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Best Practices Guide to A Pocket Guide to for and Cooling

Best Practices Guide to Electrification

This document was written by Redwood ’s Sean Armstrong with support from Integral Engineering, Lynn Brown, Emily Higbee, Kevin Miller, Kathrine Sanguinetti, Richard Thompson, Toni Castillo, Jacob Walsh, Chelsea Hernandez, and Jenna Bader.

Outline 1. Introduction: History and Discussion of Compressors 2. Domestic Hot Water Compressors 3. Heating and Compressors and Ventilation Equipment 4. Multipurpose Compressors 5. Case Studies 6. Interviews with Industry Leaders

Introduction

The following guide offers an overview of electric available to meet hot water, space heating and space cooling loads. Compressors have many different names, depending on their applications, with names like “,” “air conditioners,” “PTACs,” “ pumps,” and “reverse .” There are compressors sized to meet the need of cooling or heating almost anything, including any size building, from large apartment complexes to tiny homes.

The history of chemical dates to the 1550s when saltpeter baths were first used to chill wine. Ice manufacturing was a booming business by the late 1700s, and the first true “” compressor was installed in S. Liebmann’s Sons Brewery in Brooklyn, New York in 1870. Willis Carrier is credited with inventing the air conditioner compressor in 1902, also in Brooklyn, NY. Residential refrigerators were common by the 1920s, and reversible air conditioners (aka “heat pumps”) came on the market in the 1950s. Early heat pumps could heat down to about 2C (35F), which limited the product to warmer climates, but modern “inverter” controls now accelerate the compressor pump so they can collect heat down to -34C (-30F)--“cold climate” compressor now heat all-electric homes above the Arctic Circle.

Using a compressor allows a building owner to eliminate infrastructure—mainline extensions, laterals, interior plumbing and combustion venting--which lowers the cost of construction by thousands of dollars. One in four homes in the U.S.A. are now built all-electric, with annual growth since 1993, because they are less expensive to build to Code than a gas-using home. The residents’ utility bills are lowered with either high performance equipment or low-cost from the grid (e.g. cheap local hydro) or rooftop PV. The shared cost to our common atmosphere from fossil fuel pollution can be eliminated with electric compressors plugged into a renewably powered grid or on-site paired with .

Compressor Applications for Local BC Governments

In order to reduce building greenhouse gas pollution, BC governments like the City of Richmond buildings require the new Step Code and building energy by-laws that are intended to accelerate the transition to electricity for space heating and . Annual electricity use will increase as buildings convert from gas to electricity, and buildings must be designed efficiently to optimize the limited grid infrastructure and electricity availability.

Best Practices Guide to Electrification

Residential compressors for Domestic Hot Water, Heating and Air Conditioning are marginally less expensive to purchase than gas or gas water heaters in most commercial markets, but pricing depends more on the confidence of the installer than the material cost, which is 1/3rd to 1/4th the final cost. In large buildings using central compressors, gas equipment may have a lower cost than compressors performing the same work, but infrastructure costs to deliver the gas raise the total cost of using gas above all-electric solutions. For retrofits a regulatory framework is needed to drive down compressor costs, either through standardization and simplification of installations or financial incentives.

Introduction to Compressor

A compressor (at left) is a that transfers heat from one location to another using a chemical that both boils and turns to a at favorable and pressures. The compressor that almost everyone uses is the residential refrigerator (at right).

The main components are the , which collects heat as the fluid boils into , and the condenser, which compresses the refrigerant vapor into a liquid, shedding heat like squeezing a wet sponge. The chilled liquid is now ready to reabsorb heat and begin the cycle.

Different refrigerant chemicals and their compressors operate at different efficiencies at low and high temperatures. The typical way of representing efficiency for compressors is their Coefficient Of Performance (COP), ranging from 2 to 6 (200% to 600%). This means that one unit of electricity collects two to six units of energy with the compressor. Compared to other standard ways of heating air or water, a compressor is far more efficient--gas burns on a cooking range at 30%, in wall furnaces at 50-70% efficiency, and in water heaters at 60%-95% efficiency, but the compressors in water heaters collect heat at 300%-500% efficiency.

Categories of Compressors

Compressors can draw their energy from three main sources--the air, the ground and water—and the energy is used to condition water or the air. The most common and flexible technology is the “air source” compressor, like that in your refrigerator or your air conditioner. The “ground source” compressors use relatively warm soil and operate at high efficiencies in cold climates. “Water source” compressors use ponds and bays, or in Venice the very high water table

The configuration of a compressor can be either “packaged” or “split.” A refrigerator is an example of a “packaged” compressor, as is a window air conditioner—both are delivered complete from the factory. A “split” system has a compressor installed outside and a fancoil/ installed inside, and they are connected by a field-installed copper refrigerant piping. There are also multi-purpose heat pump systems, where not only do they provide space heating and cooling, they also supply hot water.

Air-to-air Example – Ductless mini-split space heating and cooling

https://jaricairconditioning.com.au/offer-item/back-to-back-air-conditioning-installation/ Best Practices Guide to Electrification

Air-to-water Example – Radiant heating and domestic hot water

https://www.arialtd.co.uk/aria-blog/118-air-source-heat-pumps

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Ground-source-heat-pumps-and-their-ground-heat-exchangers-The-heat-pump-unit-and-the_fig2_263385553

Water-to-water Example – Lake source to radiant heating and domestic hot water

https://www.gshp.org.uk/ground_source_heat_pumps_Domestic.html

Residential Heat Pump Applications In general, heat pumps can be categorized into small and large capacities, where they vary from heat source and sinks and where they can be applied.

