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Konsiderasi Pemerintah Amerika Serikat Dalam Kesepakatan Pengaruh Ideologi Kiri Baru terhadap Perubahan Kebijakan Negara di Sektor Energi: Studi Kasus Venezuela Krisna Purwa Adi Wibawa – 070912102 Program Studi S1 Hubungan Internasional, Universitas Airlangga ABSTRACT This research analyzes how the New Left ideology affects Venezuela's energy policy shifting, that is, during the leadership of Hugo Chavez. In this study, the ideology of the New Left in the context of Venezuela referred to ‘21st Century Socialism’. This case is analyzed through the basic premises of the ideology of 21st Century Socialism, combine with the ideas in ‘Bolivarianism’ and operationalization of Historical Block Neo - Gramscian. This research is a descriptive study, with a range of studies ranging from 1999 to 2007. The hypothesis is that the ideology of the New Left has an influence on Venezuelan oil policy shifting, which is a content parallel with the idea of the New Left ideology and the relationship of the shifting process with the support of the New Left ideology. In this case these changes can be measured by a changing in the ownership status of the Venezuelan oil company through nationalization policy and the renegotiation; changing the amount of quota exports of Venezuelan oil, and diversify Venezuela's oil export market. Keywords: New Left, Venezuela, Hugo Chavez, Oil Policy, 21st Century Socialism, Bolivarianism, Historical Block Neo-Gramscian. Penelitian ini mengurai bagaimana ideologi Kiri Baru mempengaruhi kebijakan energi Venezuela, yakni selama dalam kepemimpinan Hugo Chavez. Dalam penelitian ini, ideologi Kiri Baru dalam konteks Venezuela disebut dalam terminologi Sosialisme Abad ke-21. Permasalahan dianalisis melalui premis-premis dasar ideologi Sosialisme Abad ke-21, dengan di dukung sintesa gagasan Bolivarianisme serta operasionalisasi konsep Blok Historis (Historical Block) Neo-Gramscian. Hipotesis yang diajukan sebagai jawaban terhadap rumusan masalah penelitian ini adalah bahwa ideologi Kiri Baru mempunyai pengaruh terhadap perubahan kebijakan minyak Venezuela, yakni dalam hal kesejajaran konten gagasan ideologi Kiri Baru dan keterkaitan proses perubahan tersebut dengan dukungan kelompok Kiri Baru. Dalam hal ini perubahan tersebut dapat diukur dari adanya perubahan status kepemilikan perusahaan minyak Venezuela lewat kebijakan nasionalisasi dan renegosiasi, perubahan pada besaran kuota ekspor minyak Venezuela, dan diversifikasi pada pasar ekspor minyak Venezuela. Kata-Kata Kunci: Kiri Baru (New Left), Venezuela, Hugo Chavez, Kebijakan Minyak, Sosialisme Abad ke-21, Bolivarianisme, Blok Historis (Historical Block) Neo-Gramscian. 295 Krisna Purwa Adi Wibawa Salah satu peristiwa penting di dekade awal tahun 2000 adalah kemenangan politik Kiri Baru (New Left) melalui pemilu Presiden di beberapa negara Amerika Latin (lihat Tabel 1.1). Keberhasilan Daniel Ortega di pemilu di Nicaragua, kemenangan politik Rafael Correa dari sayap nasionalis kiri pada pemilu Ekuador, dan keberhasilan pemimpin Kiri radikal Hugo Chaves menjabat Presiden kedua kalinya pada pilpres yang dilaksanakan di Venezuela, telah menjadi satu contoh bukti semakin menguatnya konsolidasi kepemimpinan