Root Samples Provide Early and Improved Detection of Candidatus Liberibacter Asiaticus in Citrus W
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How to Fight Citrus Greening Disease (And It’S Not Through Genetic Engineering)
William & Mary Environmental Law and Policy Review Volume 40 (2015-2016) Issue 3 Article 7 May 2016 Saving The Orange: How to Fight Citrus Greening Disease (And It’s Not Through Genetic Engineering) Evan Feely Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmelpr Part of the Agriculture Law Commons, and the Environmental Law Commons Repository Citation Evan Feely, Saving The Orange: How to Fight Citrus Greening Disease (And It’s Not Through Genetic Engineering), 40 Wm. & Mary Envtl. L. & Pol'y Rev. 893 (2016), https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmelpr/vol40/iss3/7 Copyright c 2016 by the authors. This article is brought to you by the William & Mary Law School Scholarship Repository. https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmelpr SAVING THE ORANGE: HOW TO FIGHT CITRUS GREENING DISEASE (AND IT’S NOT THROUGH GENETIC ENGINEERING) EVAN FEELY* INTRODUCTION The orange is dying. With Florida’s citrus industry already suffer- ing from the growing skepticism of an increasingly health-conscious American public as to orange juice’s benefits,1 the emergence of citrus greening disease over the past two decades has left the orange’s long-term future very much in doubt.2 A devastating virus first documented in China roughly one hundred years ago, citrus greening disease (or “HLB”), has only migrated to Florida in the past twenty years, but has quickly made up for lost time.3 Primarily transmitted by an insect known as the Asian citrus psyllid (“ACP”), the disease has devastated Florida growers in recent years, wiping out entire groves and significantly affecting trees’ overall yield.4 This past year, Florida growers experienced their least productive harvest in forty years, and current estimates of next year’s yield are equally dismal.5 * J.D. -
Kettleman City, Kings County Please Read Immediately
CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE OFFICIAL NOTICE FOR CITY OF KETTLEMAN CITY, KINGS COUNTY PLEASE READ IMMEDIATELY THE NOTICE OF TREATMENT FOR THE ASIAN CITRUS PSYLLID On September 18, 2020 the California Department of Food and Agriculture (CDFA) confirmed the presence of Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, a harmful exotic pest in the city of Kettleman City, Kings County. This detection indicate that a breeding population exists in the area. The devastating citrus disease Huanglongbing (HLB) is spread by the feeding action of ACP. The ACP infestation is sufficiently isolated and localized to be amenable to the CDFA’s ACP treatment work plan. A Program Environmental Impact Report (PEIR) has been certified which analyzes the ACP treatment program in accordance with Public Resources Code, Sections 21000 et seq. The PEIR is available at http://www.cdfa.ca.gov/plant/peir/. The treatment activities described below are consistent with the PEIR. In accordance with integrated pest management principles, CDFA has evaluated possible treatment methods and determined that there are no physical, cultural, or biological control methods available to eliminate the ACP from this area. Notice of Treatment is valid until September 18, 2021, which is the amount of time necessary to determine that the treatment was successful. The treatment plan for the ACP infestation will be implemented within a 50-meter radius of each detection site, as follows: • Tempo® SC Ultra (cyfluthrin), a contact insecticide for controlling the adults and nymphs of ACP, will be applied from the ground using hydraulic spray equipment to the foliage of host plants; and • Merit® 2F or CoreTect™ (imidacloprid), a systemic insecticide for controlling the immature life stages of ACP, will be applied to the soil underneath host plants. -
A High-Throughput System to Identify Inhibitors of Candidatus Liberibacter Asiaticus Transcription Regulators