Small capacity systems are usually seen in single family homes and provide heating and cooling or domestic hot water, but not typically all three. Small capacity units can either be provided as in unit systems or as central systems that provide for multiple units. These systems are usually packed as a contained system (typical AC unit) or as split systems (outside condenser and inside coil).

Single or • Most common for single family Multi-Split • Supply heating and cooling (no DHW) Air-to-Air • Single or split/multi-split (outdoor condensing unit indoor fan coil(s) with refrigerant loops) • Specific DHW units Water-to-air • Common for single family • Require suitable water source • Distributed or all on same loop • Can be hybrid - hydronic heating coil (heating) with a refrigerant coil (cooling) Water-to- • Used in single family usually with hydronic heating Water • require suitable water source (usually geo-exchange system with back up gas ) • rarely distributed • can be used in multifamily with smaller units in series for more capacity Best Practices Guide to Electrification

Variable • Found in all types of compressors Frequency • 30-40% more efficient than single speed (aka Inverter • Cold climate capable Driven) • Hydronic distribution avoids long lines of field installed refrigerant Systems • Potential AC to DHW loads or if single unit is service two zones with opposite demands (most beneficially in multifamily buildings) Heat pumps • Heat Pump Compressor either on top of tank, or located outside for DHW • May have back up resistive electric energy • Needs adequate ventilation air volume (e.g. 700 cubic feet) • Air or water source • Variable speed pump to circulate cold and hot water in tanks • Separate refrigerant and potable water lines

Large Capacity heat pumps are typically water based and offer a good solution for larger multifamily homes. The typical configuration is a central system, but smaller units can be put in series to meet demands. Larger systems fall into two categories, air-to-air or water-to-water, and in some cases can provide cooling, heating and domestic hot water.

Air-to-air • 2-pipe – non-reversible, heating only • 2 – pipe seasonal switching between heating and cooling • 4-pipe – heating and cooling simultaneously – can utilize waste heat • Usually with large tanks to buffer lower BTU/Hr output • Can be large central systems or smaller units in series Water-to-water • Easier to integrate water into both heating and cooling than recirculating refrigerant • Could need extended range temperatures if exchanging with source that goes below freezing (ground or water source)

Domestic Hot Water (DHW)

Large Building Applications: 240V-480V Apartment buildings, hotels and large commercial facilities usually heat water in a central plant and plumb it throughout the building. These large heat pumps range from 10 tons to 260 tons (1 ton = 12,000 BTU/Hr.) and like any central system they require careful design of the pumps, heat exchangers and storage tanks. Designs that don’t return cooled water to the compressors can lead to over compression, so a best practice is to reduce BTU production and increase storage to meet peaks. The range of operating temperatures is important—each product has a different maximum output , between 120F and 180F, and a minimum operating temperature between 5F and 45F before it switches off the heat pump and uses resistance. A resistance element at 2-4x the energy of a heat pump.

Colmac HPW Single circuit Voltage 208/230 Ref. Type R134A WH HPWH (V) TYPE Model Heating/Cooling Power Flow Temp COP Dim. HxWxD (MBH) (kW) (GPM) range (°F) (inches) HPW2 37/29 1 140-160 4.8/3.8 HPW4 73/60 2.1 140-160 5.9/4.9 HPW7 119/97 3.4 140-160 5.3/4.3 HPW9 135/109 3.9 140-160 5.1/4.1 HPW12 219/178 6.3 140-160 5.5/4.5 HPW15 289/233 8.3 140-160 5.2/4.2

Mitsubishi CityMulti Voltage (V) 230 3P Ref. R410A WH WATER W-Series Type TYPE SOURCE Model Heating Power Flow Temp Max COP Dimensions Cooling (W) (GPM) range Amp HxWxD, (mm) (BTU/hr) (A) PQRY- 80,000/72,00 3,000 25.4 50-113 13/12 5.51/6.05 (1100 x 880 x P72TLMU-A 0 °F 550) PQRY- 108,000/96,0 4,400 25.4 50-113 19/17 5.77/5.93 (1100 x 880 x P96TLMU-A 00 °F 550) Best Practices Guide to Electrification

PQRY- 114,000/120, 6,700 25.4 50-113 29/26 5.51/5.60 (1,100 x 880 x P120TLMU-A 000 °F 550) PQRY- 137,000/144, 8,100 25.4 50-113 35/32 4.90/5.50 (1450 x 880 x P144TLMU-A 000 °F 550)

Mayekawa Unimo Model Heating/Cooling Flow rate (GPM) Max Amp (A) WH type (kW) Heat pump Unimo A/W 80 8.7 165

Ref. Type Voltage (V) HE-HWAW-2HTC 86.8 R744 (CO2) 480 VAV 3p AWW

Mitsubishi CityMulti S-Series Voltage (V) 460 VAC Ref. R410A Air source Heat Type Pump Model Heating/Cooling Power Airflow OP temp range (BTU/hr) (W) (CFM) PUMY-P36NHMU 40,000/36,000 12,000 3,530 0° - 60° F PUMY-P48NHMU 54,000/48,000 12,000 3,530 0° - 60° F PUMY-P60NKMU 66,000/60,000 16,100 4,940 0° - 60° F

