELIVERABLE REPORT on Apples – Fruit pathway and Alert List 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 3 1.1 Background on apple .................................................................................................................................... 3 1.2 Data on production and trade of apple fruit ................................................................................................... 3 1.3 Pathway ‘apple fruit’ .....................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team
    Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER Biological Control ASSESSING HOST RANGES FOR PARASITOIDS AND PREDATORS USED FOR CLASSICAL BIOLOGICAL CONTROL: A GUIDE TO BEST PRACTICE R. G. Van Driesche and R. Reardon, Editors Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team—Morgantown, West Virginia United States Forest FHTET-2004-03 Department of Service September 2004 Agriculture __________________________________ ASSESSING HOST RANGES OF PARASITOIDS AND PREDATORS CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION PREDICTING HOST RANGES OF PARASITOIDS AND PREDACIOUS INSECTS—WHAT ARE THE ISSUES? R. G. Van Driesche Department of Plant, Soil and Insect Science: Division of Entomology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003 USA [email protected] GOALS FOR HOST RANGE TESTING Estimating the likely nontarget impacts of agents released to suppress invasive plants has been legally required, to one degree or another, for many decades. Similar predictions were not formally required for introductions of parasitoids or predators of pest arthropods. That is now beginning to change. This book has as its goal an exploration of how such estimates can best be made. This requires overcoming a series of problems, some logistical, some technical, some tied to an unclear theoretical framework for the activity. In this book, the editors and authors have tried to address many of these needs, in some chapters as essays on important tasks that need to be achieved, in other chapters as case history explorations of how the tasks were done in particular cases. This book will not be the final answer, but we hope it might propel the search for such an answer along. LEGAL REQUIREMENTS Whether or not predicting the host ranges of parasitoids and predators is legally required varies among countries.
    [Show full text]
  • Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team
    Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER Biological Control ASSESSING HOST RANGES FOR PARASITOIDS AND PREDATORS USED FOR CLASSICAL BIOLOGICAL CONTROL: A GUIDE TO BEST PRACTICE R. G. Van Driesche, T. Murray, and R. Reardon (Eds.) Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team—Morgantown, West Virginia United States Forest FHTET-2004-03 Department of Service September 2004 Agriculture he Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team (FHTET) was created in 1995 Tby the Deputy Chief for State and Private Forestry, USDA, Forest Service, to develop and deliver technologies to protect and improve the health of American forests. This book was published by FHTET as part of the technology transfer series. http://www.fs.fed.us/foresthealth/technology/ Cover photo: Syngaster lepidus Brullè—Timothy Paine, University of California, Riverside. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, or marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at 202-720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326-W, Whitten Building, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, D.C. 20250-9410 or call 202-720-5964 (voice and TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. The use of trade, firm, or corporation names in this publication is for information only and does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team
    Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER Biological Control September 12-16, 2005 Mark S. Hoddle, Compiler University of California, Riverside U.S.A. Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team—Morgantown, West Virginia United States Forest FHTET-2005-08 Department of Service September 2005 Agriculture Volume I Papers were submitted in an electronic format, and were edited to achieve a uniform format and typeface. Each contributor is responsible for the accuracy and content of his or her own paper. Statements of the contributors from outside of the U.S. Department of Agriculture may not necessarily reflect the policy of the Department. The use of trade, firm, or corporation names in this publication is for the information and convenience of the reader. Such use does not constitute an official endorsement or approval by the U.S. Department of Agriculture of any product or service to the exclusion of others that may be suitable. Any references to pesticides appearing in these papers does not constitute endorsement or recommendation of them by the conference sponsors, nor does it imply that uses discussed have been registered. Use of most pesticides is regulated by state and federal laws. Applicable regulations must be obtained from the appropriate regulatory agency prior to their use. CAUTION: Pesticides can be injurious to humans, domestic animals, desirable plants, and fish and other wildlife if they are not handled and applied properly. Use all pesticides selectively and carefully. Follow recommended practices given on the label for use and disposal of pesticides and pesticide containers. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, or marital or family status.