A high-throughput system to identify inhibitors of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus transcription regulators Melanie J. Barnetta, David E. Solow-Corderob, and Sharon R. Longa,1 aDepartment of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305; and bHigh-Throughput Bioscience Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 Contributed by Sharon R. Long, July 17, 2019 (sent for review March 26, 2019; reviewed by Bonnie L. Bassler, Dean W. Gabriel, and Brian J. Staskawicz) Citrus greening disease, also known as huanglongbing (HLB), is much interest in identifying additional compounds that inhibit the most devastating disease of Citrus worldwide. This incurable CLas infection and growth (1, 6, 7). disease is caused primarily by the bacterium Candidatus Liberibacter CLas is a reduced-genome, α-proteobacterium (8, 9) that asiaticus and spread by feeding of the Asian Citrus Psyllid, Diaphorina cannot be cultured, precluding use of direct screens for antimi- Liberibacter Lib- citri. Ca. L. asiaticus cannot be cultured; its growth is restricted to crobial discovery. The only known commensal , eribacter crescens, can be cultured and is being developed as a citrus phloem and the psyllid insect. Management of infected trees Liberibacter includes use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, which have disadvan- model system to study physiology and genetics, in- cluding response to antimicrobial treatments, but still lacks the tages. Recent work has sought to identify small molecules that inhibit α – C Ca. L. asiaticus transcription regulators, based on a premise that at tools of better studied -proteobacteria (10 18). Las is closely related to the beneficial nitrogen-fixing plant symbiont Sino- least some regulators control expression of genes necessary for viru- rhizobium meliloti (Sme), which has been used as a heterologous lence. -
SPRO 2005 30 Citrus Greening
FOR INFORMATION DA# 2005-30 September 16, 2005 SUBJECT: New Federal Restrictions to Prevent Movement of Citrus Greening TO: STATE AND TERRITORY AGRICULTURAL REGULATORY OFFICIALS On September 2, 2005, APHIS confirmed the findings of the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services (FDACS) that identified the first U.S. detection of citrus greening caused by the bacterium, Liberibacter asiaticus. The disease was detected through the APHIS-FDACS’ Cooperative Agricultural Pest Survey Program (CAPS). FDACS has imposed regulations governing the movement of certain material from Miami-Dade County. PPQ is imposing similar restrictions to support our combined efforts to prevent movement of citrus greening disease from infested areas, effectively immediately. All ornamental citrus psyllid host plant material in addition to all citrus is quarantined and prohibited from movement out of Miami-Dade County. A compliance agreement is being developed in conjunction with FDACS that will include recommended controls and treatments for the citrus psyllid. These treatments will allow for citrus psyllid host plant material (other than citrus) from Miami-Dade County to be shipped within the State of Florida and to non-citrus producing states. The certification process for host plants of L. asiaticus is more complex and will take more time to develop certification procedures. For all other counties, the interstate shipping (shipments outside the State of Florida) of all citrus psyllid host plants (including citrus) is permitted, except to citrus producing states (Arizona, California, Louisiana, Texas, and Puerto Rico). If citrus greening disease is detected in additional counties, the regulations established for Miami-Dade County will be applied. The current Citrus Canker quarantine areas remain in effect; these quarantines prohibit the movement of citrus out of the quarantine area. -
Candidatus Liberibacter Solanacearum’ Haplotypes by the Tomato Psyllid Bactericera Cockerelli Xiao‑Tian Tang1, Michael Longnecker2 & Cecilia Tamborindeguy1*
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Acquisition and transmission of two ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ haplotypes by the tomato psyllid Bactericera cockerelli Xiao‑Tian Tang1, Michael Longnecker2 & Cecilia Tamborindeguy1* ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ (Lso) is a pathogen of solanaceous crops. Two haplotypes of Lso (LsoA and LsoB) are present in North America; both are transmitted by the tomato psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli (Šulc), in a circulative and propagative manner and cause damaging plant diseases (e.g. Zebra chip in potatoes). In this study, we investigated the acquisition and transmission of LsoA or LsoB by the tomato psyllid. We quantifed the titer of Lso haplotype A and B in adult psyllid guts after several acquisition access periods (AAPs). We also performed sequential inoculation of tomato plants by adult psyllids following a 7-day AAP and compared the transmission of each Lso haplotype. The results indicated that LsoB population increased faster in the psyllid gut than LsoA. Further, LsoB population plateaued after 12 days, while LsoA population increased slowly during the 16 day-period evaluated. Additionally, LsoB had a shorter latent period and higher transmission rate than LsoA following a 7 day-AAP: LsoB was frst transmitted by the adult psyllids between 17 and 21 days following the beginning of the AAP, while LsoA was frst transmitted between 21 and 25 days after the beginning of the AAP. Overall, our data suggest that the two Lso haplotypes have distinct acquisition and transmission rates. The information provided in this study will improve our understanding of the biology of Lso acquisition and transmission as well as its relationship with the tomato psyllid at the gut interface. -