Multipurpose Heat Pumps (DHW + HVAC)

AERMEC Voltage (V) 230 3P Ref. R410A WH Heat NRK 0280/0700 460 Type TYPE Pump Heat Pumps 575 Model Heating/ Power Flow Temp Max Amp COP Dim. Cooling (kW) (GPM) range (°F) (A) with HxWxD (tons)/ circuit (inches (BTU/hr) breakers ) 0200 0280 12.0/12.3 12.1 31.6 53.6/44.6 - 3.49 63.2x43 17.0/12.0 17.1 44.3 105/113 3.49 .3x106. 3 0300 0330 19.8/12.4 20.0 51.7 53.6/44.6 - 3.48 63.2x43 22.3/12.1 22.5 57.5 105/113 3.48 .3x128. 0 0350 25.0/11.8 25.5 68.3 53.6/44.6 - 3.45 73.8x43 0500 29.6/12.1 30 80.0 105/113 3.44 .3x131. 0550 33.8/12.0 35 91.0 3.43 1 0600 39.0/11.7 40 102.2 3.43 0650 44.4/12.0 45 117.6 53.6/44.6 - 3.42 73.8x43 0700 49.8/11.6 50 130.6 105/113 3.38 .3x170. 5

Whole House Applications: 240 Voltage Required The below water heaters all rely upon heat pumps—no resistance models are shown due to their inefficiency and near- prohibition against installation in California. These heat pump (aka compressor) water heaters rely on 30-80 gallons of water storage, and collect 3-5 units of heat for every one unit of electricity powering the . Some have a 4000 BTU compressor integrated on top of the tank, others use a 12,000-36,000 BTU separate compressor outside that produces more BTUs and at a higher efficiency. There is a heat pump water heater for every application, including supplying hot water for hydronic space heating as well as domestic hot water, and for every location. Even a tank buried Best Practices Guide to Electrification deep in a house can be plumbed with hot water produced by a remote compressor, or given air via kits provided by the manufacturers.

Model Picture Water Tank Cap. Heat Power (KW Max COP or Refrigerant Dimension Heater (gal) Cap. or BTU) Amp EF Type Type Stiebel Eltron Hybrid 80 Single 15 EF 3.39 75 1/4" H x ACC300 Heat Pump Phase / Amps 26" Dia Accelera 300 Water 220-240V / (191.3 x 66 Electric Water Heater 60 Hz cm) Heater 2.15 KW 15 AMPS Stiebel Eltron Hybrid 58 gallons Single 15 EF 3.05 60 13/16" H Accelera 220 E Heat Pump Phase / Amps x 27 3/16" Heat Pump Water 220-240V / Dia (154.5 x Water Heater Heater 60 Hz 69 cm) 2.15 KW 15 AMPS* Sanden CO2 Heat Pump 66 gal 15,400 208/230v - 7.7 EF 3.5 CO2 R744 GUS-A45HPA Only Water 97 gal BTU/H 1P - 60Hz Amps COP Heater R 15 Amps 4.5

Electro Heat Pump 30 Gal 8600 Single 2.06- COP WH:31.2”21 Industries: Only Water 40 Gal BTU/H phase/ 230 5.72 3.24-3.9 .5”H x 9.8”D VKIN Split- Heater 65 Gal R V/ 60 Hz Amp System Water 80 Gal 1250 W Models Heater 3.37

Rheem Hybrid 50 15 EF 3.5 61" H-22- Prestige Heat Pump 65 Amp 1/4" D PROPH50 Water 80 and 30 64" H-24- PROPH65 Heater Amp 1/4" D PROPH80 models 74" H-24- T2 RH350 D 1/4" D

A.O. Smith Hybrid 50 0.490k 208/240 V 30 EF 3.61 R134a 63''H-22''W Voltex Pump 66 W 60 Hz Amps EF 3.44 61'' H - 27'' HPTU-50N Water 80 EF 3.27 W HPTU-66N Heater 69'' H - 27'' HPTU-80N W

AERMEC Model Heating/Cooling Hot water OP temp COP ANK Heat Pump (BTU/h) flow (GPM) range Air/Water Outdoor installation (a)with storage

Voltage (V) 208/230 030 37670 6.0/8.4 44.6-113F 3.4 Ref. Type R134A 045 51967 8.0/11.5 44.6-113F 3.63 WH Type HPWH 050 57598 9.5/12.8 44.6-113F 3.73

PHNIX Ref. Type Voltage (V) *Voltage (V) HPWH R134A 220-240 380-415 Model Heating/Cooling Hot water OP temp range COP (kW) flow (L/h) °C 010B 3.80 80.0 -7 - 45 4.18 015B 5.75 120.0 -7 - 45 4.18 020B 6.80 142.0 -7 - 45 4.12 030 9.50 196.0 -15 - 45 4.0 Best Practices Guide to Electrification

050S* 17.2 370.0 -15 - 45 4.53

SunPump Model Thermal Heating BTU Heat Number of Back up Refrigerant Battery Capacity Capacity Panels Heater liquid/gas (kW) VRHA-12DC 3.5 KW 12,000 BTU 2 6 kW liquid 1/4, gas 3/8 80G VRHA-18DC 5 KW 18,000 BTU 3 6 kW liquid 1/4, gas 1/2 80G

