ௐ 1 ഇ! ࢱ 271-94! 2021 ѐ/ߋ؞ཱི !ס έ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώ! ௐ 17 Taiwan International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 271-94 Spring 2021

挪威的百年獨立努力

߉ϒዡ ර̂ጯϔ୉ְચၱ൴णጯրି଱ڌ

ၡ ࢋ

።ΫࡦഀĂତ඾ᑭෛӵд̜౪۞ރԧࣇА૟ԧࣇА૟ᖎಏаᜪॗ ග༄׏Ă൒ރтңҋ఍ĂГֽ҂၅тң̜౪౷ឰॗރᄃ༄׏̝ม۞ॗ ፾ϲĄ۞ރдೡࢗॗޢĂ౵ڡ̶۞ڱछӀৈ࠻઼ٺଣտ̰ొ၆҃

ă̜౪ă༄׏ă፾ϲރᙯᔣෟĈॗ ăௐ 1 ഇĞ2021/ߋ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 17 272

壹、前言

дჯִॡ΃Ğ793-1066ğĂࣧώҌ͌ѣ 20 ࣎̈ͳ઼Ğpetty kingdomğĂރॗ ጀݣٛႬĞHarald Fairhair, 872-930ğ௚˘Ҙొă̈́ܛזጼ̙̏Ăۡفѩك ͵˟ͳ઼ĞKingdom of Norway, 872-1397ğĄдȈރϲॗޙঔг૲Ăڻݑొ ϤޢౝˢѺѐ̰ጼĞ1130-1240ğĂ౵ރĂॗܒฯă࠹้̢ۋѩكࡔ̚Ăிͳ ݣ૵α͵ĞHaakon IV of Norway, 1217-53ğ౼΍˘௚͇˭Ąҋଂ̚͵ࡔฟؕĂ ӵд̜౪ᄃ༄׏̝มĂᄃ༄׏ăͽ̜̈́౪۬ᜇ̙୻Ă̶̶ЪЪ1ĂٺϤރॗ ᄃ༄׏В͹Ğjointޘˬд።Ϋഅགྷރ౪ă̈́༄׏Ąॗ̜ٺڇҊޢА ˞זmonarchyğĂ݈׌Ѩ2Ğ1319-43, 1449-50ğߏࠎ˞၆ԩВТᇲˠ̜౪Ă ᑓྃҋ̎д 1809ֽރௐˬѨĞ1814-1905ğ݋ߏ༄׏࿀૓Ăݓᗞྫྷ̜౪ૻ৶ॗ ѐεΝ܆ᜋ̝൭Ą ڇᄃ̜౪ඕЪĂԛё˯ჯ޺ͳ઼ă၁ኳ˯Ҋރд 1397-1814 ѐมĂॗ ѐ 1 ͡ 14 ͟జ࢝ᘪࢎ 1814 ٺĞ1803-15ğརୀĂۋ౪Ą̜౪дो৔૬ጼ̜ טˠ١඗జ኱Ăރග༄׏ĄॗރĺૄႬ୧ࡗĻĞTreaty of Kiel, 1814ğ౷ឰॗ ο௲ᗓ̜౪፾ϲĂ୊ᄃ༄ކĻĞEidsvoll Constitution, 1814ğăڱጳރࢎĺॗ ,Ăᗕ͞௣տд 8 ͡ 14 ͟ᘪࢎઃጼĺం೻׶ࡗĻĞConvention of Mossۋ׏णฟጼ ,Тຍ࣒ጳତৼ༄׏ͳΙႬȈˬ͵ĞCharles XIII of Swedenރ1814ğĂॗ ᓑЪͳ઼ķĞUnited Kingdoms ofރ1809-18ğࠎВ͹Ă˵ಶߏĶ༄׏׶ॗ ķރSweden and Norway, Twin Kingdoms, 1814-1905ğĂᖎჍĶ༄׏ॗ Ҷ̶ᗓĂѺ̳ؖԸ፾ކᛉົͯࢬރѐĂॗ 1905 זۡ˘ĞSweden-NorwayğĄ ၁ĄְצϲĂ༄׏జ࢝ତ ,д 1397 ѐྫྷ̜౪ă̈́༄׏ඕЪࠎĶΙႬ੺ᓑ༖3ķĞKalmar Unionރॗ