Citrus Bacterial Canker Disease and Huanglongbing (Citrus Greening)
PUBLICATION 8218 Citrus Bacterial Canker Disease and Huanglongbing (Citrus Greening) MARYLOU POLEK, Citrus Tristeza Virus Program, California Department of Food and Agriculture, Tulare; GEORGIOS VIDALAKIS, Citrus Clonal Protection Program (CCPP), Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside; and KRIS GODFREY, UNIVERSITY OF Biological Control Program, California Department of Food and Agriculture, Sacramento CALIFORNIA Division of Agriculture INTroduCTioN and Natural Resources Compared with the rest of the world, the California citrus industry is relatively free of http://anrcatalog.ucdavis.edu diseases that can impact growers’ profits. Unfortunately, exotic plant pathogens may become well established before they are recognized as such. This is primarily because some of the initial symptoms mimic other diseases, mineral deficiencies, or toxicities. In addition, development of disease symptoms caused by some plant pathogenic organisms occurs a long time after initial infection. This long latent period results in significantly delayed disease diagnosis and pathogen detection. Citrus canker (CC) and huanglong- bing (HLB, or citrus greening) are two very serious diseases of citrus that occur in many other areas of the world but are not known to occur in California. If the pathogens caus- ing these diseases are introduced into California, it will create serious problems for the state’s citrus production and nursery industries. CiTrus BACTerial CaNker Disease Citrus bacterial canker disease (CC) is caused by pathotypes or variants of the bacterium Xanthomonas axonopodis (for- merly campestris) pv. citri (Xac). This bacterium is a quaran- tine pest for many citrus-growing countries and is strictly regulated by international phytosanitary programs. Distinct pathotypes are associated with different forms of the disease (Gottwald et al. -
Tomato Metabolic Changes in Response to Tomato-Potato Psyllid (Bactericera Cockerelli) and Its Vectored Pathogen Candidatus Liberibacter Solanacearum
plants Article Tomato Metabolic Changes in Response to Tomato-Potato Psyllid (Bactericera cockerelli) and Its Vectored Pathogen Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum 1,2, 3, 1,2 Jisun H.J. Lee y, Henry O. Awika y, Guddadarangavvanahally K. Jayaprakasha , Carlos A. Avila 2,3,* , Kevin M. Crosby 1,2,* and Bhimanagouda S. Patil 1,2,* 1 Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center, Texas A&M University, 1500 Research Parkway, A120, College Station, TX 77845-2119, USA; [email protected] (J.H.L.); [email protected] (G.K.J.) 2 Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA 3 Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, 2415 E Hwy 83, Weslaco, TX 78596, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (C.A.A.); [email protected] (K.M.C.); [email protected] (B.S.P.) Author contributed equally to this work. y Received: 1 August 2020; Accepted: 3 September 2020; Published: 6 September 2020 Abstract: The bacterial pathogen ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ (Lso) is transmitted by the tomato potato psyllid (TPP), Bactericera cockerelli, to solanaceous crops. In the present study, the changes in metabolic profiles of insect-susceptible (cv CastleMart) and resistant (RIL LA3952) tomato plants in response to TPP vectoring Lso or not, were examined after 48 h post infestation. Non-volatile and volatile metabolites were identified and quantified using headspace solid-phase microextraction equipped with a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME/GC-MS) and ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC/ESI-HR-QTOFMS), respectively. -
Citrus Canker Disease1