Inovative SP# Charges VRHA-24DC 7 KW 24,000 BTU 4 6 kW liquid 3/8, gas 3/8 thermal battery tank (2.47 80G W/gal/ deg. diff) WH TYPE: Solar Heating VRHA-36DC 10 KW 36,000 BTU 6 6 kW liquid 3/8, gas 5/8 (mounted on the roof, 80G walls, or parking garages) VRHA-48DC 14 KW 48,000 BTU 8 6 kW liquid 1/2, gas 3/4 80G

Spacepak Model Heating/Cooling Hot water OP temp COP (BTU/h) flow (GPM) range

Voltage (V) 208/230 Solstice 48,000 10-14 42-140 4 Extreme Ref. Type R134A Solstice SE 44,00/34,000 7-12 36-125 4

Small Applications: 120 Voltage Required

The below electric resistance water heaters are best used where hot water is needed in small amounts, such as hand washing in commercial bathrooms, or a 120sf tiny house that has no room for a 50 gallon heat pump. Electric resistance uses 3-5x more energy than a heat pump doing the same heating, but sometimes they are the only water heaters right- sized to the water demand. They might also be helpful when there is no 220V electricity available—the 2-10 gallon tanks on the market use 120V, while anything larger uses 240V for more heating capability.

Model Picture Water Tank Heat Cap. Power Max COP Dimension Heater Cap. (KW or Amp or EF Type (gal) BTU) Stiebel Eltron Tankless 0.32 gal 3.0 kW 25 A 98% 143 /16’’ / 36.0 cm x DHC 3-1 Water 77 /8˝ / 20.0 cm x 41 Heater /8˝ / 10.4 cm

Bosch Tronic 7 gal 1440 Watts 12 A 98% 17½" x 17½" x 14½" 3000T Mini-Tank 4 gal 13¾" x 13¾" x 13½" Series ES8 2.7 gal 13¾" x 13¾" x 10¾" Series ES4 Series ES2.5

Stiebel Eltron Tankless 0.21 15 98% Mini™ 2-1 120 Water GPM Volt (110 V) Heater Point-of-Use Best Practices Guide to Electrification

Stiebel Eltron Mini-Tank 2.65 gal 1.8 KW 11.3 98% 18.7H x 11W x 10.6" SHC-2.5 Point-of-Use 4 gal 110 to 120 volts / 19.75H x 12.6W x SHC-4 Water 6 gal single phase / 50 - 12.5D" SHC-6 Heater 60 Hz 15 AMPS 20 1/2"H x 15 1/8"W x 15"D

Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC)

HVAC compressors can serve any heating or cooling load, from large buildings to tiny homes. Below is a sampling of what is offered by a competitive, large global industry.

CLIMACOOL Description Mode Capacity (Tons) (per EER Refrigerant R410A l bank) Voltage V Cooling only UCW 30-1000 16.2 – 20.4

Heating and UCH 15-1000 16.3 cooling Heating, cooling UCH 15-1000 25 and heat recovery

Cooling only UCA 20-420 10.0

Cooling and heat UCA 20-420 10.0 recovery

Simultaneous UCH 15-1000 25 EER heating and cooling 5 COP with heat recovery

Simultaneous UCA 20-420 10 EER heating and cooling 3 COP

Mitsubishi CityMulti Voltage (V) 208/230 Ref. R410A WH Air source Y-Series K-Generation Type TYPE Outdoor Units Model Heating Power Airflow OP temp Max Amp (A) COP Dim. Cooling (W) (CFM) range with circuit HxWxD (BTU/hr) breakers (mm) PUHY- 80,000/ 5,700 6,200 13-60oF 25/23 3.83/4.19 (1,650 x 920 P72TKMU 72,000 x 740) PUHY- 108,000/ 7,800 6,200 13-60oF 34/31 3.95/4.22 (1,650 x P96TKMU 96,000 1,220 x 740) Best Practices Guide to Electrification

PUHY- 135,000/ 10,400 11,300 13-60oF 45/42 3.66 (1,650 x P120TKMU 120,000 /3.83 1,750 x 740) PUHY- 160,000/ 12,200 6.3 13-60oF 53/49 3.56/3.72 (1,650 x P144TKMU 144,000 1,750 x 740)

Cooling Heating Capacity Capacity SWEGON Model (kW) (kW) EER COP Air-cooled Celest A 8.4 - 44.5 - 3.81 - 4.09 - Celest+ 6.1 - 25.9 8.7 - 35.5 3.2 - 3.12 4.1 - 2.95 Celest 5.7 - 39.7 6.5 - 43.9 2.73 - 2.85 2.8 - 3.18

Celest DK 5.2 - 37.8 6.5 - 41.6 2.97 - 3.56 2.7 - 3.22 Maroon 2 MT (3.2F) 8.5 - 44.9 7 - 40.6 3.8 - 3.84 4.1 - 4.23 Maroon 2 HT (- 4F) 8.2 - 48.2 6.8 - 37.6 4.19 - 3.88 4.15 - 4.13 Maroon 2 MT double compressor (3.2F) 54 - 91.1 45.9 - 77.4 3.59 - 3.55 4.11 - 4.23 Maroon 2 HT double compressor (- 4F) 49.5 - 92.8 42 - 76.5 3.72 - 3.64 4.23 - 4.20 Oxford A (reversible) 45.3 - 137.5 51.7 - 152.1 3.11 - 3.13 3.65 - 3.56 Oxford (reversible) 40.5 - 124.4 42 - 139.7 2.9 -2.7 2.88 - 2.99

