The Spaniards Are Coming

The Spaniards are coming The alliance with Napoleon 2 Sir Arthur Wellesley, later 1st Duke of Wel- lington (1812-1852) Britain Between 1793 and 1814 Britain was almost continuously at war with France, the issues being the balance of power in Europe and dominion over the overseas colonies. The Bri- tish victory at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805 Emperor Napoleon I (1804-1814 and was followed by a blockade of the French 1815) ports, but it was not until after another decade France of war that the allied armies, with Wellington The French revolution in 1789 was followed as general, achieved decisive victory over Na- by a number of turbulence which poleon at the Battle of Waterloo. ended in a military coup in 1799. The coup brought to power Napoleon, the young general who had gained honour during cam- Ferdinand VII (1808 and 1813-1833) paigns in Italy and Egypt. Napoleon Spain pronounced himself emperor in 1804, and in In March 1808, Ferdinand VII forced the the years which followed he waged war abdication of his father Charles IV. He oppo- on many fronts. In 1806 he dissolved the old sed the alliance with France and Holy Roman Empire, and at the same was received as a reformer of absolutism. time sought to prevent all trade between Bri- Later the same year he himself was tain and the Continent. The year after, deposed and replaced by Napoleon’s brother, the British attack forced Denmark into the war Joseph Bonaparte. This led to on the side of the French. the bloody Spanish War of Independence (1808-1814) against the rule of Napoleon. From August 1808, the Spanish forces in Denmark marched in the name of Ferdinand. Ferdinand himself was imprisoned in France until 1813 when he returned to Spain as king. His reign (1813- 1833) was dominated by disputes between supporters of the free con- stitution and the king’s authoritarian style of rule. The years after the French Revolution in 1789 were a troubled time for Europe, which had consequences also for the neutral countries. In 1800, Denmark-Norway entered into an armed neutrality pact with Sweden, Russia and Prussia. This was seen in Britain as a hostile act, and on 2nd April 1801 Britain’s attempt to force Denmark out of the alliance resulted in a naval battle, the Battle of Copenhagen. In 1807 Denmark was again attacked by Britain, the issue this time being the Danish fleet. Copenhagen was bombarded into submission and the fleet confiscated and taken to Britain. Denmark subsequently entered into the alliance with Napoleon that led to some 33,000 French, Belgian and Spanish troops being stationed in Denmark. 2 Denmark in 1808 4 Frederik VI (1808-1839) The Spanish troops in Denmark. From a Denmark report dating from 1818. During the siege of Copenhagen by Britain, The list states the different regiments and King Christian VII stayed first at Koldinghus their commanders, followed by the number castle and then at Rendsburg, Schleswig. of rank and file – total 14,220 – and horses – There he died on 13th March 1808, reportedly total 2850. from fright at the arrival of the Spanish troops. The fate of the commanders is shown on the Owing to his mental illness he had been king Tsar Alexander I (1801-1825) right. in name only, and since 1784 the government Russia The Military Archive, Madrid. had been led by his son, Crown Prince Frede- At the end of the Great Northern War in 1721 “Sketch showing the part of Denmark billeted rik VI. His attempts to keep Denmark outside Sweden had been forced to cede Livonia, with Spanish troops under the command the war proved, however, to be of no avail. Estonia, Ingria and parts of Finland to Russia, of Marquis de la Romana when in August which now became the leading Baltic power. 1808 he effected his remarkable withdrawal Paul l, who was Tsar from 1796 to 1801, to Spain with maritime assistance from the fluctuated in his relationship with France British” Gustav IV Adolf (1792-1809) and Britain. From 1805, his son, Alexander l, The map shows only the areas where Spa- Sweden was an ally of Britain and Austria in the war nish forces dominated and from which the In 1800, Sweden, Prussia, Denmark and Rus- against France, but changed sides in 1807. evacuation of Spanish troops was successful. sia had entered into an armed neutrality pact The Franco-Russian alliance was to last until The troop locations are shown in pencil. aimed at securing the freedom of the seas. Napoleon launched his ill-fated campaign The map was produced by José O’Donell, In the following year the Tsar was murdered against Russia in 1812. veteran of “The Expedition to Denmark”, and and the alliance disintegrated. From 1808, forming