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The Incidence of Xyloporosis (Cachexia) in Certain Florida Citrus Varieties

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The Incidence of Xyloporosis (Cachexia) in Certain Florida Citrus Varieties CHILDS ET AL: XYLOPOROSIS 77 to several dozen. These efforts that are con species is as great, or greater, than that paid tinuing over the years must be fruitful as they for organic miticide to control another mite. have in the past. In fact, after the adjustment And sulfur also brings on other biological has been made to the Miller Pesticide Residue complications because of its plant and soil Amendment, I think it very probable that the residue problems. > production of new chemicals as miticides From a study of the new publications on will again appear as frequently, or even more the biological and ecological factors surround frequently, than before. ing mite control, and through discussions with We know that pesticides sometimes fail with the specialists in this area, it seems that the out evident reasons. Sometimes it takes a effectiveness of miticides often has been al long time to discover these reasons. That may tered considerably by changing environmental be the case in Florida with miticides. It may factors to the point where failure has follow be a long, step-wise study over several years, ed. A great deal of study is going on in this to discover how to use present miticides alone, area and as more knowledge becomes available, or in combination. On the other hand, because it seems certain that the present miticides of favorable weather and other ecological con can be used alone, or in combinations, more ditions for mites in Florida, it may be this effectively, and the known ones in process same difficult situation may develop later on of development will find their places in the and more slowly in other areas. scheme of mite control more readily. As you can understand from the foregoing We all recognize'also, I think, that the new in the developing of a new miticide, the organic miticides are actually a great improve cooperation of independent companies, experi ment over the inorganic ones, even though ment stations, growers, and many other they are not as yet perfect, nor have we agencies is necessary. We can, therefore, ex learned how to use them with the greatest pect the same continued progress that has efficiency. On a basis of cost per £bund prevailed during the last decade, with only the new miticides are expensive. But com a temporary slow-up in order to become ad paring their cost with that of sulfur for the justed to the new laws and regulations fol control of the citrus rust mite, the actual in lowing the enactment of the Miller Pesticide vestment in sulfur for the control of this one Residue Amendment. THE INCIDENCE OF XYLOPOROSIS (CACHEXIA) IN CERTAIN FLORIDA CITRUS VARIETIES J. F. L. Childs1, G. R. Grimm2, T. J. Grant3, certification nursery, and from observations on 6 L. C. Knorr4, and G. Norman5 parent trees in the Certification Program, all Introduction of which attest to the high incidence of xylo porosis infection in Florida citrus. The re Evidence of the widespread occurrence of sults are discussed in relation to budwood the causal agent of xyloporosis (cachexia) in certification. Florida citrus trees is presented herein. In order that the disease, its cause, and range The causal agent of xyloporosis, a disease of in symptoms be understood, a brief review citrus trees on sweet lime (Citrus aurantifolia) is given of significant facts previously estab rootstock first described in 1934 in Palestine lished. This is followed by presentation of (12), is believed to be identical with the data obtained from general field observations causal agent of cachexia, a disease of Orlando on bud union disorders, from observations on tangelo first described in Florida in 1950 (I). Orlando tangelo test plants in the budwood The identity is indicated by the following considerations: Xyloporosis is characterized by V, a/» and V—Pathologists, Horticultural Crops Re search Branch, Agricultural Research Service, U. S. degeneration of the phloem and xylem of sweet Department of Agriculture, Orlando, Florida. _ V—Pathologist, Florida Citrus Experiment Station, lime rootstock and subsequent deterioration Lake Alfred. Fla. of the citrus scion top. On the basis of these «iB/7TIno char*e °* Budwood Certification Program, Florida State Plant Board, Winter Haven, Fla. symptoms xyloporosis was recognized in Brazil 78 FLORIDA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, 1955 (6) in 1937 and in Florida (5) in 1951. This budded with many different varieties of citrus*. disease was at first attributed to physiological In recent tests, xyloporosis was transmitted to factors although a virus relationship was con Orlando tangelo test trees from 25 previously sidered possible (12). Incompatibility between unreported varieties (6 species) of citrus. stock and scion was later suggested (9). Thus the extent to which xyloporosis virus is Examinations made in experimental root- distributed in commercial sweet orange and stock plantings in Florida (2) and in Texas grapefruit varieties is becoming apparent. (10) disclosed