Cyan (reversible) 40.5 - 301.2 42.0 - 327.7 2.48 - 2.33 2.48 - 2.55 Teal 2A 112 - 683 135 - 756 3.13 - 3.12 3.35 - 3.25 Teal 2A+ 88.6 - 558.8 90.2 - 558 3.29 - 3.34 3.33 - 3.33 Teal 2SLN 105 - 642 135 - 756 2.83 - 2.81 3.35 - 3.25 Teal 2A SLN 86 - 544 90.2 - 560 3.21 - 3.24 3.33 - 3.33 Teal 108 - 913 108 - 922 3 - 2.54 2.84 - 2.87 Cobalt Pro HE 328 - 1623 319 - 1627 3.12 - 3.11 3.23 - 3.33 Cobalt Pro SLN 316 - 1563 319 - 1627 2.97 - 2.97 3.23 - 3.33 Cobalt Pro 307 -1983 303 - 2007 2.85 - 2.73 3.11 - 3.2 Cobalt Pro Hei 566 -1451 - 3.24 - 3.12 -

Cobalt Pro Xei 286 - 1282 - 3.22 - 3.17 - Multipurpose Crimson / HWS 5.7 -14.8 5.5 - 13.9 5.3 - 5.93 5.11 - 5.99 Best Practices Guide to Electrification

Crimson Max / HWS 44.7 - 115.6 46.4 - 120 5.14 - 5.44 5.57 - 5.89 Maroon 2 MT / HWS (3.2 F) 8.5 - 44.9 7 - 40.6 3.8 - 3.84 4.1 - 4.23 Maroon 2 HT / HWS (4 F) 8.2 - 48.2 6.8 - 37.6 4.19 -3.88 4.15 - 4.13 Maroon 2 MT / HWS double compressor (3.2 F) 54.0 - 91.1 45.9 - 77.4 3.59 - 3.55 4.11 - 4.23 Maroon 2 HT / HWS double compressor (4 F) 49.5 - 92.8 42.0 - 76.5 3.72 - 3.64 4.23 - 4.2 Azura S 31.6 - 216.3 34.5 -236.5 2.77 - 2.56 3.07 - 3.2 Azura S HT 31.6 - 216.3 34.7 - 237.6 2.77 - 2.59 2.21 - 2.37 Azura S LT 32.5 - 226.4 37.8 - 245.4 3 -2.86 3.33 - 3.23 Azura V (w/ recovery) 238 - 809 309 -1040 3.33 -3.5 4.33 - 4.5 Azura V LT (w/ recovery) 238 - 673 309 - 868 3.33 - 3.46 4.33 - 4.46 Azura V SLN (w/ recovery) 238 - 809 309 - 1040 3.33 - 3.5 4.33 - 4.5

Description Cooling Heating Capacity Capacity CARRIER Model (kW) (kW) Refrigerant EER COP Air-cooled heat pump Aquasnap 30 RQ 18.5 - 910 20.1 - 1071 R 410 A modular air- cooling liquid / reversible air- to-water heat Aquasnap 30 RQ pump Modular 65 - 130 68 - 138 R 410 A Reversible air- to-water heat pump Aquaforce 30 XQ 315 - 1471 311 - 1412 R 134 A 3.2 Water-cooled variable speed liquid chiller / heat pump Aquaforce 30XW-V 567-1619 624-1793 R 134 A Water-cooled heat pump

Aquaforce 61 HXC 164 - 2723 191 - 3181 R 134 A Best Practices Guide to Electrification

Water-cooled heat pump

Aquaforce 61 XW 270 - 3668 280 - 4064 R 134 A 6.4

Cooling Heating GEA Capacity Capacity Model (kW) (kW) Refrigerant COP HE 940 1120 R717 5.75 RedAstrum HG 1120 1320 R717 5.95 (Heating MH 1475 1740 R717 6 Only) ML 1700 2000 R717 6.1

RedAstrum HH 560 770 R717 5.75 (Combined LL 650 890 R717 5.85 Heating and Cooling) MM 855 1160 R717 5.95 NN 1060 1430 R717 6

Cooling Capacity GEA Model (kW) EER GEA BluAstrum 300 390 4.7 500 550 5 800 740 4.8 900 880 5.1 1000 110 5.1 1500 1450 5.5 1800 1730 5.4

Multistak (product summary in progress) http://www.multistack.com/products/heating-and-heat-recovery-chillers/

Ducted Heat Pumps 240V Ducted air conditioning systems are usually driven by a central compressor that pumps air through ducts to vents in different areas throughout the building.

Model Picture Cubic Heat/Cool Power COP Feet per HVAC Type Capacity Heat/Cool Amp (efficiency Minute (BTU) (kW) measure)

Friedrich VRP12K

14,000 / 70 Heat pump .991/ .923 4.8 3.4 16,000

Best Practices Guide to Electrification

Goodman GSZC18 0481C

51,000/ 1,760 Heat Pump 4.84/ 4.83 45 4.15 49,500

Fujitsu FO2414R

2,410 Heat Pump 23,800/ 7.03/ 20 3.7

York YZH02412C

25,400/ 890 Heat Pump 3.412/ 2.5 25 3.42 23,800

Carrier Infinity 25VNA036A 003 25,000/ 4,269 Heat Pump 1.24/ 1.05 16.5 4.4 36,000

Heat Recovery Ventilation 120V Heat recovery systems are complimentary units that help reduce the energy used by the main HVAC unit. Model Picture CFM HVAC Type Efficiency Power Amps (W) Fantech SH704

56 Wall mount 57% 40 .4

Best Practices Guide to Electrification

Honeywell ER200

250 Window mount 85% 182 2.2

Panasonic FV-04VE1

Ceiling insert 40 36% 23 .15 ventilator

Packaged Terminal Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps Packaged Terminal Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps (PTACs and PTHPs), are all in one units that are used to heat and or cool typically a smaller to medium space. These types of units are ductless and usually go either in a window or are put into a cutout in a wall.

