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Presentazione Standard Di Powerpoint ISEO: Improving the lake Status from Eutrophy towards Oligotrophy University of Parma Nutrient loads, factors affecting their availability and response of submerged vegetation Main activities WP1: to estimate N and P potential loads of the different anthropic activities in the watershed to quantify nutrients (P, N and Si) loads to lake Iseo, evaluate how their magnitude and bioavailability are affected by hydrological conditions to check (and improve) the accuracy of P determination by the in situ auto analyzer WP2: to quantify nutrients (P, N and Si) concentrations in waters discharged by sewer overflows to evaluate the functioning of the littoral areas as a buffer of the external nutrients loads to map the extension and composition of submerged macrophytes meadows and their nutrients content and how they change in relation to external pressures Net anthropogenic P and N input to watersheds: a comparison 350 4000 300 3000 250 -1 -1 y y -2 -2 200 2000 150 kg P km kg 100 N km kg 1000 50 0 0 f. toce f. toce f. sarca f. mera f. mera f. sarca f. caffaro f. caffaro f. oglio imm f. ticino imm f. adda imm f. oglio imm f. adda immf. ticino imm f. chiese imm f. chiese imm Net anthropogenic phosphorus Net anthropogenic nitrogen input input = 562 t P y-1, = 6325 t N y-1 (areal load of 314 kg P km-2 y-1) (areal load of 3526 kg N km-2 y-1) average Po river watershed: 800 kg average Po river watershed: 8000 N km-2 y-1 kg N km-2 y-1 all fluxes are tons/y input = 562 t P y-1 P-fert P-feed P-food P-det 32 328 149 18 3 185 103 237 512 255 126 350 145 Main activities WP1: to estimate N and P potential loads of the different anthropic activities in the watershed to quantify nutrients (P, N and Si) loads to lake Iseo, evaluate how their magnitude and bioavailability are affected by hydrological conditions to check (and improve) the accuracy of P determination by the in situ auto analyzer WP2: to quantify nutrients (P, N and Si) concentrations in waters discharged by sewer overflows to evaluate the functioning of the littoral areas as a buffer of the external nutrients loads to map the extension and composition of submerged macrophytes meadows and their nutrients content and how they change in relation to external pressures Why Silica • essential element for many aquatic primary producers; • control on communities composition; • changes in Si availability in relation to P and N can trigger harmful algal blooms; • Si transport has been largely considered a geochemical process, mainly regulated by chemical weathering and hydrology; • lakes are biogeochemical reactors; • relatively little is known about Si biogeochemistry in lakes; • little is known about the role of the littoral zone on Si cycling. AIMS to analyse factors controlling silica transport and retention. More specifically: AIMS to analyse factors controlling silica transport and retention. More specifically: to quantify the amount and composition of incoming silica loads to the lake and Si lake retention Si Si AIMS to analyse factors controlling silica transport and retention. More specifically: to evaluate how the lake to quantify the amount and influence nutrient ratios composition of incoming silica loads (N:P:Si) along the to the lake and Si lake retention hydrographic network Si Si N N P P AIMS to analyse factors controlling silica transport and retention. More specifically: to evaluate how the lake to quantify the amount and influence nutrient ratios composition of incoming silica loads (N:P:Si) along the to the lake and Si lake retention hydrographic network Si Si N N P P to quantify silica accumulation and recycling in the monimolimnion of the lake AIMS to analyse factors controlling silica transport and retention. More specifically: to evaluate how the lake to quantify the amount and influence nutrient ratios composition of incoming silica loads (N:P:Si) along the to the lake and Si lake retention hydrographic network Si Si N N P P to quantify silica accumulation and recycling in the littoral zone in relation to the to quantify silica accumulation activity of primary and recycling in the producers monimolimnion of the lake MATERIAL AND METHODS estimation of nutrients load: Water samples were collected in three site: two main inlets and the outlet. Dissolved parameters: dissolved silica (DSi), soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) and + dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN = NH4 + - NO3 ), dissolved organic phosphorus and nitrogen. Suspended material: amorphous silica (ASi), particulate phosphorus (PP) and particulate nitrogen (PN). Loads calculated using