that 25 varieties including Surveys of citrus orchards in Argentina mandarins, (C. reticulata), mandarin hybrids, (4, 8) and Florida (7) carried out independ kumquats (Fortunelh sp.), and kumquat ently by some of the authors revealed that hybrids, when used as rootstocks, were sus certain bud-union abnormalities were frequent ceptible to cachexia. Cachexia has been dem ly observed on sweet lime, Everbearing lemon, onstrated to be bud transmissible (2, 3, 11). and Rough lemon rootstocks. The similarity In a previous report a possible indirect rela of these abnormalities to the symptoms of tionship to psorosis virus was discussed (2), xyloporosis in Orlando tangelo prompted an but further work indicated that none existed. examination of the orchard trees that were That the causal agent of cachexia is a separate candidates for registration as sources of bud- entity is also shown by Olson's report that it wood in the Budwood Certification Program, was transmitted with buds from trees tested in relation to the Orlando test trees in the and certified as free of psorosis (11). nursery where xyloporosis symptoms had been Similarity of the phloem and xylem symp noted. toms of cachexia on Orlando tangelo to those Phloem discoloration in Rough lemon root of xyloporosis on sweet lime rootstock has been stocks suggesting xyloporosis infection was first pointed out (2). Transmission of xyloporosis noted in Florida in 1953. In addition to show virus from sweet lime to Orlando tangelo and ing phloem discoloration, Rough lemon usually of cachexia virus from Orlando tangelo to exhibits other symptoms consisting of a nar sweet lime indicates that in Florida both row constriction or indentation of the wood diseases are probably caused by the same beneath the bark at the bud union and mild agent (3). The name xyloporosis has priority pitting of the Rough lemon wood (Fig. 1). and consequently will be used hereafter in There is a corresponding ridge in the cambial this paper. It is known that the xyloporosis * Suit, R. P., E. P. DuCharme, and I*. C. Knorr. virus causes severe and extensive phloem Citrus Experiment Station, Lake Alfred, Florida, un symptoms in Orlando tangelo, but it may be published data. present in sweet orange (C. sinensis), grape fruit (C. paradisi), and certain other species without causing any recognized symptoms (2). Citrus varieties differ in the time re quired to express disease symptoms. Satsuma mandarin (C. reticulata) rootstocks, for ex ample, required 2 years longer than Orlando tangelo to show symptoms (10). Although there is considerable variation in the severity of symptom expression in different varieties, this was not emphasized in previous publica tions. Distribution of Xyloporosis It has been suspected for some time that xyloporosis virus is widely distributed without causing symptoms in the commercial varieties of sweet orange and grapefruit in Florida and Texas (5, 11). In fact, xyloporosis symptoms have been observed in sweet lime and Ever Fig. 1. Constricted bud union of sweet orange (C. sinensis) on Rough lemon (C. limon.) infected with bearing lemon (C. limon) rootstock when xyloporosis. CHILDS ET AL: XYLOPOROSIS 79 face of the bark at which point phloem dis union symptoms with the evidence of xyloporo coloration is most pronounced and occasional sis infection as demonstrated in the nursery ly slight separation of the outer bark tissues test. Of the total trees, 262 were sweet orange occurs at the line of the bud union. To date, these symptoms have been confined almost or grapefruit trees on Rough lemon or sour entirely to Rough lemon rootstock budded orange (C. aurantium) rootstocks. The results with sweet orange scions (7). of these examinations are as follows: Sweet orange on Rough lemon rootstock: Of Examination of Nursery Test Trees 97 candidate sweet orange trees (5 varieties) Each candidate tree in the Budwood Pro on Rough lemon rootstock, 53 percent ex gram is budded on 3 Orlando tangelo seed hibited bud union symptoms in the parent trees lings to test for xyloporosis virus which may and also induced typical symptoms of xyloporo be present without causing symptoms in the sis in the Orlando tangelo test trees in the candidate tree. Many of these seedlings have nursery. Seven percent of the parent trees been budded 2 to 2& years, long enough for expressed no bud union symptoms but induced some to express symptoms; and it was round, symptoms on the Orlando tangelo test root upon examination, that 62 percent of the can stocks. Twenty-six percent of the parent trees didate trees had transmitted xyloporosis to the that exhibited bud union symptoms are nega Orlando tangelo rootstocks. In a few cases, tive to date by the Orlando tangelo test in the only one of the 3 Orlando tangelo replicates nursery. Failure of some Orlando test trees (budded from each candidate tree) had to show symptoms when budded from parent developed typical symptoms but, in the light trees that are undoubtedly affected by xylo of previous experience, that is considered suf porosis is probably due to the fact that not all ficient evidence that the parent tree is in Orlando tangelo test trees will show symptoms fected.
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