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Home , Sawdust

AGRICULTURE ROOM

• USES FOR AND SHAVINGS

Z,ko1112/3/ By 43='' szi, cO\ kt° Forest Products Laboratory,—1 Forest Service OP fit' ,004 L''C N QA U.S. Department of Agriculture k O V ,A S.q;.1 1: C./ N.0 - cp- s‘v-

cc> ° (51,. ost economical disposal of sawdust and shavings is a problem of growing concern to the industries. In some cases the problem arises from the need of reducing the cost of getting rid of material that clogs production; in others, from the desire to get some return or profit from material that in the log form has represented a considerable outlay of money. Steam-power plants that used wood waste for at the point of its production have been replaced to a large extent by plants that use electric power or internal-combustion engines, so that many of these major outlets for sawdust as fuel have been closed. On the other hand, certain uses for sawdust and shavings have been extended. This report summarizes the best available information on uses for sawdust and shavings in order to facilitate reply to the large number of inquiries re- ceived by the Forest Products Laboratory. On some of the uses the infor- mation at hand is reasonably dependable; on others, where the use is small and localized, the information is fragmentary and may not be currently applicable elsewhere or under other conditions. Major emphasis in this report is placed upon the established uses rather than upon potential uses. Potential uses will seem much more important to many inquirers, but for the most part such uses are a matter for further research and investigation. This report aims to cover normal trade outlets and makes no attempt to report on the status or results of research projects. Quantity uses for sawdust and shavings are open to the individual producers of such waste. Many of the uses, however, do not require large quantities. Many of them call for the retailing of special qualities of material and often of material in relatively small lots, the demands for which are customarily supplied by dealers who specialize in sawdust and shavings. Most of the larger cities have such dealers, whose names are carried in classified directories and similar lists.

!Maintained at Madison, Wis., in cooperation with the University of Wisconsin.

Report No. 1666-1 (Revised)

On an industry-wide basis the bulk of the sawdust is green. Thus far it has • not been considered economically feasible to dry sawdust artificially. Green sawdust has limited use except as fuel at the producing plant. Green hard- wood sawdust, however, is used in fairly large amounts for meat smoking. In certain localities green sawdust, and to a less extent sawdust, is used in special sawdust furnaces for domestic heating. Shavings ordinarily come from air-dried or kiln-dried wood. Shavings and sawdust produced from machining dry wood afford their producer the best prospects for marketing waste material of this kind. For most uses only fresh material is acceptable. Sawdust and shavings, when exposed to the weather, very rapidly deteriorate and lose much of their use value.

As in other fields of wood use, it is better to prevent the waste or to minimize its occurrence than to salvage it after it occurs. After waste is produced, however, its most economical disposal depends more upon the initiative and selling ability of the producer than upon almost anything else.

Available information is tabulated in tables 1, 2, 3, and 4 of this report under the following four general classifications:

(1) Uses because of special physical qualities. (2) Fuel uses. (3) Fiber uses. (4) Chemical uses.

Such classification is not entirely satisfactory because some uses may be classed in more than one group.

In seeking a market, it is well to recognize that intrinsic physical qualities (table 1) of sawdust and shavings, as well as their cheapness and availability, govern certain types of their use. Recognition of this may help the producer to find local markets not specifically listed in table 1. Sawdust and shavings sometimes are chosen for use because they are: (1) absorbent, as for spilled liquids or as a carrier of liquid manure; (2) , as in hand soaps, metal polishes, fur cleaning, sweeping compounds (absorbence also involved); (3) bulky and fibrous, as for wood flour, cushioning, packaging, light-weight cement aggregate; (4) nonconductive, as for insulation, storage; and (5) granular, as for textured surfaces, oatmeal wallpaper.