HS1130 Dooryard Citrus Production: Citrus Canker Disease1 Timothy M. Spann, Ryan A. Atwood, Jamie D. Yates, and James H. Graham, Jr.2 Citrus canker is a bacterial disease of citrus eradication effort was begun in 1913, by which time caused by the pathogen Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. the disease had spread throughout the Gulf States. In citri. The bacterium causes necrotic lesions on leaves, 1915, quarantine banned the import of all citrus plant stems and fruit of infected trees. Severe cases can material. The last known infected tree was removed cause defoliation, premature fruit drop, twig dieback from Florida in 1933, and the disease was declared and general tree decline. Considerable efforts are eradicated from the United States in 1947. Since that made throughout the world in citrus-growing areas to time, citrus canker has been the focus of regulatory prevent its introduction or limit its spread. rules to prevent its re-introduction into the United States. History of Citrus Canker in Florida Despite regulatory efforts, citrus canker was Not surprisingly, citrus canker is believed to found on residential trees in Hillsborough, Pinellas, have originated in the native home of citrus, Sarasota and Manatee counties in 1986. Shortly after Southeast Asia and India. From there, the disease has these detections the disease was found in nearby spread to most of the citrus-producing areas of the commercial groves. Infected trees were immediately world, including Japan, Africa, the Middle East, removed. The last tree with citrus canker from this Australia, New Zealand, South America and Florida. outbreak was detected in 1992. Citrus canker was Eradication efforts have been successful in South once again declared eradicated in 1994. -
Citrus Canker in California
Ex ante Economics of Exotic Disease Policy: Citrus Canker in California Draft prepared for presentation at the Conference: “Integrating Risk Assessment and Economics for Regulatory Decisions,” USDA, Washington, DC, December 7, 2000 Karen M. Jetter, Daniel A. Sumner and Edwin L. Civerolo Jetter is a post-doctoral fellow at the University of California, Agricultural Issues Center (AIC). Sumner is director of AIC and a professor in the Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of California, Davis. Civerolo is with the USDA, Agricultural Research Service and the Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis. This research was conducted as a part of a larger AIC project that dealt with a number of exotic pests and diseases and a variety of policy issues. Ex ante Economics of Exotic Disease Policy: Citrus Canker in California 1. Introduction This paper investigates the economic effects of an invasion of citrus canker in California. We consider the costs and benefits of eradication under alternatives including the size of the infestation, whether it occurs in commercial groves or in urban areas, and various economic and market conditions. The impacts of various eradication scenarios are compared to the alternative of allowing the disease to become established again under various conditions, including the potential for quarantine. We do not consider here the likelihood of an infestation or the specifics of exclusion policies. Rather we focus on economic considerations of eradication versus establishment. 2. A background on the disease, its prevalence, and spread Citrus canker is a bacterial disease of most commercial Citrus species and cultivars grown around the world, as well as some citrus relatives (Civerolo, 1984; Goto 1992a; Goto, Schubert 1992b; and Miller, 1999). -
Cooperatives in the U.S.-Citrus Industry
Agriculture Cooperatives in the Rural Business and Cooperative Development U.S.-Citrus Industry Service RBCDS Research Report 137 Abstract Cooperatives in the U.S. Citrus Industry James A. Jacobs Agricultural Economist U.S. Department of Agriculture Rural Business and Cooperative Development Service Citrus is one of the leading fruit crops produced in the United States. Cooperatives play an important role in the handling and marketing of both fresh and processed citrus products. This report examines the development and posi- tion of cooperatives in the citrus industry, their functions and operating prac- tices, and the impact of changes in production practices and industry structure on cooperatives. Cooperatives range from small, local fresh packinghouse associations to large cooperative federations with comprehensive marketing and sales pro- grams in both fresh and processed markets. Cooperatives are among the lead- ing marketers in all producing areas, and are the dominant marketing organiza- tion in California and Arizona. Citrus cooperatives use the pooling method to market and allocate returns. This cooperative practice of averaging