Carl von Ossietzky Universit¨at Oldenburg Magisterstudiengang Politikwissenschaften Wirtschaftswissenschaften MAGISTERARBEIT Title: The main Actors and their Role in the Bolivarian Revolution in Venezuela vorgelegt von: Franziska W¨ockel Kurt-Huber-Straße 13 26129 Oldenburg [email protected] Betreuender Gutachter: apl. Prof. Dr. Fernando Mires Zweite Gutachterin: Dr. Lydia Potts Oldenburg, 2. Juli 2008 Table of Contents 1. Introduction 1 2. A brief History of Venezuela 4 2.1. Background Facts about Venezuela . 4 2.2. Discovery and Colonization . 4 2.2.1. The Native Population . 4 2.2.2. Colonization . 5 2.2.3. Spain'sPolicies ............................ 5 2.3. Rebellion ................................... 6 2.4. Wars of Independence . 7 2.4.1. The First Venezuelan Republic . 7 2.4.2. The Second Venezuelan Republic . 7 2.4.3. The Third Republic . 8 2.5. Venezuela's Independence - Dictatorship . 9 2.5.1. P´aez Dictatorship (1830 - 1847) . 9 2.5.2. Turmoil and Unrest (1847 - 1870) . 10 2.5.3. Guzm´an's Dictatorship (1870 - 1888) . 11 2.5.4. Crisis and Turmoil again (1888 - 1908) . 11 2.5.5. The Beginning of the Petroleum Era under G´omez . 11 2.6. Summary ................................... 12 3. Political Developments on the Way to Democracy 14 3.1. Transition to Democracy . 14 3.1.1. The Trienio 1945-1948 . 15 3.1.2. Opposition forms . 15 3.1.3. Marcos P´erez's Dictatorship 1948 - 1958 . 16 3.2. Democracy . 17 3.2.1. President Betancourt 1959 - 1964 and Guerrilla Formation . 17 3.2.2. Leoni's Presidency 1964-1969 . 18 3.2.3. Rafael Caldera's first Presidency 1969-1974 . 19 3.2.4. Carlos Andr´esP´erez's first Presidency 1974 - 1979 . 19 3.2.5. Camp´ın's Presidency 1979 - 1984 . 20 ii Table of Contents 3.2.6. Lusinchi's Presidency 1984 - 1989 . 21 3.3. The new Crisis . 21 3.3.1. Carlos Andr´esP´erez's second Presidency . 22 3.3.2. El Caracazo . 23 3.3.3. The Coups of 1992 and the Aftermath . 23 3.3.4. Caldera's second Presidency 1994 - 1998 . 25 3.4. Summary ................................... 25 4. Hugo Ch´avez 27 4.1. YoungYears.................................. 27 4.2. Ch´avez's Movement . 28 4.2.1. The Movimiento Bolivariano Revolucionario-200 . 28 4.2.2. The 1992 Coup . 30 4.2.3. The Structure of the Movement . 30 4.3. Campaign and Election . 31 4.4. Ch´avez's Policy . 33 4.4.1. Economic Policy . 33 4.4.2. Oilpolicy ............................... 35 4.4.3. Trade Agreements . 38 4.4.4. Social Policy . 40 4.5. Summary ................................... 43 5. The new Constitution of 1999 45 5.1. The Constitutional Assembly . 45 5.2. Main Changes in the new Constitution . 46 5.2.1. Women'sRights............................ 47 5.2.2. Law and Justice . 47 5.2.3. Economic, Social, Educational, Cultural and Human Rights . 48 5.2.4. The Right to Information . 48 5.2.5. Political Parties . 48 5.2.6. Referenda . 49 5.2.7. Indigenous Rights . 49 5.2.8. Environmental Rights . 49 5.2.9. FivePowers .............................. 50 5.2.10. Civil Disobedience . 50 5.3. Summary ................................... 51 6. The Media 53 6.1. Media in Venezuela . 53 iii Table of Contents 6.1.1. The case of RCTV . 55 6.1.2. The Law on Social Responsibility in Television and Radio . 56 6.2. Ch´avez and the Media . 57 6.3. Summary ................................... 58 7. The Military 60 7.1. The Venezuelan Military . 60 7.2. ThePlanBol´ıvar ............................... 61 7.3. Turing point Caracazo . 62 7.4. TheCoupsof1992 .............................. 62 7.5. The Military in the Constitution . 63 7.6. Militarizing the Government . 64 7.7. Civilianizing the Military . 64 7.8. Military Politicization and Factionalism: . 65 7.9. Militarizing the Civilians . 66 7.10.Summary ................................... 66 8. Political parties 68 8.1. The Punto Fijo Agreement . 69 8.2. Political Fragmentation . 69 8.3. OtherParties ................................. 70 8.4. The new Socialist Party . 71 8.5. Summary ................................... 72 9. The Unions 74 9.1. CTV...................................... 74 9.2. Ch´avezandtheUnions............................ 75 9.3. The new Labor Union . 77 9.4. Summary ................................... 78 10.International Relations 79 10.1.USA ...................................... 81 10.2.Cuba...................................... 83 10.2.1. Ideology . 84 10.2.2. Agreements . 84 10.3.SouthAmerica ................................ 85 10.3.1. Colombia . 85 10.3.2. Brazil . 86 10.3.3. Argentina . 86 iv Table of Contents 10.3.4. Bolivia . 87 10.3.5. Ecuador . 87 10.4.Summary ................................... 