Four main classes of fuel uses (table 2) for sawdust and shavings are recognized: (1) for power and heat at the producing plant (with other wood waste); (2) in public buildings and power plants (with hogged waste); (3) with special domestic sawdust burners (sawdust only); and (4) as (dry sawdust and shavings). The first class is country-wide and large in volume, although decreasing. The last three classes are of special • Report No. 1666-1 -2- • significance, mostly in the Pacific Northwest, but interest in the fourth class (briquettes) has extended to all parts of the country and to other nations. The fourth class is arousing increasing interest, from which applications of this use in other parts of the country may develop.

Uses of sawdust and shavings as fiber (table 3) have received considerable attention, and are being developed to an important degree. Sawdust and shavings have not generally been acceptable for pulping because of various technical and economic factors involved in their use for such purpose.

Recent developments suggest that sawdust meeting certain specifications may be accepted for limited use in making . In the western region, sawdust has been pulped successfully by a continuous process; it is added to pulp obtained from standard chips to improve the printing quality of certain . In the southern pine area, " kerf chips" are being produced under controlled conditions and mixed with standard pulp chips to make kraft . The kerf chips comprise about 15 percent of the digester charge. Kerf chips are coarse sawdust particles large enough to be retained on a screen with 3/16-inch round openings, and are made by sawing at a constant feed rate of about 1/4 inch per tooth to yield particles that are 1/4 inch long in the direction of the fibers.

Wood flour, an important use, is fibrous, but it is classified in this report under uses for special physical properties. In certain cases, use is being made or has been tried for three types of fiber product, namely: (1) filler for saturating felt, asphalt shingles, and the like; (2) low-grade pulp for container liners; and (3) pressed board or shaped products with resin or other binding agent.

Sawdust and shavings, as fiber, have been much used in recent years for board products of various specific gravities, adapted to various special uses. One product, using graded sawdust and shavings and bonded with 10 to 15 percent urea-formaldehyde resin, is being used as subflooring for linoleum, house sheathing, and core stock for furniture doors. Two millwork companies are producing sawdust boards bonded with 5 to 8 percent phenolic resin. These are used in panels for millwork. A Swiss process is being used in this country for production of boards of various densities with a sawdust-and- shavings core faced with selected shavings to provide an attractive appearance.

The dry and semi-dry processes for production make small plants ( 15 to 30 tons per day) practical, where the wet-forming process would re- quire a capacity of 50 to 100 tons per day to be practical. The cost of a dry- proaess plant is about two-thirds that of a wet-process plant, but the cost of the resin binder makes the dry product somewhat more expensive. This is, however, offset by superior hardness and better - and screw-holding properties, desirable in core stock. Report No. 1666-1 -3-