part of his previously unpublished Sweden was at war both with Denmark and memoirs written in 1818. Russia, the latter conquering Finland which The Military Archive, Madrid. had been under Swedish rule since the 12th century. In 1810, Marshal Bernadotte of France was appointed successor to the Swedish throne, and in 1812, he allied Swe- den with the coalition against Napoleon. The Danish realm included Denmark and the dukedoms of Schleswig and Holstein. Schleswig had been Danish from time immemorial, while Holstein had always been part of German ter- ritory. The Danish king was also King of Norway, Iceland and the Faroes. Greenland was still a colony, and thus shared the same status as Tranquebar and Serampore in India, the three West Indian islands of St. Thomas, St. John and St. Croix, and several forts in what today is Ghana in Africa. While there was great loyalty to the king in the core Danish states, in Norway, which was deeply dependent on trade with Britain, support for Danish foreign policy during the war years was weaker than in other parts of the realm. 3 4 Be not alarmed … 5 The Spanish troops arrive 8 Bernadotte Christian VII. Jean-Baptiste Jules Bernadotte, marshal in The mentally ill Christian VII reigned from the French army and later Crown Prince and 1766 to 1808. When aged 17 he married the King of Sweden, had more contact with Den- 15-year-old English princess, Caroline Matil- mark than any other of Napoleon’s marshals. da, and they had a son, the later Frederik VI. In March 1808, Bernadotte entered Denmark Shortly after this event, however, the queen with his 33,000 strong multinational auxiliary began an affair with the royal physician, Koldinghus before 1808 force. His task was to lead a joint Franco-Da- Struensee, who for several months reigned in Laurits de Thura’s engraving of Koldinghus nish invasion of Scania, Sweden. For various the king’s stead. This was an unprecedented from 1749 shows how the castle looked when reasons the invasion plans came to nought, situation which was to end with Struensee’s the Spaniards came to Denmark. but Bernadotte’s troops remained in Denmark execution and the queen’s exile. The reins of “Be not alarmed, but the castle is ablaze!” for some 12 months. power were subsequently taken over by the It was with these words that a maidservant king’s stepmother, dowager queen Juliane woke up a wife and her seven daughters Marie, and her son. In 1784, however, they who were living at Koldinghus castle. They were deposed by the 16-year-old crown were staying there while their husband and prince who reigned until his death in 1839. father, a Danish cavalry officer Major Hviid, was stationed in Sealand with his regiment. It was the night of the 29th of March. Marshal Bernadotte was also staying there, and it was his Spanish guards who accidentally started Billeting conditions 10 a fire. With no local fire pickets at their posts, efforts to control the blaze only began when it Roskilde Cathedral seen from Bondetinget, c. was too late and by the next day Koldinghus 1833. castle had been destroyed. Most Danish market towns were humble and unpretentious, with simple conditions and side streets usually lined with modest, half-timbe- Koldinghus after 1808 red houses. Half of the 4000 Spanish soldiers in Sealand When the Spaniards left, Koldinghus was a Roskilde had a population of around 1800 were encamped at Bistrupgård, 2-3 km west ruin. W. Alberthsen’ water colour from 1930 inhabitants when the Spaniards were billeted of Roskilde. Of the remainder, some 800 were shows not only the magnitude of the disaster, there. billeted in the town itself, the rest in the vil- but also posterity’s romantic view of historical Jørgen Roed (1808-88) lages to the south and west. ruins. The position of the Asturias regiment is marked in green, the Guadalajara regiment is shown in red. At the beginning of the 19th century there were no barracks outside Copenhagen. As was customary, the Spanish troops were therefore billeted in private houses and, in the country, on farms. The billeting regulations were set out in special codes. The billet providers were required to supply their guests with both a bed and food. In the towns, 10-12 men might be accommodated in the larger merchant’s houses, while 2-5 men were billeted in the homes of smaller artisans. The costs were shared among the town’s population so as to, reduce the burden on the billet providers. 5 6 By donkey 12 With guitar and gun 16 The troops were accompanied by considerable baggage in the form of weapons, ammunition What should have been just a brief visit grew into a prolonged stay.

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