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Wood Preservation Stan T CHAPTER 15 Wood Preservation Stan T. Lebow, Research Forest Products Technologist Many commonly used wood species can deteriorate if ex- posed to conditions that support growth of wood-degrading organisms (see Chap. 14). Wood products can be protected Contents Wood Preservatives 15–1 from the attack of decay fungi, harmful insects, or marine Waterborne Preservatives 15–3 borers by applying chemical preservatives. Preservative Preservatives with ICC–ES Evaluation treatments greatly increase the life of wood structures, thus Reports 15–9 reducing replacement costs and allowing more efficient Oil-Borne or Oil-Type Preservatives 15–10 use of forest resources. The degree of protection achieved depends on the preservative used and the proper penetration Treatments for Wood Composites 15–12 and retention of the chemicals. Some preservatives are more Water-Repellent and Nonpressure effective than others, and some are more adaptable to certain Treatments 15–12 use requirements. To obtain long-term effectiveness, ad- Selecting Preservatives 15–12 equate penetration and retention are needed for each wood Evaluating New Preservatives 15–13 species, chemical preservative, and treatment method. Not only are different methods of treating wood available, but Preservative Effectiveness 15–13 treatability varies among wood species—particularly their Effect of Species on Penetration 15–15 heartwood, which generally resists preservative treatment Preparation of Wood for Treatment 15–15 more than does sapwood. Although some tree species pos- Peeling 15–15 sess naturally occurring resistance to decay and insects (see Chap. 14), many are in short supply or are not grown Drying 15–16 in ready proximity to markets. Conditioning of Green Products 15–17 In considering preservative treatment processes and wood Incising 15–17 species, the combination must provide the required protec- Cutting and Framing 15–18 tion for the conditions of exposure and life of the structure. Application of Preservatives 15–18 All these factors are considered by the consensus techni- Pressure Processes 15–18 cal committees in setting reference levels required by the American Wood Protection Association (AWPA, formerly Effect on Mechanical Properties 15–20 American Wood-Preservers’ Association)) and ASTM Inter- Nonpressure Processes 15–20 national (formerly American Society for Testing and Materi- In-Place and Remedial Treatments 15–22 als). Details are discussed later in this chapter. The charac- Best Management Practices 15–23 teristics, appropriate uses, and availability of preservative formulations may have changed after preparation of this Quality Assurance for Treated Wood 15–25 chapter. For the most current information on preservative Treating Conditions and Specifications 15–25 formulations, the reader is encouraged to contact the appro- Inspection of Treatment Quality 15–25 priate regulatory agencies, standardization organizations, or Effects on the Environment 15–26 trade associations. Note that mention of a chemical in this chapter does not constitute a recommendation. Recycling and Disposal of Treated Wood 15–26 References 15–27 Wood Preservatives Wood preservatives must meet two broad criteria: (1) They must provide the desired wood protection in the intended end use, and (2) they must do so without presenting unrea- sonable risks to people or the environment. Because wood preservatives are considered to be a type of pesticide, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is responsible for their regulation. Federal law requires that before selling or distributing a preservative in the United States, 15–1 General Technical Report FPL–GTR–190 a company must obtain registration Synopsis of EPA-approved consumer information sheets for wood treated with from EPA. Before registering a new CCA, ACZA, creosote, or pentachlorophenol pesticide or new use for a registered preservative, EPA must first ensure NOTE: This is only a synopsis of information contained in consumer information sheets. For complete consumer information sheets, contact your treated wood supplier that the preservative can be used with or the website of the Environmental Protection Agency. a reasonable certainty of no harm to human health and without posing un- Handling Precautions reasonable risks to the environment. Avoid frequent or prolonged inhalation of sawdust from treated wood. When sawing, To make such determinations, EPA sanding, and machining treated wood, wear a dust mask. Whenever possible, these requires more than 100 different scien- operations should be performed outdoors to avoid indoor accumulations of airborne tific studies and tests from applicants. sawdust from treated wood. When power-sawing and machining, wear goggles to This chapter discusses only