In addition to the board form of product, sawdust and shavings bonded with I new and improved resins are molded into chair backs, containers with molded- in depressions for , such as tap and die sets, and articles of various other types. More recently a nucleonic barrier-type of sawdust has been developed. In the United States uses of sawdust and shavings for production of chemicals (table 4) are of potential rather than immediate importance, except for their time-honored usage in connection with the smoking of meat. Established chemical-conversion processes are employed to some extent for products of (1) distillation and (2) extraction, while laboratory or commercial pilot- plant tests are in progress for chemical production by (3) hydrolysis, (4) fermentation, and (5) hydrogenation. New equipment has become available for the preparation and briquetting of from sawdust, shavings, and chips. Absorbency, bulk, and chemical composition combine to make sawdust and shavings (and chipped wood also) of value in improving the physical condition of soil, especially when the material is used as for animals or poultry before application to the land. Although wood itself contains no appreciable fertilizer chemicals, wood particles used as bedding can absorb liquid manure, which contains 90 percent of the total nitrogen in manure in addition to carrying the solid manure. By adding 50 pounds of superphosphate per ton, before spreading on the fields, the nitrogen in the liquid manure is "fixed" in a form that does not evaporate. When mixed into the soil, bacterial action decomposes the cellulosic portion of the wood within two months to a year, depending on soil temperature and moisture. The undecomposed of the wood remains to improve soil tilth and increases the permeability and water retention of the soil, especially on sandy or clay soils. Well-rotted sawdust can be applied directly to the soil, but fresh sawdust not used as bedding first should have some nitrogen added to it before being placed on soil that is to be cropped the same year. The bacteria that decompose the wood require more nitrogen than can be supplied by the wood, hence will compete with the crop plants for soil nitrogen unless nitrogen is added to the wood. This added nitrogen eventually becomes available to the crop when the decomposition cycle is complete. Wood particles also have been found to be of value when applied above ground as a . In strawberry and blueberry raising, and in orchards, a four- to six-inch layer of wood particles conserves moisture, prevents high soil temperatures, and reduces the number of weeds. Composted wood particles are used by some nurseymen and gardeners instead of peat moss, which is somewhat more difficult to mix into the soil. Wood particles, including bark, can be composted slowly like other vegetable matter, • Report No. 1666-1 -4- but some half-dozen commercial methods have been developed that reduce the composting time from a maximum of 2 months by one method to a minimum of 36 hours by another. The slower methods involve inoculation with a bacteria culture, with or without the addition of chemicals. The most rapid system involves inoculation, addition of chemicals, and controlled heat as the material passes through an 8-stage continuous processor. Other vegetable and animal (packing house) wastes may be included with the wood, and supplemental chemicals are added to most .

Mulching and soil-conditioning can utilize large quantities of sawdust and shavings, but require a location in an agricultural area. Profit possibilities are low, except when the cost of waste disposal by other means is avoided.

Highway uses may absorb appreciable quantities of wood and bark particles even in nonagricultural areas. Mulching is used on fresh road embankments to prevent erosion and to aid the establishment of a permanent vegetative cover. Some highway departments prefer sawdust to salt for use on icy highways. Winter logging roads of compacted snow are much improved in bearing capacity by the addition of sawdusts. Tests have shown that the ten- sile strength of ice with sawdust incorporated in it is increased to thrice its normal strength, making it possible to increase the load-bearing capacity of lake or pond ice. In constructing logging roads in bog areas, a thick submerged layer of coarse sawdust provides a satisfactory foundation to support the earth that forms the road.

Extractives from wood sometimes interfere with the setting of cements. The results of using sawdust in concretes or plasters have been erratic, but studies of the chemistry involved have made possible a better control of such products. Medical plaster casts have been reduced in weight by use of sawdust. One proprietary flooring material combines sawdust with asbestos as the filler material for the cement.