as the product of the discharge weighted mean concentration by the mean annual discharge I Inlet of the 3 years O Outlet (푄푖∗퐶푖) 퐿 = ∗ 푄 ∗ 푘 푄푖 푡표푡 MATERIAL AND METHODS Lake Inlet Lake Outlet 160 Oglio river Industrial channel Sarnico 140 120 100 -1 s 3 80 m 60 40 20 0 04/16 08/16 12/16 04/17 08/17 12/17 04/18 08/18 04/16 08/16 12/16 04/17 08/17 12/17 04/18 08/18 04/16 08/16 12/16 04/17 08/17 12/17 04/18 08/18 A total of 30 water samples were collected at each station from April 2016 to Novembre 2018 MATERIAL AND METHODS Silica sedimentation rates and release from deep sediments: Quantification of silica sedimentation rates analyzing (ASi) in the particulate material collected with the sedimentation traps (thanks Michael) Intact sediment cores were collected at the deeper layer (250 m c.a.) and incubated for flux measurement. (many thanks Michael) Quantification of silica in porewater (DSi), and sediment (ASi). MATERIAL AND METHODS nutrients accumulation and recycling in the littoral zone: Three different littoral habitats (depth < 5m, rocky with epilithon, sediments with microalgae and with macrophytes) were sampled in 3 dates from May to September 2017. Intact sediment cores or rocky substrates were collected and incubated. Quantification of Si fluxes under light/dark cycles. Silica pools: in water (DSi), primary producers biomass and surficial sediment (BSi). MATERIAL AND METHODS nutrients accumulation and recycling in the littoral zone: Three different littoral habitats (depth < 5m, rocky with epilithon, sediments with microalgae and with macrophytes) were sampled in 3 dates from May to September 2017. Intact sediment cores or rocky substrates were collected and incubated. Quantification of Si fluxes under light/dark cycles. Silica pools: in water (DSi), primary producers biomass and surficial sediment (BSi). Si external loads 15000 TSi Baseflow Highflow TSi400 10000 300 kg d-1 kg 200 mg L-1 mg 5000 100 0 0 1Main River 2 3 Channel 4 1 Baseflow 1 Highflow Baseflow Highflow Main River Channel RESULTS Si external loads 15000 TSi Baseflow Highflow DSi TSi400 Baseflow ASiBSi Highflow 100 100 10000 300 80 80 kg d-1 kg 60 60 200 mg L-1 mg % % 40 40 5000 100 20 20 0 Main River 0 Channel 0 0 Baseflow Highflow Baseflow Highflow 1Main River 2 3 Channel 4 1 Baseflow 1 Highflow Baseflow Highflow Main River Channel Si, N and P loads and retention Silica Nitrogen Phosphorus 3500 350 Particulate 3000 Dissolved 300 2500 250 -1 2000 200 t year t 1500 150 1000 100 500 50 0 0 Input Output Input Output Input Output annual retention (%) annual retention (%) annual retention (%) 63% 14% 68% Data from January 2016 to December 2018 Influence of lake biogeochemical processes on Si, P and N ratios P:Si = 0.025 25 Inlet Outlet Si is always in limited supply 20 compared to N. Winter Summer During the summer period Si 15 limitation increases in outflowing waters compared to both N and 10 P. N:Si (mol:mol) 5 N:Si = 0.425 0 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 P:Si (mol:mol) Influence of lake biogeochemical processes on Si, P and N ratios P:Si = 0.025 25 Inlet Outlet Si is always in limited supply 20 compared to N. Winter Summer During the summer period Si 15 limitation increases in outflowing waters compared to both N and 10 P. N:Si (mol:mol) 5 N:Si = 0.425 0 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 P:Si (mol:mol) where does the retained Si go? 1000 500 0 Fluxes -1 -500 Net sink Net ton Si y Si ton -1000 Sedimentation Lake retention Lake -1500 -2000 -2500 Si recycling in the monimolimnion 5000 1000 500 4000 0 Fluxes -1 3000 -1 -500 Net sink Net ton Si y Si ton -1000 µg Si L µg Si 2000 Sedimentation Lake retention Lake -1500 1000 -2000 1.5 mg Si m-2 h-1 0 -2500 0 20 40 60 h Si accumulation in the monimolimnion 1000 Si Epilimnion 500 2240 tons of Si 0 - 20 0 Fluxes Hypolimnion -1 -500 20 - 90 9900 tons of Si Net sink Net ton Si y Si ton -1000 Depth (m) Sedimentation Lake retention Lake -1500 90 - 251 -2000 Monimolimnion 12500 tons of Si -2500 0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 mg Si l-1 ARPA: 2009 - 2016 Si fluxes in the littoral zone 400 400 4 200 200 2 1 - d 2 - 0 0 0 mg m -200 -200 -2 DRSi -400 -400 -4 periphyton macrophytes sediment periphyton macrophytes sediment periphyton macrophytes sediment Si, N and P fluxes in the littoral zone 400 400 4 200 200 2 1 - d 2 - 0 0 0 mg m -200 -200 -2 DRSi DIN SRP -400 -400 -4 periphyton macrophytes sediment periphyton macrophytes sediment periphyton macrophytes sediment Silica contents in primary producers of littoral zone Aboveground Roots 5 5 0.5 Si N P 4 4 0.4 3 3 0.3 -2 2.7% g m g 2 2 0.2 0.6% 1 1 0.1 n.d.
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