price and sharing risk is commonly used by some private citrus firms as well, reflecting the inherent volatility of citrus production. Keywords: Cooperative, grove, grower-member, fresh citrus, processed citrus, frozen-concentrated orange juice, packinghouse, processor, marketing federa- tion, sales agency, marketing agreement, pooling, grove care, freezes, box, eliminations. RBCDS Research Report 137 December 1994 Preface This report describes the position and functions of cooperatives in the U.S. citrus industry. It is the first known detailed examination of its kind on citrus cooperative activities and operating practices. The report is intended as a reference for cooperative managers and mem- bers, professional advisors, and anyone involved in professional activities or research in the citrus industry. -
'Candidatus Liberibacter' Species Associated with Solanaceous Plants
A New ‘Candidatus Liberibacter’ Species Associated with Solanaceous Plants Lia Liefting, Bevan Weir, Lisa Ward, Kerry Paice, Gerard Clover Plant Health and Environment Laboratory MAF Biosecurity New Zealand NEW ZEALAND. IT’S OUR PLACE TO PROTECT. The problem: Tomato ● A new disease observed in glasshouse tomato with following symptoms: – spiky chlorotic apical growth – general mottling of leaves – curling of midveins – stunting NEW ZEALAND. IT’S OUR PLACE TO PROTECT. The problem: Capsicum (pepper) ● Similar symptoms reported in glasshouse capsicum: – chlorotic or pale green leaves – sharp tapering of leaf apex (spiky appearance) – leaf cupping and shortened internodes – flower abortion NEW ZEALAND. IT’S OUR PLACE TO PROTECT. Determination of the aetiology ● Plants were tested for a range of pathogens: – pathogenic fungi and culturable bacteria – generic tests for viruses: • herbaceous indexing • transmission electron microscopy (leaf dip) • dsRNA purification – PCR tests for phytoplasmas, viruses & viroids ● All tests negative ● Tomato/potato psyllid observed in association with affected crops NEW ZEALAND. IT’S OUR PLACE TO PROTECT. Transmission electron microscopy ● TEM of thin sections of leaf tissue revealed presence of phloem-limited bacterium-like organisms (BLOs) NEW ZEALAND. IT’S OUR PLACE TO PROTECT. Identification of the BLO ● Range of specific 16S rRNA PCR primers used in different combinations with universal 16S rRNA primers (fD2/rP1) ● Fragments unique to BLO identified by comparing PCR profiles of healthy and symptomatic plants NEW ZEALAND. IT’S OUR PLACE TO PROTECT. Identification of the BLO ● A unique 1-kb fragment was amplified from symptomatic plants only Healthy Symptomatic 97% identical to 16S rRNA gene of ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ NEW ZEALAND. -
Lessons from One Fastidious Bacterium to Another: What Can We Learn About Liberibacter Species from Xylella Fastidiosa
insects Review Lessons from One Fastidious Bacterium to Another: What Can We Learn about Liberibacter Species from Xylella fastidiosa Angela Kruse 1,2 , Laura A. Fleites 2,3 and Michelle Heck 1,2,3,* 1 Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA 2 Boyce Thomson Institute, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA 3 Emerging Pests and Pathogens Research Unit, Robert W. Holley Center, United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service (USDA ARS), Ithaca, NY 14853, USA * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-607-254-5262 Received: 30 July 2019; Accepted: 12 September 2019; Published: 16 September 2019 Abstract: Huanglongbing is causing economic devastation to the citrus industry in Florida, and threatens the industry everywhere the bacterial pathogens in the Candidatus Liberibacter genus and their insect vectors are found. Bacteria in the genus cannot be cultured and no durable strategy is available for growers to control plant infection or pathogen transmission. However, scientists and grape growers were once in a comparable situation after the emergence of Pierce’s disease, which is caused by Xylella fastidiosa and spread by its hemipteran insect vector. Proactive quarantine and vector control measures coupled with interdisciplinary data-driven science established control of this devastating disease and pushed the frontiers of knowledge in the plant pathology and vector biology fields. Our review highlights the successful strategies used to understand and control X. fastidiosa and their potential applicability to the liberibacters associated with citrus greening, with a focus on the interactions between bacterial pathogen and insect vector. By placing the study of Candidatus Liberibacter spp.