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! 7! @8'$(AB0'%(8! ! 1.23)+&*45! P.54+.=64:@! -*=56),-64*=! 45! 63.! @:)D.56! ?:)8.6! ;*)! I**+! 7)*+,-65! 4=! 63.! b=46.+! A6:6.5V! @48.I45.B!?*56!=.I!).54+.=64:@!-*=56),-64*=!,5.5!I**+!:5!63.!7)4?:)0!/,4@+4=D!?:6.)4:@! dO+:4)!:=+!9-M..>.)!%&&$eQ!!K3.!?:X*)460!*;!I**+!,5.+!4=!-*=56),-64*=!-*?.!;)*?!6)..5! 3:)>.56.+! 4=! -*??.)-4:@! 64?/.)! *7.):64*=5! :=+! 7)*-.55.+! 4=6*! :! >:)4.60! *;! ?4@@.+! *)! -*?7*546.!.=+!7)*+,-65Q!H:64*=:@@0B!:=!:>.):D.!*;!Y&f!6*!"&f!*;!63.!3:)>.56.+!>*@,?.!*;! :! @*D! I4@@! /.-*?.! ?4@@! /07)*+,-65! +,)4=D! @,?/.)! 7)*+,-64*=V! 3*I.>.)B! ;*)! -*?7*546.! 7)*+,-65B!I:56:D.!:5!@*I!:5!%&f!-:=!/.!:-34.>.+!dJ*I:)+!%&&LeQ! ! K3.!,5.!*;!@4;.!-0-@.!:55.55?.=6!;*)!-*=56),-64*=!3:5!/..=!:!>.)0!:-64>.!6*74-!4=!63.!@4;.! -0-@.! :55.55?.=6! @46.):6,).Q! O! =,?/.)! *;! 56,+4.5! 3:>.! 7).>4*,5@0! ).>4.I.+! 63.! ]2O! @46.):6,).!;*)!63.!,5.!*;!I**+!7)*+,-65!4=!-*=56),-64*=!d(.).a^R:)-4:B!]4778.!.6!:@Q!%&&":V! N.)=.)!:=+!P4-36.)!%&&_V!b76*=B!94=.)!.6!:@Q!%&&`eQ!C=!:@@!-:5.5!.T:?4=.+B!I**+!7)*+,-65! I.).! +.6.)?4=.+! 6*! /.! .=>4)*=?.=6:@@0! 7).;.):/@.! 6*! *63.)! -*=>.=64*=:@! /,4@+4=D! ?:6.)4:@5B! 7:)64-,@:)@0! 56..@! :=+! -*=-).6.Q! ! 2*?7:)45*=5! /.6I..=! 54?7@.! ?4@@.+! @,?/.)! :=+!-*?7*546.!I**+!7)*+,-65!56,+4.5!3:>.!7)*+,-.+!?4T.+!-*=-@,54*=5Q!C;!;*).56!).5*,)-.! ?:=:D.?.=6!45!6:8.=!4=6*!:--*,=6B!63.!34D3.)!?:6.)4:@!.;;4-4.=-0!*;!-*?7*546.5!-:=!*;;5.6! 63.!:++464*=:@!4?7:-65!;)*?!7)*-.554=DB!D@,.5!:=+!).54=5!dM4=X*B!W3,-34!.6!:@Q!%&&"V!94@*6:B! N.56! .6! :@Q! %&&"V! (,.66?:==! :=+! N4@5*=! %&&"V! N346.B! R*I.)! .6! :@Q! %&&"V! S.)D?:=! :=+! S*I.!%&&`eQ!! ! A?:@@^+4:?.6.)! )*,=+I**+! dAUPe! 45! :! -*=56),-64*=! ?:6.)4:@! 63:6! 3:5! /..=! D:4=4=D! :--.76:=-.!:5!:=!:@6.)=:64>.!6*!?4@@.+!:=+!-*?7*546.!I**+!7)*+,-65Q!!AUP!45!+.;4=.+!3.).! :5! 6)..! 56.?5! ):=D4=D! 4=! 54a.! ;)*?! `! 6*! Z&! -?! 4=! :>.):D.! +4:?.6.)! 63:6! 3:>.! =*6! /..=! ?4@@.+B! 7@:=.+! *)! *63.)I45.! 3:+! 63.4)! -)*55! 5.-64*=! :@6.).+Q! ! K3.).! :).! =*! 57.-4;4-! ).c,4).?.=65! ;*)! @.=D63B! 57.-4.5! *)! :D.B! :@63*,D3! .:-3! *;! 63.5.! ;:-6*)5! -:=! 4=;@,.=-.! 56),-6,):@!7.);*)?:=-.Q!!K3.).!3:>.!/..=!=*!7).>4*,5!@4;.!-0-@.!:55.55?.=65!*;!AUP!:5!:! -*=56),-64*=!?:6.)4:@!*)!4=!*63.)!:77@4-:64*=5Q! ! O@63*,D3! AUP! /,4@+4=D! 45! =*6! I4+.57).:+B! ).5.:)-3! 5,DD.565! 63:6! /,4@+.)5! :).! I4@@4=D! 6*! -*=54+.)!63.!,5.!*;!AUPB!7)*>4+.+!63:6!63.0!3:>.!63.!=.-.55:)0!6**@5!:=+!584@@5!d2:=6).@@B! (:,=! .6! :@Q! %&&YeQ! ! .):@! 56,+4.5! 3:>.! .T7@*).+! +4;;.).=6! 6.-3=4c,.5! ;*)! ?:84=D! 56),-6,):@! -*==.-64*=5! /.6I..=! AUP! .@.?.=65Q! (:)64-,@:)! ;*-,5! 3:5! /..=! D4>.=! 6*! -*[email protected]! X*4=65! -:7:/@.! *;! 5,77*)64=D!@:)D.!6),55!5056.?5!dP:=6:^9:,=,5!'$$$V!],5:?/*!:=+!N4@@5!%&&%eQ!9:=0!*;! 63.5.!6.-3=4c,.5!).c,4).!5,/56:=64:@!7).7:):64*=!:=+!.T6):!?:6.)4:@5Q!J*I.>.)B!63.!?*).! 6):+464*=:@! ?*)645.! :=+! 6.=*=5! dF4D,).! 'e! :).! .;;.-64>.! :6! 5,77*)64=D! @*:+5! .>.=! ,=+.)! /.=+4=D!7).55,).!d<-8.@?:=B!O8-:0!.6!:@Q!%&&%eQ!!

! ,! THE USE OF ROUNDWOOD THINNINGS IN BUILDINGS