PTAC / PTHP 120V Model Picture Cubic Feet HVAC Type Heat/Cool Power Amp COP per Minute Capacity (BTU) Heat/Cool (efficiency (kW) measure)

Frigidaire Window FFRH0822Q1 mount 7,000/8,000 .780/ .816 7.4 9 Heat Pump 278 Electric 3,500 1,290 11.6 Resistance

Gree 26TTW09HP Wall mount 115V1A 8,500/9,000 .830/ .920 7.6 3.0 Heat pump

270

Electric 3,900 1,150 11.0 resistance

Best Practices Guide to Electrification

Friedrich YS10N10C Wall or Window 300 Mount Heat 8,800/10,000 .978/ .917 9.0 3.2 Pump (No Resistance)

PTAC/PTHP 240V Model Picture Cubic HVAC Type Heat/Cool Power Amp COP Feet per Capacity Heat/Cool (efficiency Minute (BTU) (kW) measure)

Arama Through wall 14330 / 1.415/ 6.83 3.04 APTHP15 Heat pump 14000 1.420 000 333/405 Electric heating 17060 5.0 component

Amana Through wall 10,200 / 5.1 / 1.15/ 1.11 2.6 AH123G3 heat pump 9,900 5.3 5AX 280 Electric heating 10,700 / 16.0 / 3.58/ 2.77 component 8,500 14.6

Amana Through wall 14,300 / 6.5 / 1.52/ 1.49 2.8 AH183G3 heat pump 14,000 7.0 5AX 590 Electric heating 11,000 / 16.0 / 3.68/ 3.03 component 9,000 15.6

Mini-Split Heat Pumps 240V Mini split systems are comprised of one compressor outside the building and fans in what are called zones. This allows for a more controlled, versatile arrangement of installations and temperature settings compared to a typical split HVAC system, with multiple heads located in different rooms or “zones” offering control of temperatures from zone to zone without the need for any costly, intrusive duct work.

Model Picture Cubic Heat/Cool Power Amp COP Temp. Number Feet per Capacity Heat/Cool (efficiency Operating of Zones Minute (BTU) (kW) measure) range (F) Heat/Cool (Heat/Cool) Fujitsu AOU36RL XFZ1 22,000- 5 - 75/ 32,500/ 20.3 3.56 2-4 306-542 3.0/ 3.52 14 - 115 35,200

Best Practices Guide to Electrification

Mitsubishi MXZ- 2B20NA-1

25,000/ 5 - 75/ 1,640 1.65/ 1.44 20 3.91 2 22,000 14 - 115

LG LMU18CH V 17,000/ -4 – 64/ 1,766 2.04/ 1.31 11.09 3.0 2 15,600 14 - 118

Gree TERRA09H P230V1A O 5 – 75/ 1,177 9,800/ .65/ .60 7.0 3.8 1 5 - 118 9,000

All Electric Case Studies All information in this section comes from the document “Are We Ready for All Electric Buildings?”, created by Scott Shell

Interface

Best Practices Guide to Electrification

Redwood Energy

Best Practices Guide to Electrification

Integral

Guttmann & Blaevoet

Best Practices Guide to Electrification

EHDD

Interviews with Industry Leaders

Interview 1: The cost of mini-split heat pumps

This is a September 24th interview between Sean Armstrong of Redwood Energy and Jonathan Moscatello of the Heat Pump Store in Portland, Oregon. Jonathan had just returned from China where he has direct import relationships for ductless mini-split heat pumps, with decades in the business of buying and installing residential heat pumps.

Sean: A lot of people are not clear about how heat pumps are sold in the market. Could you explain to us? Jonathan: Sure, it's not that complicated, but it’s true that most people aren’t exactly sure how it works. The process starts with the Manufacturer--they sell to Distributors. I don't know what their pricing is, and generally it's not possible to buy directly from the Manufacturer. When you are a Contractor who wants to install a heat pump, you buy from the Distributor. Then you sell it the Client, and at each step there is a markup of 25 to 50%.

Sean: If the contractor is fair and the labor is well-trained and fairly paid, what is the total cost of installing a ductless mini-split with one fancoil? Jonathan: The lowest cost for a 1 ton, with one fancoil, that you'll see where someone can stay in business is $4,200. For a 2-ton, $5,500 is the lowest price you would see. I did this business for a number of years, and contractors take a lot of risks and work hard in difficult work environments.

Sean: How much does it cost to buy just the materials for a 1 ton mini split heat pump? Jonathan: What the Contractor pays from the Distributor is $800 and $1,400 a ton, with the average around $1,200. Mitsubishi is an example of a $1,400 per ton product, while $1,200 a ton is found in products from Daikin, Panasonic, LG, and Aurora. What the contractor charges a client is 40% (e.g. Mitsubishi’s written recommendations to contractors) to 50% more than their price. So $800-$1400 to the Contractor is $1100-- $2100 to the Client, plus labor and additional materials.