1 ֍ჯૄѺࡊĞ2019ĈॗރӖ͹ЕܑğĄ д 1319 ѐĂݣ૵̣͵ĞHaakon V of Norway, 1299-1319ğѪ˸൑๠Ăࣣజଯࠎ༄׏઼ͳ੺ 2 ॾӅ೻α͵ĞMagnus IV of Sweden, 1319-64ğ۞γगତҜࠎ੺ॾӅ೻˛͵ĞMagnus VII of ͳĞHaakon VI of Norway, 1343-80ğă˵ߏ༄׏઼઼ރNorway, 1319-43ğćݣ૵̱͵ߊߏॗ ,ߊߏ༄׏઼ͳΙႬˣ͵ĞCharles VIII of SwedenڗͳĞ1362-64ğĄТᇹгĂΙႬ•ҹӅপ 1448-57ă1464-65ă1467-70ğă˫ߏॗރ઼ͳΙႬ˘͵ĞCharles I of Norway, 1449-50ğĄ ᘲཏफĞFaroe IslandsğăᔁᇇᜋཏफĞShetlandğă̈́๸ҹκڱΒӣДफăॾ౗ᜋăރॗ 3 ΙႬ੺ᓑ༖۞Ꮈ਽Ă֍ GustafssonĞ2006ğĄٺᜋĄѣᙯ܆ཏफĞOrkneyğඈᅳгĂ༄׏݋Βӣ Ѻѐ፾ϲӅ˧ 273۞ރॗ

1397-1523ğĂ఺ߏ็௚Ϥͳ઼̝ม௡ј۞Ķ֗Ъ઼4ķĞpersonal unionğĈܑ ᔘჯ޺ҋ̎۞ͳ઼Ă൒҃д၁ኳ˯Ϊਕზߏ̜౪۞˘࣎࠷̶Ă̙ރࢬ˯ॗ ͵˘ਕѣҋ͹۞γϹ߆ඉĄ༊ॡâܳ͘јᓑ༖۞ᛷ߆͉ЬႳॾᚊপ δะ̚פĞMargaret I of Denmark, 1387-1412ğ࠹༊ૻ๕ă͘ඦ௟ᎵĂсଳ ༄׏ˠᇴྵ͌ă൑˧၆ԩćсШ̈́ރĂ߆ඉ˯ͧྵ໰ᜪ̜౪ˠĂॗڼᝋ௚ ˠͅԩĂ̙࿅Ăރໂυͅă͔੓ॗۏăᆧΐኝඁĂٽᗆ෶ދጼĂކતˠ҅͟ ೷ੜ΍ᓑ༖Ą̙˭ރચੰĞCouncil of Stateğ͉ऴĂ஋઼۞ރॗ

໚ĈWikimedia CommonsĞ2016: File:Scandinavia1219.pngğĄֽ

Ĉ Norway Sweden 1330s–1350s Denmark Conquered by Denmark in 1219ځᄲ Livonia before 1343。 ဦ 1Ĉ̚͵ࡔ۞೻ಝг֤ჯֲĞ 1219ğ

GustafssonĞ2006: 205, 207-208ğᄮࠎ఺ߏౚ᏾วम˭۞Ķͳഈᓑ༖ķĞdynastic unionğĂ 4 ,࡚ٛκֲ۞ғ༄ҹĞEric of Pomerania, Eric VIIگಶߏЧҋჯ޺ࣧѣ۞ͳഈćତЇ۞˵ ĞEric III, King of Norway, 1389-1442ğă̈́༄׏ރKing of Denmark, 1396-1439ğ֗ࣘॗ ĞEric XIII, King of Sweden, 1396-1434, 1436-39ğ઼ͳĂΙႬ੺ᓑ༖д1397 ѐϒёјϲĂ ,ҹ֧೻к჊ˬ͵ĞChristopher III, King of Denmarkזۡ˘జቪᕈćڠ௣տЯࠎ቎һ៧ Ğ1442-48ğ઼ͳĂ̖ቁϲ֗Ъ઼Ąރ1440-48ğ֗ࣘ༄׏Ğ1441-48ğă̈́ॗ ăௐ 1 ഇĞ2021/ߋ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 17 274

໚ĈWHKMLAĞ2004ğĄֽ ဦ 2ĈΙႬ੺ᓑ༖Ğ1430ğ

ރ༄׏ซ΍ᓑ༖кѨĂ௣տд 1523 ѐϖ˳௲ᗓĂΙႬ੺ᓑ༖ྋវĂॗ 5ķĞDemark-Norway, 1523-33, 1537-1814ğ۞̈ҁԙĂރјࠎᒺͪ۞Ķ̜౪ॗ ͳτ࿩ᇇ֧ҹ˘͵ĞFrederick I of Denmark, 1523-33ğዸ༼࣯ώݣॲĄτ઼ 6Ă̂͹ି๸͈ٛąाॾܓˠᝌރॗצ࿩ᇇ֧ҹ˘͵ࢴ֏҃۲͔ˢາିĂ̙ а߹˸дఈᜋܓĂ֭ͷۋο࿩ҹ഑ĞOlav Engelbrektsson, 1523-37ğ૲ᅳԩ ˟ҁͳҹ֧೻འщ˟͵ĞChristian II of Denmark, 1513-23ğĄҹ֧೻འщ۞ ؈᝚ĂѪזዎܮث˯˘τ࿩ᇇ֧ҹ˘͵͘̚ຬаͳҜĂץץྏဦа઼ଂ͵ ဳͳҜ̰ጼĂाॾο࿩ҹ഑෺፟ᅳۋ̄ˬĂޢႯ̚Ąτ࿩ᇇ֧ҹ˘͵Ѫٺ ؇ྮᇇିࠁ۞າͳҹ֧೻འщˬ͵ĞChristianܫጱ੓ཌྷĂ֭Ϗᒔ଀ሤধͅᜩĂ

