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Secretaria Nacional De Ciencia Y Tecnología -Senacyt CONSEJO NACIONAL DE CIENCIA Y TECNOLOGÍA -CONCYT- SECRETARIA NACIONAL DE CIENCIA Y TECNOLOGÍA -SENACYT- FONDO NACIONAL DE CIENCIA Y TECNOLOGÍA -FONACYT- UNIVERSIDAD DE SAN CARLOS DE GUATEMALA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS QUIMICAS Y FARMACIA ESCUELA DE BIOLOGIA MUSEO DE HISTORIA NATURAL INFORME FINAL “EVALUACIÓN DE LA INCIDENCIA DE QUITRIDIOMICOSIS EN ANFIBIOS EN TRES REGIONES DE ENDEMISMO: LOS CASOS DE LOS BOSQUES NUBOSOS DE ZACAPA, BAJA VERAPAZ Y SAN MARCOS, GUATEMALA” PROYECTO FODECYT No. 70-2009 Lic. Edgar Gustavo Ruano Fajardo Investigador Principal GUATEMALA, AGOSTO DE 2012 EQUIPO DE INVESTIGACIÓN Liza Iveth García Recinos Investigador Asociado Lic. Carlos Vásquez Almazán Investigador Asociado y Coordinador Institucional Lic. Ángel Jacobo Conde Pereira Investigador Asociado Licda. Olga Alejandra Zamora Jerez Auxiliar de Laboratorio AGRADECIMIENTOS: La realización de este trabajo, ha sido posible gracias al apoyo financiero dentro del Fondo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, -FONACYT-, otorgado por La Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología -SENACYT- y al Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología - CONCYT-. OTROS AGRADECIMIENTOS Se agradece a la Escuela de Biología y Decanatura de la Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacia, específicamente a la Licda. Rosalito Barrios y Dr. Oscar Cóbar Pinto por el apoyo institucional brindado. A la Licda. Mercedes Barrios –CDC/CECON– por sus aportes y comentarios al desarrollar el proyecto, a Dr. Roberto Flores -IIQB– de la Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacia por el préstamo de vehículo. Un especial agradecimiento a los comunitarios de la Aldea La Trinidad, Tajumulco, San Marcos, a la municipalidad de San Rafael Pie de la Cuesta, San Marcos, por permitirnos el ingreso al “Refugio del quetzal”, a la Asociación de Desarrollo Sostenible de Chilascó -ADESOCHI-, al personal del CECON en especial al personal del Biotopo para la Conservación del Quetzal “Mario Dary Rivera”, al Ing. Hernández de la finca Cerro Verde y a la Familia Xicol (Gustavo, Julian y Roberto Antonio) de la Finca Sachut en Purulhá, Baja Verapaz. También se agradece a Vicente Franco de la Reserva Bella Vista en el área de Las Granadillas, Zacapa y a la Municipalidad de la Unión, Zacapa, por su cooperación. A la vez, se agradece a todas las personas que fueron guías y coordinadores en sus comunidades para desempeñar el trabajo de campo: Don Juan José Martínez García, Audelio Romero, Rogelio Romero y Vicente Franco. También a los compañeros Elida Leiva, Erick López y Jorge del Cid por su desempeño y apoyo en el campo. Al M.Sc. Samuel Mérida por sus valiosos aportes en el análisis de hemoparásitos de anfibios. Algunas fotos y esquemas fueron aportados por los doctores Allan Pessier -Amphibia disease laboratory, Institute for consevation research, San Diego Zoo global-, Erica Bree Rosenblum -Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho-, y M.Sc Tina Chen -Department of Biology- San Francisco State University; y especialmente Al Dr. Vance Vredenburg -Department of Biology- San Francisco State University, por el apoyo brindado por su laboratorio. ÍNDICE RESUMEN ............................................................................................................................ 4 PARTE I ................................................................................................................................ 6 I.1 INTRODUCCIÓN ...................................................................................................... 6 I.2 PLANTEAMIENTO DEL PROBLEMA ................................................................. 8 I.3 OBJETIVOS E HIPOTESIS ..................................................................................... 9 I.3.1 Objetivos ............................................................................................................... 9 I.3.1.1 General ...................................................................................................... 9 I.3.1.2 Específicos ................................................................................................. 9 I.3.1.3 Hipótesis .................................................................................................... 9 I.4 METODOLOGIA ..................................................................................................... 10 I.4.1 Las Variables ...................................................................................................... 10 I.4.2 Indicadores ........................................................................................................ 10 I.4.3 Estrategia Metodológica ................................................................................... 10 I.4.4 El Método ...................................................................................................... 10 I.4.5 La Técnica Estadística ................................................................................. 13 I.4.6 Materiales ...................................................................................................... 16 PARTE II ............................................................................................................................ 17 MARCO TEÓRICO (CONCEPTUAL) ...................................................................... 17 II.1 Información General de anfibios. .......................................................................... 17 Diversidad de anfibios en Guatemala ........................................................................... 18 II.2 Quitridiomicosis ...................................................................................................... 18 I.2.1. Ciclo de vida de B. dendrobatidis: ................................................................... 20 I.2.2 Origen de la enfermedad ................................................................................... 21 II.3 Declives y enfermedades en Poblaciones de Anfibios y su relación con quitridiomicosis ............................................................................................................... 22 II.4 Bosques nubosos ...................................................................................................... 27 II.5 Áreas de Estudio ...................................................................................................... 28 II.5.1 Bosques nubosos ............................................................................................... 28 II.5.1.1 Biotopo Universitario “Mario Dary Rivera” para la Conservación del Quetzal ..................................................................................................................... 28 II.5.1.2 Bosque municipal de la Unión, Zacapa ................................................... 29 II.5.1.3 Bosque nuboso del volcán Tajumulco. ................................................... 30 PARTE III ........................................................................................................................... 32 III. RESULTADOS ....................................................................................................... 32 III.1 Discusión de Resultados ....................................................................................... 44 PARTE IV ........................................................................................................................... 48 IV.1 CONCLUSIONES .................................................................................................. 48 IV.2 RECOMEDACIONES ........................................................................................... 49 IV.3 REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS ................................................................ 50 IV.4 ANEXOS ................................................................................................................ 55 ANEXOS ......................................................................................................................... 57 IV.5 Fotografías de las localidades muestreados y algunas especies portadoras de Bd ..................................................................................................................................... 57 SAN MARCOS ............................................................................................................. 57 BAJA VERAPAZ ......................................................................................................... 58 ZACAPA ....................................................................................................................... 59 1 Listado de Cuadros Cuadro 1. Localidades y alturas de los muestreos en los bosques nubosos muestreados. 10 Cuadro 2. Prevalencia de Bd por familias en los bosques nubosos muestreados. .............. 32 Cuadro 3. Especies portadoras de B. dendrobatidis en bosques nubosos de Baja Verapaz (BV), Zacapa (ZAC) y San Marcos (SM). ........................................................ 32 Cuadro 4. Especies portadoras de Bd con su respectiva prevalencia por especímenes ..... 33 Cuadro 5. Número de casos de B. dendrobatidis en bosques nubosos de Baja Verapaz (BV), Zacapa (ZAC) y San Marcos (SM). ........................................................ 34 Cuadro 6. Prevalencia de Bd en los bosques nubosos por cada región muestreada. .......... 35 Cuadro 7. Nivel de infección promedio por modo reproductivo presente en los bosques nubosos muestreados. ........................................................................................ 36 Cuadro 8. Correlación de Pearson y Kendall entre las variables de
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