Best Practices Guide to Electrification

Sean: Can you tell us about the cost for buying and installing a heat pump with multi-zone system, where there are 2-5 fan coils scattered in different rooms? Jonathan: Well, if a 1-ton mini-split cost about $1,200, a 1.5 ton with two fan coils cost $1,600 to $1,800, and a 2-ton compressor with three fancoils cost about $3,200. Of course this is marked up 40%-50% when sold to a client. The inside fancoils each cost about $450, while the compressor goes up in cost at about $800/ton.

Sean: What about the Labor costs for installing a ductless mini-split? Jonathan: Labor is a constrained resource. For a full-time job, labor is paid $25 an hour to $35 an hour, and sold to the client at $42 an hour to $60 an hour. To install a 1 ton heat pump by market leading contractors takes 2 to 4 hours, and for contractors who do not install ductless on a daily basis that same work takes 4 to 8 hours because of contractor inefficiency, likely due to their relative inexperience.

Interview 2: Are we ready for electric buildings?

All information in this section comes from the document “Are We Ready for All Electric Buildings?”, created by Scott Shell of the architecture firm EHDD

Scott Shell: At EHDD, we have been pushing the boundary of low energy building design for more than 15 years. When the U.S. withdrew from the Paris Climate Agreement last year, we decided to take a closer look to see if our building design strategies could reduce carbon emissions at a scale commensurate with the climate challenge. First, we calculated the carbon emissions for some of our buildings, and were pleased to see how much cleaner our electric grid was than just a few years ago. As California advances toward its 50% renewable energy goal by 2030, electricity will keep getting cleaner and cleaner.

We have made great strides in cleaning up our power grid, but what about our buildings? Most buildings in California still use for space and water heating.

We’ve completed more than a dozen all-electric zero energy (NZE) buildings with rooftop solar. But are we ready to shift all of our buildings to all-electric, and rely on the cleaner grid for low carbon power? We asked a handful of some of the most respected firms practicing in California if the building industry is ready for this shift. Their response was generally Yes, we can now design all electric buildings that are competitive with natural gas in most of our projects. The interviewees are listed below:

• Meg Waltner, Alisdair McGregor, Raphael Sperry, ARUP, https://www.arup.com/ • Ted Tiffany & Steve Guttmann, Guttmann & Blaevoet Consulting Engineers, http://www.gb-eng.com/home • Eric Solrain, Integral Group, http://integralgroup.com/ • Hormoz Janssens, Interface Engineering, http://www.interfaceengineering.com/ • Kent Peterson, P2S Engineering, http://www.p2sinc.com/ • Peter Rumsey, Point Energy Innovations, http://www.pointenergyinnovations.com/ • Sean Armstrong, Redwood Energy, http://www.pointenergyinnovations.com/

Is the industry ready to shift to all electric buildings today?

Integral: Generally, yes. Integral currently has dozens of all electric buildings recently complete, in construction, and in design. A big sea change in recent years. A lot of momentum in Multi-family residential and general commercial projects moving to electric. Arup: Electrification is something that we are looking at for many projects today – both at the individual building and city master plan scale. It is also an issue that we are looking at in our internally funded research: Arup just identified electrification as a key trend for our global strategic research planning and Best Practices Guide to Electrification

we are also starting a detailed research project to create design guidelines for electrification, which will build on earlier research laying out a blueprint for fossil-fuel free designs by 2020. Interface: Almost all our projects are all electric, even one in Minnesota where we are using air source heat pumps for a large facility. I have only been using gas systems where required by the client. Point Energy Innovation: Heat pumps and electric heating have already made significant inroads in California. We are seeing a lot of developers use electric heating with high levels of insulation in apartments that don’t need cooling. Developers are using VRF systems on small to medium sized commercial buildings. Production home builders have been using central heat pump heating and cooling units for many years. G&B: For most building types and sizes, there is no technical reason preventing the industry from shifting to all-electric buildings. We are seeing a surge in the use of larger heat pumps for generating hot water 2 systems. A client has to be motivated to make the change from a high carbon source (such as natural gas) to an electric based system, because the cost of gas is relatively cheap right now. P2S: New buildings are much easier to get to all electric because you can do an integrated design. Residential buildings are easy, and medium size non-res, say up to 100,000 sf are straightforward. Existing buildings can present challenges, and large complex projects have their challenges as well.

Redwood Energy: FEIA shows continued growth in all electric construction since 1994, and today one in four new homes in the United States is built all electric. Developers have been choosing all electric construction because it cost less to build and that trend has been going on for 24 years now. New construction is easy to go electric both technically and financially--the construction cost savings justify going all- electric.

Are there project types or sizes that are more challenging?

G&B: Labs and Hospitals are a challenge due to the high outside air loads, demands for sterilization, high hot water loads, all that need higher content fuels like natural gas. Not impossible, but challenging. Interface: Most project types work just fine. We are doing 500,000 gsf all-electric office for Microsoft, with major savings using heat pumps vs a central plant.

Redwood Energy: Yes, low-power homes like trailer homes, small apartments and old houses have a relatively small list of products to choose from that will fit their limited power supply without requiring a new breaker panel and potentially a service upgrade for more power.

How does the construction cost compare?

P2S: Electric is cost competitive on most new work, in that we can design to meet a client’s typical budget using good integrated design.