2,)).=6@0!AUP!45!-*=54+.).+!:!64?/.)!/07)*+,-6!63:6!?:0!/.!,5.+!:5!;,.@I**+!*)!@.;6!4=! 63.! ;*).56! :;6.)! :! 3:)>.56Q! O! ).-.=6! ).7*)6! ;)*?! :! H:64*=:@! F*).56! *;! 63.! -,)).=6! ?:)8.6! >:@,.!*;!3:)+I**+!AUP!7@:-.5!46!:6!g'^Lf!*;!63.!>:@,.!*;!5:I@*D5!dbA!F*).56!A.)>4-.!%&''eQ!! K3.!).7*)6!+.6.)?4=.+!63:6!63.!7*6.=64:@!4=-*?.!;)*?!63.!5:@.!*;!AUP!I:5!4=5,;;4-4.=6!6*! -*>.)! 63.! -*56! *;! 3:)>.56! I3.=! 63.! 7)*7*5.+! .=+! ,5.! I:5! ;*)! 3*?.! 3.:64=D! *)! 7*I.)! D.=.):64*=Q!C6!:@5*!=*6.+!63:6!?:)8.6!7:)64-47:=65!=..+!=.I!6**@5!:=+!8=*I@.+D.!4=!*)+.)! 6*!;4=+!34D3.)!>:@,.B!=*=^;,.@!,5.5!;*)!AUPQ!O!;,6,).!7)4-.!*=!-:)/*=!?:0!-3:=D.!63.!>:@,.! The Parnham Trust, Beaminster, Dorset, UK, was founded in 1977 as a nonprofit educational charity by John Makepeace,*;!:@@!I**+!7)*+,-65B!+)4>4=D!=*6!*=@0!4=-).:5.+!,5:D.!/,6!:@5*!).,5.!d]4778.B!N4@5*=!.6!:@Q! perhaps the best known furniture designer and maker in Fig. 11. Internal view of completed building Britain. It has been primarily concerned with the teaching%&'&eQ!!! and development of the design, production, and business skills needed for the establishment of new enterprises using ! timber as a primary material. Both forestry and furniture- making skills are taught in apprentice-like settings. Thus proved a good structural form, as the pin Bracing cables Hooke Park was founded as a demonstration forestry tract reduced the bending moments at midspanTABLE, where 5 Withdrawal resi.stanceGlazing pole of a 314-inch-diameter threaded .~teelrod, threaded into a 1-l/2- and test site of 132 ha (330 acres) of Dorset woodland, which the section of the pole tapered to its smallest contains at its center, a workshop/training facility in the use inch-diametersteel cross dowe! (actir~gas a nut), inserted irlto small-diameter yellow-poplar roundwood, diameter. Its shape would however, vary consid- of roundwood, as well as student residences—a miniature wittz two cross dow,els aligned: a)parallel; b)perpendiculur; and c)perpendicular to each othec the latter college in the woods. Milled erably with the properties of the poles as the The educational facilities at Hooke Park consist of a series rotational direction of each pole can be withdifferent reinforcitig 314-inch steel strapping aroi~ndthe roundw*oodend (D3) of custom designed experimental buildings that explore uses at the pin. Alternatively, using a moment con- of roundwood, a sustainable crop, together with test forests nection at the crown, the arch is constrained to 80 mm diam Ultimate load that provide the outdoor classroom. Roundwood has been be horizontal at or near the centre of the building transom pole recognized as a viable construction material worldwide and Spec~menno. Control specimen Test speclmen Ratio. test/control throughout history. However, it is the use of immature and the shapes of the arches are consequently thinnings of little commercial value that is innovative at more consistent. For aesthetic reasons a contin- ---.------(lb)------.