    [Show full text]
  • Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritoidea): Biology, Host Plants, Natural Enemies, and the Implications to Their Natural Control
    270 Integrated Pest Management and Pest Control – Current and Future Tactics Smith, H.S., 1919. On some phases of insect control by the biological method. J. Econ. Entomol. 12: 288–292. 12 Solomon, M. 1949. The natural control of animal populations. Jour. Anim. Ecol. 18:1–35. Sun, C. N., G. P. Georghiou and K. Weiss. 1980. Toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis to mosquito larvae variously resistant to conventional insecticides. Mosq. News 40:614-618. Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritoidea): Steffan, W. A. and N. L. Evenhuis. 1981. Biology of Toxorhycnhites. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 26: Biology, Host Plants, Natural Enemies, 159-181. Trpis, M. 1972. Development and predatory behavior of Toxorhynchites brevipalpis (Diptera, and the Implications to Their Natural Control Culicidae) in relation to temperature. Environ. Entomol. 1: 537-546. Trpis, M. 1973. Interaction between the predator Toxorhynchites brevipalpis and its prey Aedes M. A. Uchoa aegypti. Bull. Wld. Hlth. Org. 49: 359-365. Laboratório de Insetos Frugívoros, Tully, T. P. Cassey and R. Ferriere. 2005. Functional response: rigorous estimation and Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados sensitivity to genetic variation in prey. Oikos 111: 479-487. Brazil Van Dam, A. R., and W. E. Walton. 2008. The effect of predatory fish exudates on the ovipositional behavior of three mosquito species: Cules quinquefasciatus, Aedes aegypti and Culex tarsalis. Medical and Veterinary Entomology 22: 399-404. 1. Introduction Vanlerberghe, V., M. E. Toledo, M. Rodriguez, D. Gomez, A. Baly, J. R. Benitez, and P. Van der Stuyft. 2009. Community involvement in dengue vector control: cluster Brazil is the third world largest producer of fruits, surpassed only by China (94.4 millions of randomised trial.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 9 Biodiversity of Diptera
    Chapter 9 Biodiversity of Diptera Gregory W. Courtney1, Thomas Pape2, Jeffrey H. Skevington3, and Bradley J. Sinclair4 1 Department of Entomology, 432 Science II, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011 USA 2 Natural History Museum of Denmark, Zoological Museum, Universitetsparken 15, DK – 2100 Copenhagen Denmark 3 Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids and Nematodes, K.W. Neatby Building, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6 Canada 4 Entomology – Ontario Plant Laboratories, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, K.W. Neatby Building, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6 Canada Insect Biodiversity: Science and Society, 1st edition. Edited by R. Foottit and P. Adler © 2009 Blackwell Publishing, ISBN 978-1-4051-5142-9 185 he Diptera, commonly called true flies or other organic materials that are liquified or can be two-winged flies, are a familiar group of dissolved or suspended in saliva or regurgitated fluid T insects that includes, among many others, (e.g., Calliphoridae, Micropezidae, and Muscidae). The black flies, fruit flies, horse flies, house flies, midges, adults of some groups are predaceous (e.g., Asilidae, and mosquitoes. The Diptera are among the most Empididae, and some Scathophagidae), whereas those diverse insect orders, with estimates of described of a few Diptera (e.g., Deuterophlebiidae and Oestridae) richness ranging from 120,000 to 150,000 species lack mouthparts completely, do not feed, and live for (Colless and McAlpine 1991, Schumann 1992, Brown onlyabrieftime. 2001, Merritt et al. 2003). Our world tally of more As holometabolous insects that undergo complete than 152,000 described species (Table 9.1) is based metamorphosis, the Diptera have a life cycle that primarily on figures extracted from the ‘BioSystematic includes a series of distinct stages or instars.
    [Show full text]