Integral: It depends on what you are comparing it to. If comparing to a high-performance design (LEED gold, better than Title 24) then electric is cheaper. If comparing to moderate performance, electric is cost neutral. If comparing to most basic design, there will be a small cost premium. There are significant code changes in California energy code in 2019 that will make electric even more cost competitive.

Point Energy Innovation: Best Practices Guide to Electrification

Generally as a hot water system for domestic or heating is in the neighborhood of 10% to 20% more expensive with the prices coming down. Title 24 used to discourage electric heating of all types and is now more neutral on the issue. See this analysis for University of California: 6 https://www.ucop.edu/sustainability/_files/Carbon%20Neutral%20New%20Building%20Cost%20Study %20FinalReport.pdf

Redwood Energy: It is between $2,500 and $5,000 of savings for the developer per residence not plumb gas.

G&B: A significant issue is whether or not gas service can be eliminated on the site, and the cost savings for eliminating this utility Interface: Electric is almost always less expensive or cost neutral. Very rarely is it more expensive. Often it is our value engineering option. The exception is geothermal systems where the cost of the excavation and tubing makes is much less economical. We do lots of detailed cost analysis with developers to find the most cost effective solution. For example, at Bay Meadows our all electric design for 1 million sf of development was significantly less expensive than a traditional rooftop package unit + boiler + reheat system.

Arup: Gas piping is much more labor intensive, so more expensive than running wires, especially in California. As your electric uses grow, the code lets you assume a higher diversity factor which we’ve found in some projects actually leads to downsizing of the electric system, reducing its first cost. If all electric you save on gas service to building, offsetting other costs.

How does the life cycle cost compare?

Arup: The low cost of gas and comparatively high price of electricity can hurt cost-effectiveness. The cost of gas and electricity varies a lot by where you are, and some large users such as SFO or Campuses sometimes have much lower rates. Oregon and Washington have cheap electricity.

G&B: Lower LCC’s in most cases are reported if time of use cost management practices are enabled. In the UCOP report almost all cases showed lower LCC’s with all-electric buildings.

P2S: It depends on what you are comparing it to, but for most projects it has lower cost lifecycle cost. However, a large gas co-gen plant produces very low cost energy,but has poor carbon performance.

What percentage of your work is currently all electric?

Interface: Almost all our work is electric

G&B: +/-25% of our work is all electric, and this is trending upwards.

ARUP: We are looking at it much more often, but it is still not that common in our building types.

Integral: Very common

Redwood Energy: 90%

Can we eliminate gas service to these buildings?

Best Practices Guide to Electrification

ARUP: Often in large buildings there is a restaurant or some other small specialty use that requires gas. Service can be downsized.

G&B: In most cases yes.

Integral: Usually yes.

Redwood Energy: Absolutely, and is a huge favor to the Builder to reduce costs and dangers, and it is a huge favor to society which pays disproportionately for upkeep of gas lines compared to electric lines, and of course the whole planet desperately needs us to stop burning fossil fuels. 7

Other thoughts or recommendations?

Integral: All electric takes up significantly less space and that space can be used for other things. At 1700 Webster the gas option filled the roof with equipment, while the electric option freed up enough space for a nice deck and pool! Getting gas service to the equipment, and a out through the building can be challenging problems. Getting make-up air to gas can be challenging. There have been good advances in heat pump choices in recent years. Aermec and Climacool make excellent equipment, that can heat and cool simultaneously with robust controls. Huge climate benefits to shifting from gas to electric. London is completely redoing it’s 10 year old decarbonization plan which was drafted when they had a dirty electric grid. Their grid is much cleaner now so they are quickly revising the plan to promote electrification.

Arup: Eliminating a boiler flue is a big deal, routing those up and out a tall building are challenging. Likewise fresh air requirements for boiler rooms can be challenging to meet. Heat pumps give you more flexibility in where they are located. Significant safety benefit by eliminating gas. Water heaters pulling loose from gas connection is a major source of fires after earthquakes. A $500 automatic shut off isn’t needed if you don’t have gas. Many buildings we are designing now will not be open till 2022 or later, we need to anticipate the future. The grid will be even cleaner, codes will be tighter

Interface: The space requirements are much smaller, instead of having two to three separate systems for space heating, cooling, and hot water, we can do it with a single heat pump system and it only needs half as much space. That space can be used for other things or the building made smaller for more savings. Maintenance is less than most conventional systems because you have one system rather than multiple systems to maintain. Maintenance is just like an air-conditioning system, it’s the same thing in reverse, and you eliminate the boiler. A huge benefit for heat pumps is reducing water use. Using an air source heat pump for cooling rather than a has large water savings. In addition, electric power plants consume 42% of the water used in the US, by using heat pumps paired with PV on your building, you can self-consume that electricity dramatically reducing water use from the power plant. PV + heat pump is a very effective combination. Even better add SunDrum to back of PVs to pre-heat domestic hot water. The heat pump industry has come a long way in last ten years, and equipment costs have come down. Many more manufacturers, better trained mechanics, larger market share, and controls greatly improved. 10 years ago, efficiency was poor in cold climates. When it got below 45 degrees, and the heat pumps switched to electric resistance heating. Now they are efficient down to 20 degrees, so they are good solutions in many more climates.

G&B: See UC Report on Strategies for Decarbonization. https://www.nceas.ucsb.edu/files/research/projects/UC-TomKat-Replacing-Natural-Gas-Report_2018.pdf