------Hooke, and of most interest elsewhere. uous curve-arch form was preferred sinceParallel"this administrative offices. It has a size of 11.2 by 8.5-m (37.3 by Leading British architects have been involved in the also provided greater resistance to snow loadings 28.7 feet) and the material used was Norway spruce (Picea design of each building at Hooke Park. However, the com- 2 24,500 23,200 0.947 abies). A series of A-framesand supportto lateral a doublywind curvedloadings roof (Figs 12 and 13). mon technical consultant for all structures has been Buro structure using 5.5 m (18.3 feet) long, 60 to 90 mm (2.4 by Happold, Bath, with Ted Happold personally involved with I7 29,700 23,850 0.803 3.6 inch) diameter hanging rafter poles with an initial sag carefully engineered high-tech ideas of joinery. Since his The computer-predicted shape could be achieved of 20 mm (0.8 inch). Thus the roof load is carried in tension death, the home office staff from Bath have continued in each side of the arch; however, at the crown19, 24,600 17,500 0.7 I I and taken out of the poles by epoxy threaded 12 mm steel technical support of structural and services engineering for the radius of curvature required to smoothly join rods, connected to tension eyes. this program. All buildings demonstrate ideas of what can be 22 23,650 21,100 0 892 The decision to use the thinningsthe two structurallymain arch in tensionmembers led was too small for achieved with round poles, particularly the first two where to the resin joint. To use roundwoodthe end onlydiameter 50 mm (2 inches)of the in pole, requiring the details use epoxy plugs, wrappings, and adhesives. 24 16,800 23,300 1,387 diameter, a very efficient introductionjoint was requiredof a (fig.crown 3). Thisarch is piece approximately M16 bolt expoxy-glued achieved by drilling a conical80 holemm in deepthe end. ofThese the timberwere andformed by cutting a Averageinto tapered hole Galvanised23,850 ms 2 1,790 0.948 round pole longitudinally, bending it in a jig, ! gusset plate ! Richard Burton, of Arends Burton, Koralik, (ABK) Archi- and gluing and bolting back together to produceStandard devlat~on 4,122 5,541 0 234 tects, of London designed this single story domestic building a D6Elaminated! member with a radius of approxi- Fig. 12. Section through Dhouse is used as a seminar room and forrod with opposite threads at the rod ends, screwed into steel block inserted 5 into milled slot at appropriate distance 7 from roundwood end. 9 I0 I I I2 I5 20 ! ! !"#$%& '( ) *+,"-./ 0+-1"#$%.2"+-3 +1 24& 5&-6"-#D0E! ,+,&-2 37&0",&-3( 2 I DAE! ! Average F%GB$*!,H!IJ6K)=*&!(>!&'$B0'B$6=!$(B8A4((A!0(88*0'%(8LStandard devlat~on ! D6E!I8A!'(!*8A!&'**=!$(A!0(88*0'%(8!D1'*$8!C::,EM!D($0*A!*)(JR!$*&%8!D"((+!C::,EM!DAE!"(87*8'%(86=!K($'%&*PerpendicularS'*8(8! to eachD?+06R2!I0+*=K68!*'!6=H!C::. otherc EH! ! I 18,900 27,520 1.456 ! 2 18,000 22,000 1.222 K3.).! :).! =*! 7,/@453.+! .564?:6.5! *;! 63.! 6*6:@! AUP!6 ).5*,)-.! 4=! 63.! .:56.)=!28,900 3:)+I**+! 16,900 0.585 ;*).565!*;!63.!bQAQ!!K)..5!3:)>.56.+!;*)!7,@7I**+!*)!;,.@I**+!?:0!;:@@!4=6*!63.!54a.!):=D.!8 32,800 27,300 0.832 *;!AUPQ!!K4?/.)!J:)>.56!+:6:!;*)!63.!bA!+*.5!=*6!4=-@,+.!56:64564-!*=!63.!54a.!6)..5B!*=@0!63.!13 16,700 15,700 0.940 6*6:@! 3:)>.56! >*@,?.Q! K3.! ?*56! ).-.=6! -*?7).3.=54>.!I4 ).7*)64=D! 45! ;)*?!39,000 %&&%! dO+:?5B! 24,400 0 626 !"#$%& 8( ) *+,"-./ 0+-1"#$%.2"+-3 +1 24& 34&.