Original Report Dated May 20, 1947 Revised September 1961

Report No. 1666-1 1.5-10

Table 1.--Uses of sawdust and shavings because of evecial obyeical auelitise

• :Economical: Annual Ups Sawdust :Shavings Species Specifications 1 Users or purchasers: Market : shipping consump- Ressarks • : location distance : tion ;-- • FOR ABSORBENT • 1 1 : 1 : • WEilag t 1 : : t :Dry:Stable :Dry:White pine,basewood.:Soft absorbent. non-:Chiefly farmers and :Country- :Large :Use subject to expea- : 1 I :ponderosa pine, and :resinous goods pre- :dairies.:wide :sion to utilize tabu- :other sad aerred. goods con- : . :eble liquid stable $ : : : : :taining not 1 • :manure commonly lost , a : : :desired : : S 1 . •. . • Kennels :Dry:Eastern redcedar :Dry shavings :Sawdust dealers : : :Snell 4 t . . . . • • • floor canals, ; : : • . : •. .• • • Factories :Principally dry :"Hex Shop.' a mix- :Dry, nonresinous, :Purchased through :Many urban: :Relatively:Absorbents are the Fish markets :sawdust used. Somestare of hardwoods :lightweight species :sawdust dealers or :center. :large :greatest single out- Garages :shaving. accepted :and softwoods as :preferred :directly from pro- :lets for dry sawdust. Hotel kitchens 1 :produced at box fan-: ;duce? :Green sawdust should Machin. shops a sterns.. furniture 1 . : . I :be acceptable in some Meat markets :factoriee,and other: :cases • : Packing plants : plants . •. : Tanneries Taverns Vegetal:: markets . : .• 1 : Warehouses i •. : .' : I , 1 1 Grassbcoper Halt :Green:Dry: I sPonderosa pine, cot-:Weathered pine (2 :Government and local:Northern 3500 miles :Beall :Poisoned with arsenic. : :tonwood :year.), green or dry:authorities :Plains :or lose :Ueed only in critical :cottonwood :States :years : • . • :Drysleather Workiag : :White pine or other :Soft, clean. nen- :Tanneries :light-weight,light- :staining species : :colored nonstaining : : . • Mulch Soil Condi. s g..9.1111 Green:Dry: Dry: Mixed sManners and nursery- :Ruzal :Has limited use except t : 1 1 amen :area. :as combined with and • :as a carrier of ferti- :lizing matter • • Signal Rockets end • Areworke :Dry: • :Sifted, fine, for • : :impregnating with • :chemicals 7 Wound Dressing 5n4 • liceeial-Parcoao Hos- :Dry: :nits pine and other:Olean. sifted, :For special use only. pital Mattresses :wood. : sterile :Extent probably very :limited

FOR ABRASIVE VALI- , TIES: Cleansing Spate :Dry: :Screened to 36 mesh :Specialty manufac- : . :Small . :tare?. . •. . : . : .• : Floor Sweeping Com- : • . pound, •. . : .• • Commercial :Dry: :Hardwood and soft- :Dry stock sifted to :Made and distributed:Many urban:Up to :Moderate :Green eawdust used in :wood :16 to 20 mesh or :by numerous oil, :centers :about 300 MMOUnts :one type now being :finer. Light-:miles:chemical, and jani- : :tried :colored, light- :tor supply companies. . . :weight woods pre- :for use in schools, : . • . . . :ferred :stores, office build, •. • • .• .• :Inge, and the like : •. : • • Household :Green: : :Any species :Householders:Country- : :ftall :As a duet retardant for :wide :sweeping basement floors: :as a material for sprink- :ling on icy steps domes- :tic outlets in small but • • :numerous lots are po.- • • !eible • • • • Far Working : :Drys :Kiln-dried sugar :110 mesh (aeon:The fur mannfactur- :Dreeeing :1,000 to :Moderate :Stock cooing largely Cleaning :maple, a little sing). 16 to 36 mesh :ing trade concen- :end dyeing:2.000 :amounts :from maple-flooring Dressing t ;, and a small :for dressing and :trated in Hew York :industry. :miles . :plants

Dyeing 1 :amount of softwood ;dyeing sCit71 also numerous :chiefly in: . ; I :cleaners elsewhere. :Nee York : • • 1 :Users usually sup- :City;cleanl • ; s : :plied by sawdust :ing in all: : : 3 a :denier. :0111c. : •

Metal Finishin g Dry 1 :Dry:For cleaning. dryingsPlatere sawdust is :Sawdust dealers :Industrial:Usually :Moderate :Used chiefly in tumbling Cleaning sand polishing plated:dry bard maple 16 :centers :supplied :amounts :drams Drying I :ware. kiln-dried :meeh and finer:white: :from local. Polishing :sugar maple is pre- :pine duet S mesh and: :plants s (Prom pickling c :ferred. For other :finer. Often scseenedi 1 bath. plating • : :cleaning sod drying. :to get uniform size 1 • solotion,lathee.: : :light soft woods aresend free of chips • machines, and :desirable. Species • the like) :of high tennin.resin: s : :or acid content not • i 1 :acceptable • • • poultry Picking I :Dry: :Light-weight species:Sifted, fine IBelleied to be only occa- 1 : : :eional use • Synthetic Abrasive, : Carborundms :Green: : :Manufacturers of :Eastern :Small :abrasive. :York, Mew •