88 11.Conclusion 91 A. Chronology 100 B. Glossary of Selected Terms 103 v 1. Introduction "There is no solution within capitalism, one must transcend capitalism. Nor is it about statism or state capitalism, which would be the same perversion of the Soviel Union, which was the cause of its fall. We must reclaim socialism as a thesis, as a project and a path, but a new socialism. Humanism, putting humans and not the machine ahead of everything, the human and not the state," Hugo Ch´avez at the fifth World Social Forum in 2005 The intention of this thesis is to give a review of the main actors and organizations involved in the Bolivarian Revolution in Venezuela initiated with the election of Hugo Ch´avez as President of Venezuela in 1998. Another goal is a general overview of Venezue- lan history since its colonization in order to better understand the current processes in the country. Since Hugo Ch´avez´ presidential campaign and election in 1998 much has been said and written about him and his movement. Scientific German publications on the subject are not very abundant since political science here tends to be very euro-centristic and if it deals with America it usually deals with North America. In contrast to this there has been much discussion about Venezuela on a scientific basis in the United States and in other Latin American countries. Many publications have focussed on the question of what kind of government Venezuela has, they have focused on its oil or foreign policy. In order to explore the Bolivarian Revolution, and to identify its main actors, resources from the political, historical, journalistic and economic domain have been used in order to give a complete picture. Some of the authors of the publications themselves sympathize with one or the other actor and his role, or even belong to the surrounding field of one, making challenging to analyze their work. This list of actors makes no claim to be complete as there are some which I have not been been able to deal with. I had to confine myself to making a selection of the most prominent actors in order to not go beyond the scope of this thesis. In order to facilitate reading, the glossary (page 103) in the appendix provides addi- tional information on various selected terms, the translation of Spanish words, abbrevi- ations used throughout the text and are marked in italics. The history of Venezuela with its struggles and independence wars has had great influence onto all of the actors in the Bolivarian Revolution putting its stamp on all 1 1. Introduction of them. For easier classification the second Chapter will begin with a quick review of Venezuelan history from colonization, the independence wars into the 20th century and the Caracazo up to Ch´avez election as president. Chapter 3 will deal with the more recent process of democratization in Venezuela tracing its way from the beginning of the petroleum era to Ch´avez´ election in 1998. The actors this thesis will focus on are: Hugo Ch´avez is President of Venezuela and a very exposed person on an international level with a lot of influence in the integration of Latin America and global oil policy. Since April of 2002, when a coup was effected against him, the level of international awareness level concerning Venezuela has increased due to big media coverage of the event. Ch´avez´s heritage, his motivation, the origins of his movement, his election campaign and the policies he has implemented in his presidency will be explored in chapter 4. A Constitution is the basis and legitimization of any democratic government. Its goals and intentions are the marks a government´s policy and results must be measured by. Chapter 5 analyses the development process and the main aspects of the new Constitu- tion ratified in 1999. (Mass) Media has an important role in our society today. This, one can suppose, is also the case in Venezuela. In some democratic political systems it is even considered an additional branch in the division of powers, making it an interesting actor to examine. Chapter 6 is dedicated to a review of the Venezuelan media scene and whether it has undergone any changes since Ch´avez´ presidency. The military has often played a very unfortunate role in Latin American politics. Ch´avez himself being military and often making his public appearances in uniform, suggests that the military also plays a role in Venezuela. Chapter 7 focusses on the the role of the Venezuelan army in the history of the country and in Ch´avez´ movement and policies. Political parties are generally important actors in decision-making and represent the interests of different groups in democracies. In the 8th chapter the analysis will show how political parties in Venezuela have evolved, which ones exist today, which ones are oppositional and which ones support the president and what their role is in the Bolivarian Revolution. Unions traditionally have the task of representing the interests of workers in democra- cies. It is not uncommon for them to be left-leaning and to have close ties to left-leaning political parties and organizations.