wood pre- protect eyes from flying particles. Wear gloves when working with the wood. After servatives registered by the EPA. working with the wood, and before eating, drinking, toileting, and use of tobacco products, wash exposed areas thoroughly. Avoid frequent or prolonged skin contact Some preservatives are classified as with creosote- or pentachlorophenol-treated wood. When handling creosote- or pen- “restricted use” by the EPA and these tachlorophenol-treated wood, wear long-sleeved shirts and long pants and use gloves can be used only in certain applica- impervious to the chemicals (for example, gloves that are vinyl coated). Because tions and can be applied only by certi- preservatives or sawdust may accumulate on clothes, they should be laundered before fied pesticide applicators. Restricted reuse. Wash work clothes separately from other household clothing. use refers to the chemical preservative Treated wood should not be burned in open fires or in stoves, fireplaces, or residential and not to the treated wood prod- boilers, because toxic chemicals may be produced as part of the smoke and ashes. uct. The general consumer may buy Treated wood from commercial or industrial use (such as construction sites) may be and use wood products treated with burned only in commercial or industrial incinerators or boilers in accordance with restricted-use pesticides; EPA does state and Federal regulations. CCA-treated wood can be disposed of with regular not consider treated wood a toxic municipal trash (municipal solid waste, not yard waste) in many areas. However, state or local laws may be stricter than federal requirements. For more information, please substance nor is it regulated as a pes- contact the waste management agency for your state. ticide. Although treated wood is not regulated as pesticide, there are limita- Use Site Precautions tions on how some types of treated All sawdust and construction debris should be cleaned up and disposed of after con- wood should be used. Consumer In- struction. Do not use treated wood under circumstances where the preservative may formation Sheets (EPA-approved) are become a component of food or animal feed. Examples of such sites would be use of available from retailers of creosote-, mulch from recycled arsenic-treated wood, cutting boards, counter tops, animal bed- pentachlorophenol-, and inorganic- ding, and structures or containers for storing animal feed or human food. Only treated arsenical-treated wood products. The wood that is visibly clean and free of surface residue should be used for patios, decks, and walkways. Do not use treated wood for construction of those portions of beehives sheets provide information about the which may come into contact with honey. Treated wood should not be used where it preservative and the use and disposal may come into direct or indirect contact with drinking water, except for uses involv- of treated-wood products (see Syn- ing incidental contact such as docks and bridges. opsis of EPA-Approved Consumer Information Sheets for Wood Treated Logs treated with pentachlorophenol should not be used for log homes. Wood treated with CCA, ACZA, Creosote, or Pen- with creosote or pentachlorophenol should not be used where it will be in frequent or prolonged contact with bare skin (for example, chairs and other outdoor furniture), tachlorophenol). The commercial unless an effective sealer has been applied. Creosote- and pentachlorophenol-treated wood treater is bound by the EPA wood should not be used in residential, industrial, or commercial interiors except for regulation and can treat wood only laminated beams or building components that are in ground contact and are subject to for an end use that is allowed for that decay or insect infestation and where two coats of an appropriate sealer are applied. preservative. Some preservatives that Do not use creosote- or pentachlorophenol-treated wood for farrowing or brooding are not classified as restricted by EPA facilities. Wood treated with pentachlorophenol or creosote should not be used in the are available to the general consumer interiors of farm buildings where there may be direct contact with domestic animals for nonpressure treatments. It is the or livestock that may crib (bite) or lick the wood. In interiors of farm buildings where responsibility of the end user to apply domestic animals or livestock are unlikely to crib (bite) or lick the wood, creosote- or these preservatives in a manner that is pentachlorophenol-treated wood may be used for building components that are in consistent with the EPA-approved la- ground contact and are subject to decay or insect infestation and where two coats of an appropriate sealer are applied. Sealers may be applied at the installation site. Ure- beling. Registration
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