• • :England, • - c • :Niagara : : • :Falls • • (Sheet 1 of 2) • Report No. R1666-1

2 M 72924 E Table 1.--Vses of sawdust and shavin gs because of meOial 1;k/sisal Qualities (Continued)

...... :lconnmical: Antael • Dee 1 Sawdust anavings . Speci.. : Specifications i Users or parclasers: Market : shipping a conwasp- Samrk. : . . . . s location : distance : . Sion • . ' . s : 8, ; : 7 • 3 i ging VALIUM: roA : : • : • 1 01 rue. °44o. and : 1 : : : • 1 i Nsdind stables :Green:Drys :Dry:Mixed : :Regular dealers and :Circts :Medium I : .• :riding stables :town. 1 • : . • plar Producte-SpecialsGreen Drys ,Specie. not loco, :Often sifted for :Specialty menufam- - :Relatively for reducing density Porous brick and : ,Sant :miters else starers :emmll :and weight tile s 1 . s : • • Ctemosition Flooring : Dry: DrysBardnood or mixed ;Varied, usually dryoldmited caesercial 1 '131731111 :Used with various • :hardwood and soft- :soft species. non- :experimentation 1 :cements to give Ines, • s :wood :staining. nonacid.4 : 3 slating end resilient : . :to 50 percent as : • :properties 1 : :filler. Coarse soft-: 3 I t 1 :wood base. Pine • 1 I I 1 t :hardwood top. Usually. •• I I r I :sifted for else : • :Dry: • Molded Novelties : sDry:Light-weight hard- :Dry etock, ground to:Small novelty pro- tgmall :Plaques. novelty jewel : :woods and softwoods :proper fineness. . :dupers :cases, furniture orna- . t I 3 :Runt be clean :meats, and the like 3 : : : ; •. .--NS 1 I : : I : 1 Glass, china.1 :Dry: :Dry:Varioue species. but:Rontennic or acidic :Shipper. of lignideollidely :Moderato canned end bottled , : • : :/ow density pre- :species for packing :glass. china. and :dispersed goods. Metal wars 1 t :tarred :motel ware. Light- :other fragile itms : • : :colorecliest-weight.: :soft, absorptive : : I :etock preferred. All: : : :stock dry and olean :

Building stone : :Dry:Ehite pine,basswood•:Light-colored,light-:Shippers of buildingslndiana. :Packed between finished :ponderosa pine :weight.non.taining :stone :Ise York :stone on flat cars, end :stock :and other :the like :quarrying 1 : :regions

Grapes Dry : :, Douglas-.:Cobicel stock,air- :California grape :Central :Few thou- :Often made :specially :white fir :dried. clean.sifted :grower. send youth-:sand tone :by cutting :ern Cali- 3 : • :fornia

Nursery stock :Dry:Ceder,white pine. :Soft. absorbent :Nurseries :Country-:Packing about root. of : :ponderosa pine, :wood.. chiefly ahav-: :wide • :pleat., shrubs, and the :basswood rings and shingle toe: :lika. in shipping s • • Plaster Board Dry :Dry:Whits pine, pondero-Oledium-coarse stock :Certain plants mak- :Several :Usual mix 4 to 5 percent :se pine and other :of specie. listed. :tog plaster board :thou:lend :by weight. Is being re- :light-colored,light-:Meet be nonstaining :tell. :placed by foaming corn- :weight woods :and nonacid :pounds

Sawdust-Cement Con- :GreenTDry :Permieeible species :large. coarse. bard :Scattered building :Not widely used. but crete_ :not definitely es- ;particles of woods :contractors :sometimes advocated for Poured :tabliehed. Spruce. :having no detrimen- :cow end poultry barn ; :Norway pine, Jack :tai extractives. :floors :pine, and re- .(Extractive content :ported satisfectory..ie a factor affect- : :Leached stock of ring setting of the :other species way be:cement) :satisfactory. Wood. $ :said to be avoided: : :cottonwood, , :birch. maple,Douglia-: :fir.western »dottier:

Cast blocks and 1 t panel. :Green:Dry: :Same as above :Sore as above :Precast to panels or :blocks for easy handling sand to avoid cracking I ; ;and warping in setting. • :Includes certain patented :formulas and special :trade names : 1 : . Stuffing Toys : :Dry: :Light-weight bard- :Dry et:ink:fine mesh;;Doll manufacturers :Chiefly :From local:G=1i Anima. and dolls : :woods end softwoods :any mixture except 1 :New York :supplies : :highly resinous :CiCity r t 1 1 :woods 1 t

Rood flour : : • • Special types :Green: :Green: :Southern yellow pine: :Some manufacturer. :A few : :Relatively: for burn-out meek.: : . :of firebrick and :limited : smell in ceramic. • s :ceramic. :locations s 7 : Ilmal types : :Dry. Dry:White pine,pondercea:Dry stook (9 percentaSpecia/ised plants :Scattered :Up to ap- sApprosi- :Gradually increasing use :pine. Douglas-fir. :moisture content and:dm:ring mate frm :in differ-sproximate-Imately sin manufacture of linole- nmpds, aspen. birch.:lower); softwood : mills. box sent ear sly 300 100.000 sum. plastic., and the :hemlock :preferred; any die.tfactoriee.millwork stions in smile. :tone : :Southern pine if low:plante

x :in resin 1 :met. and i A . : :West 700 8011COMDUCTIVZ : : i • WALITIZS: a A s Concrete Protection :Green: :Dry:Mixed :Nonstaining species :Building contractor.: :Coverage to prevent too :rapid drying : . •. 1411111,Va : :Dry: :Dry:All specie. :Dry sawdust and :Builders and opera- : . :Moderate :Deed formerly more than Building : I I : : :shaving.; any kind. store of soe items : :now. Possibilities Ice house. : I : : :but light weight and:lleted in Col. 1 : : :probably not fully ex- Refrigerator cars . : . I . :light color (clean) : e : :plot Sound : I I : : :preferred . : Rater pipes I : : : I . 3 1 : 3 t i : • FOR GRANULAR (MALI- : : . : : •. .• • TINS: 3 5 5 I 7 : I Dimlay-Rime. Decor-: : : sDry:Most/y especially :Suitable for dyeing 3 :Urban : !WW1 : :cut; light color : : : :or :staining to dif- : :store. r : I I : :f 00103.• . s 1 3 : I I s I texturing Oatmeal I :Dry: : : :Screened for siae :Specialty paper : :Probably .W12P02 I : I I . smannfacturess 1 call : 7 7 I • •

Report No. 81666-1 (Sheet 2 of 2) z 54 79925 P

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•

Table 3.--7lber uses of sawdust and °hayloft

Annual : Dee : Sawdust 1 Shavings; Specie. 1 Specification* : Users or purchasers: coneump- : R.amerk* : a ties a

3 : 1 c : :A war measure; about 25 per- Container Hamra tOrsentDrys ; trine :Head-saw sawdust, :Probably none in :cent put in digester for making .E LE 1 : ; 1 ; :green :normal times :low grade liner : : 1 • : s s 1 : : . :It is reported that one pulp Pacer Pala :Green:Dry:Green:Dry:Softwoods :Not known :Probably none in I :normal times I :mill has used 50 percent saw - : 1 1 1 1 : : :dust in one digester : a 1 1 • : . Pressed Hoard or :Green:Dry:Groan:Dry:Unimportant :No exact specifica- :To be made at source:Negligible:Various groups now working on :molded sawdust and enavtugs. Core Stock : : : • : :Lions, but light- :of raw materials : z : s :colored, light- . :Product* - none yet cozener- : ; : : :weight woods pre- : : :cially important i I i z :ferred 1 : . : • pauratInX fel* :Green:Dry: :Not speoiffed :Screened or fine :Some saturating felt:Moderate :Al; filler in asphalt roofing [Asphalt roofing) I c I :sawdust :manufacturers :amount t : : ; . . t . . I. : •