kelompok Kiri Baru di Amerika Latin.1 Tabel 1. Hasil Pemilu Presiden Tahun 2006 di Kawasan Amerika Latin Tanggal Suara Suara Suara Jumlah Negara Pemilu Calon Calon Calon Suara Sayap- sayap lain Pemilih Kanan Kiri (%) yang (%) (%) Terdaftar (%) Bolivia 18 Desember 28,6 53,7* 17,7 84,5 2005 Chile 11 Desember 25,4 46,0 28,6 84,5 2005 Chile babak II 15 Januari 46,5 53,5* -- 87,7 (runoff) 2006 Costa Rica 5 Februari 3,5 40,9 55,6 65,2 2006 Haiti 7 Februari 12,4 51,2* 36,4 59,3 2006 Colombia 28 Mei 2006 62,3* 22,0 15,7 45,1 Peru 9 April 2006 30,6 23,8 45,6 88,7 Peru babak II 4 Juni 2006 52,6* 47,4 -- 87,7 (runoff) Mexico 2 Juli 2006 36,4* 35,5 28,3 58,9 Brazil 1 Oktober 41,6 48,6* 9,2 81,0 2006 Brazil babak II 29 Oktober 39,2 60,8* -- 81,0 (runoff) 2006 Nikaragua 7 November 29,0 38,1* -- 61,2 2006 Ecuador 15 Oktober 26,8 22,8 50,4 72,2 2006 Ecuador babak II 26 November 43,3 56,7* -- 75,5 1 Luisa Blanco and Robin Grier, “Explaining the Rise of the Left in Latin America”. School of Public Policy Working Papers, paper 24 (2011): 2, diakses pada 9 September 2013, http://digitalcommons.pepperdine.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1028&context=sppworkingp apers 296 Jurnal Analisis Hubungan Internasional, Vol. 3, No. 1 Pengaruh Ideologi Kiri Baru terhadap Perubahan Kebijakan Energi Negara (runoff) 2006 Venezuela 3 Desember 36,9 62,9* 0,2 74,9 2006 *Pemenang Pemilu. (Sumber: Latin America’s ”Left Turn”: A Framework for Analysis (Levitsky. 2010: 40-41)) Dari tabel diatas terlihat bahwa partai sayap Kiri menang pada pemilu tahun 2006 di lebih dari separuh negara kawasan Amerika Latin, bahkan beberapa diantaranya menang dengan angka mutlak, yakni seperti Bolivia, Chile, Haiti, Brazil, dan Venezuela. Keberhasilan politik kaum Kiri Baru dalam arena politik di Amerika Latin sejak periode awal abad ke-21, merupakan buah keberhasilan perjuangan gerakan sosial massa yang bersinergis dengan kekuatan-kekuatan politik progresif.2 Mereka berjuang memanfaatkan demokrasi elektoral sebagai sarana melakukan transformasi politik secara mendasar bagi kepentingan publik. Dalam hal ini diskursus kemenangan kekuatan Kiri Baru di Amerika Latin tidak lain merupakan simbol keruntuhan konsensus ekonomi- politik global yang dibangun sejak akhir tahun 1980-an. Seperti diuraikan oleh Frank O. Mara dan Karl Kalthenthaler3, pada tahun 1980an Amerika Serikat berusaha menjadikan wilayah Amerika Latin sebagai laboratorium dan tempat eksperimen pengembangan proyek neoliberalisme.4 Namun,keberlangsungan praktek rezim neoliberalisme di Amerika Latin telah membawa krisis sosial bagi masyarakat Amerika Latin. Reformasi ekonomi berbasis liberalisasi pasar bebas dan pemangkasan berbagai program sosial, alih-alih membangun kultur produktif dan kompetitif, justru kemudian berakhir pada meluasnya kesenjangan antara kelompok kaya dan miskin. Selain itu, secara politis, proses restrukturisasi ekonomi berbasis neoliberal telah mengakibatkan erosi kapasitas negara dalam mengelola krisis sosial. Krisis inilah yang kemudian pada gilirannya memunculkan berbagai komunitas grassroot yang memperjuangkann imajinasi politik baru dengan tawaran alternatif tatanan sosial yang lebih humanis dan berbasis kepada kemandirian 2 Blanco, and Grier, “Explaining the Rise