% 37&0",&-3( I6 25,200 29, I60 1,157 I8 35,200 18,550 0 527 ! C! 23 13,250 12,800 0.966 Average shown in Figure25,328 6.Amomentarmof12 21,592 0.923 Standard deviationinches was used in8,617 all tests. Rate of load5,541- 0.298 ing was 0.25 inch per minute. Figure 10. Multiple threaded steel a Dowel nuts were crossed in the test specimens and were parallel in the control specimens. Dowel nuts rods connecting multiple roundwood were not pos~tlonedthrough The axestest of set-ups spl~ts;1.e.. used dowel to 11uts evaluate were placed the in sol~dwood. members to a universal steel coflnector. Dowel nuts were placedlateral through shear splits capacities in matched end of of the test jointsspecimens; are dowel nuts were placed through solid wood In controlshown specimens. in Figure 7. Figure 7a shows a Matched end of test specimens was strapped and the correspond~ngdowel nut was placed through the axis of the split joint with tenon fully inserted, whereas to the slot. A steel block with a threaded Figure 7b shows a joint with tenon hole is inserted into the slot. A partly withdrawn 2 inches. Rate of loading was 0.25 inch per minute. hexagonal (or round) steel rod, provided ting failure of the roundwood ends, with integral, pointed, dowel-like fas- with opposite threads at the rod ends, is banding, taping, or Inlacing all of can the be above em- cases,teners failure have was been introduced (Dl ,D9, screwed into the steel block. By turning ployed (C12) (Fig.defined 11). as that point at whichD 12-D a l9,D24). rapid The nails, spikes, or fall-off in load occurred. the threaded rod, the ends of the round- The results of tests on Japanese larch pins are welded to the plates or driven wood members to be connected are roundwood of 100- andResults 140-mm and (3- discussion into tightly fitting holes in the plates. pulled together, thereby forming an ef- 15116- and 5-112-in.)Results diameters of the and withdrawal a These tests cantilevering are fasteners are pressed fective connection. The same principle density of 400 to 500given kg/m3 in Table with 1.anAll MC but twoor ofinserted the with into- the sides of the small-di- is used to connect roundwood members of 12 to 15 percentdrawal are presented specimens in Ta- with woodameter cross-pins roundwood. The connectors can to a universal steel connector when con- ble 6 (C 12). failed because of crushing/bendingbe used for of effectively fastening adja- necting multiple roundwood members Curved nail-platethe connectors, cross-pins inthat a manner is, cent similar parallel to that and perpendicular round- (C6,C7,D8) (Fig. 10). To prevent split- curved steel bearingreported plates by provided Schmidt andwood Danielsmembers to each other (Fig. 12). (1999). In the two exceptions to this type of failure, which occurred in SYP speci- mens with 3-inch diameter tenons and 1.5-inch cross-pins, the walls of the tenon Co~vriaht 2001failed Riahts adjacent Reserved to the cross-pin. These failures were attributed to severe cross grain in this area. The third replicate of this set failed because of bending/crush- ing of the cross-pin, i.e., in a manner similar to the other joints in the study. All of the 2-inch tenons with pipe cross-pins failed in tension parallel to the grain. In the specimens with 3- and 4-inch tenons, however, the tenons first split lengthwise (Fig. 8), because of fail- ure in tension perpendicular to the grain, !"#$%& 9( ) :&32 ;"# $3&6 2+ &<./$.2& ="246%.=./ 0.7.0"2> +1 0%+33?7"--&6 37&0"? with an accompanying substantial loss ,&-3( in testing machine load because of inter-

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