Table 4.--Chemical uses of sawdust and shavings

; Annual :

Use : Sawdust 1 Shavings: Species t Specifications : Users or purchasers: Market : consump- Ha:marks : location : Elan :

• . : : : : . . • Distillation • : Cedar oils :Green:Dry:Green:Dry:Mexican cedar,last- :Heart stock. Ground :Ten plants in South-:Most • t : : :ern redcedar :to wood-flour mesh :ern State* :plants lo-: :cited in

1 ; 1 . ;Tennessee .• : • Destructive :Dry: : :Softwoods and hard- : :A few chemical :Midwest :Negligible:A wartime outlet; otherwise largely : : : :woods :plants sand West : :experimental . Steam • Turpentine :Green:Dry: : :Longleaf pine :Wood with high resin:None at present :Commercial production discontinued : : 1 : :content .

:Green:Dry:Green:Dry:Osage-orange,sumac :Heart stock :Not Imo= :Little current importance

Ethyl Alcohol :Green:Dry:Green:Dry:Various species :Softwood stock for : :One pilot plant now In commercial :highest yields : :operation

Fodder feast :Green:Dry:Green:Dry:Any softwoods,hard- :Mixed with hogged :At present expert- r :Pilot plant in operation 1 :wood n :mill waste :mental only • .• : : •

Lignin Plastic : :Dry: . :Hardwood, especially:Dry. Stook contain-s • :Industrial applications not .• z :maple :ing no bark : r :developed • :Green or dry. Chief-:Meat packing plants :Country- :About :Softwoods not desirable. Merits Meat and Fish :Green:Dry: :Hardwoods, chiefly :ly head-saw stock. : :wide :30,000 :of various hardwood species some- SmoMna 1 :, maple. : : : :birch. , oak, :Factory stock also : :tons :what controversial • : : : :walnut. gum :used •

Wood Sugars and :Green:Dry:Green:DrytVarious species :Few special require-: • :One pilot plant now in operation Molasses :meats •

Report No. 81666-1 • Z M 729ef • SUBJECT LISTS OF PUBLICATIONS ISSUED BY THE

FOREST PRODUCTS LABORATORY

The following are obtainable free on request from the Director, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison 5, Wisconsin:

List of publications on List of publications on Box and Crate Construction Fire Protection and Packaging Data List of publications on List of publications on Logging, , and Chemistry of Wood and Utilization of Timber Derived Products Products

List of publications on List of publications on Fungus Defects in Forest Pulp and Paper Products and Decay in Trees List of publications on List of publications on Seasoning of , Glued Products and Veneer List of publications on Structural Sandwich, Plastic List of publications on Laminates, and Wood-Base Growth, Structure, and Aircraft Components Identification of Wood List of publications on List of publications on Mechanical Properties and Structural Uses of Wood List of publications on and Wood Products

Partial list of publications Partial list of publications for Architects, Builders, for Furniture Manufacturers, Engineers, and Retail Woodworkers and Teachers of Lumbermen Woodshop Practice

Note: Since Forest Products Laboratory publications are so varied in subject no single list is issued. Instead a list is made up folt. each Laboratory division. Twice a year, December 31 and June 30, a list is made up showing new reports for the previous six months. This is the only item sent regularly to the Laboratory's mailing list. Anyone who has asked for and received the proper subject lists and who has had his name placed on the mailing list can keep up to date on Forest Products Laboratory publications. Each subject list carries descriptions of all other sub- ject lists. •