of the Left in Latin America”, 4 3 Frank O. Mara and Karl Kalthenthaler. “Neoliberalism in Latin America”. Stanford University Press (1998): 2, dalam Jayati Ghosh, “Left Regimes in Latin America: Economic Aspects of Attempts to Create “21st Century Socialism”, The Marxist XXVIII 2, April-June 2012, diakses pada 11 September 2013, http://cpim.org/marxist/201202-Left-Latin-America-JG.pdf 4 Proyek Neoliberalisme adalah nama untuk sebuah proyek yang dipelopori oleh Amerika Serikat dengan sponsor-sponsor utama seperti Dana Moneter Internasional (IMF), Bank Dunia, dan Bank Pmebangunan Antar Amerika (Inter-American Development Bank). Tujuannya adalah memberi bantuan finansial dan kemudahan hutang untuk negara berkembang keluar dari krisis. (Frank & Karl, 1998) Jurnal Analisis HI, Maret 2014 297 Krisna Purwa Adi Wibawa Dalam hal ini tradisi “Kiri” di Amerika Latin sebenarnya bukanlah suatu hal yang baru. Menurut Abigail Noble dan Martin Weinstein, nilai-nilai dan prinsip-prinsip Kiri sudah terbentuk dan menjadi pondasi masyarakat di benua ini.5 Selama abad 19 dan awal abad 20, ide-ide dan gerakan perlawanan memiliki pengaruh di kalangan intelektual Kiri dan penduduk imigran yang berasal dari Eropa, sementara yang lainnya memiliki kaitan dengan gerakan buruh.6 Pada abad tersebut, kelompok Kiri umumnya dibagi ke dalam empat kelompok besar, yakni pertama, dalam bentuk partai-partai komunis tradisional dan ortodoks.7 Mereka memiliki kedekatan dan bahkan menjadi satelit Uni Soviet. Kemudian kelompok yang kedua, kelompok Kiri populis dan nasionalis. Kalangan ini biasanya diidentikan dengan pemimpin kharismatik atau organisasi massa.8 Basis utama pendukungnya adalah kelas buruh. Kemudian kelompok ketiga, organisasi politik dan militer. Organisasi politik militer di Amerika Latin dicirikan dengan perjuangan perubahan dengan mengangkat senjata. Fidel Castro di Kuba adalah contoh jelas dari kelompok ini. Dalam kelompok ini, mereka menempatkan Amerika Serikat dan kapitalisme sebagai musuh utama.9 Kemudian yang terakhir adalah kelompok Kiri reformis. Sebagaimana dicatat oleh Richard Gillespie, di tahun 1990-an, terutama sejak Uni Soviet runtuh dan komunisme internasional mengalami krisis, berbagai gerakan gerilyawan di Amerika Latin semakin kehilangan relevansinya. Politik formal dipilih untuk memperjuangkan cita-cita gerakan Kiri dengan membangun partai-partai politik dan mengikuti pemilu. Venezuela dalam hal ini adalah salah satu contoh negara di mana gerakan Kiri memanfaatkan demokrasi elektoral untuk mewujudkan sosialisme. Dalam kelompok ini, mereka masih menempatkan Amerika Serikat dan kapitalisme sebagai musuh utamanya.10 Dalam konteks Venezuela, gaya kepemimpinan politik Kiri Baru Hugo Chavez dipengaruhi oleh gagasannya akan ’Revolusi Bolivarian’. Istilah 5 Abigail Noble and Martin Weinstein. “A Resurgent Left in Latin America: Implications for the Region and US Policy”. LOGOS, Journal of Modern Society and Culture, no. 42, (2005): 3, diakses pada 1 September 2013, http://digitalcommons.pepperdine.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1028&context=sppworkingp apers 6 Noble and Weinstein. “A Resurgent Left in Latin America: Implications for the Region and
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