5 ѣॡ࣏઀਑ᖎჍ̜౪ͳ઼ĞKingdom of DenmarkğĄ఺ॡ࣏ĂॗރΒӣДफăॾ౗ᜋă ݋ߏ൴णࠎͧྵღ૜۞Ķ߆ֽޢฟᐝߏ֗Ъ઼Ğ1523-33ğâރᘲཏफĄ̜౪-ॗڱ̈́ Ъ઼ķĞreal union, 1537-1814ğĄ ళ቎Ăି̀՟ѣ፟ົჺ̼Ąٺ΁ࣇ࿅ٺ͹ࢋߏ΁ࣇ̏གྷѣҋ̎۞Б઼ّିົĂΩγĂϤ 6 Ѻѐ፾ϲӅ˧ 275۞ރॗ

ͳ઼జҹ֧೻འщˬ͵෵ރుĄд 1536 ѐĂॗٸIII of Denmark, 1534-59ğ ҘଟڌૻҖາିĂ֭ԯିົ۞ෳࢦރࠎ̜౪۞˘࣎࠷̶ćѨѐĂ̜౪дॗ ᄬјࠎ͞֏Ąд 1660 ѐĂރ࣯ώݣॲĄତ඾Ă̜౪ᄬ३ᆷ͞ё͔ˢĂॗזဳ ăޠڱᔵ൒Ξͽܲѣҋ̎۞࢕ฤăރͳഈĞabsolutismğĂॗט౪јࠎ૞̜ Ąڼͽ̈́᏿။Ăݒజ˘̶ࠎˬ࣎࠷Ă၁ኳ˯ߏϤ 1,600 Щγֽ۰௚

貳、夾在丹麥與瑞典之間的挪威

༄׏ᔵ൒д 1523 ѐੜ΍ΙႬ੺ᓑ༖Ăᄃ̜౪ᔘߏ˘̙ۡ׶Ăଂᛳ۞ॗ Ăރॗܬˢޘд 1567ă1644ă1658ăͽ ̈́ 1716 ѐαޢјࠎ΍ঈଡ଼Ą༄׏Аރ ˯ӌăٕߏҌ͌ԛё׀௲ᗓᄃ̜౪۞ඕЪĂሹზ۞ߏտౣࢋۡତރԓ୕ॗ :༄׏࠹༊ͅຏĞWikipedia, 2020ٺҁѺؖ၆ރரឰॗܬጼ̈́فඕЪĂ఺ֱ۞ Union between Sweden and NorwayğĄপҾߏдȈ˛͵ࡔĂ༄׏ອ֗˘តј ࠎડાૻᝋĂᄃ̜౪-ॗރϹጼ̙̏Ăॗރˠᅁ඾ᐲ̄˯ߛ΍һ၆ԩĄࢵАĂ ౪઼ͳҹ֧೻འщα͵ĞChristian IV of Denmark, 1588-1648ğ෍ၷ͕ү̜ ϔజᇈΡΝχ༄ྺރĞKalmar War, 1611-13ğĂ8,000 Щॗۋ৞߄੓ΙႬ੺ጼ ˠ۞ͅຏĄତ඾Ă̜౪ࠎ˞ણΐˬȈѐރ׏Ă่̙व౻൑ΑĂࣆߏ͔੓ॗ д̰ထ̶ࠎ 6,000 ࣎ડ๴ĂރĞThirty Years’ War, 1618-48ğĂ૟Βӣॗۋጼ ͵ˬĂτ࿩ᇇ֧ҹޢୀග༄׏Ą౵ڍՏડυืࠁ΍˘࣎ˠΝ༊һĂඕ Ğ7 Second NorthernۋĞFrederick III of Denmark, 1648-70ğણΐௐ˟ѨΔ͞ጼ War, 1657-60ğĂ̜౪˫རୀĂАޢᘪࢎĺᘲ೻ૄઙ୧ࡗĻĞTreaty of Roskilde, 1658ğă̈́ĺ࣯ώݣॲ୧ࡗĻĞTreaty of Copenhagen, 1660ğĂజ࢝౷ឰ࠹༊ к۞ᅳ˿Ă༄׏ᐝ֎૨ᑑă̜౪਽࠹႙ᜨĞDerry, 1979: 127-35ğĄ ᄃ̜౪дۤົ˯۞ᛪ᝸ు႙ঙனĄੵ˞ྺϔԩᛉͅރдȈˣ͵ࡔĂॗ ᑿᝋĂ̚யล৺ኳႷࠎ̦ᆃ̙ਕѣҋ̎۞થຽᅙءг͞ۋ၆ˠᐝඁă̈́ԩ

ĞLittle Northern WarğĂϡֽડ࿣ឰ༄׏རୀ๕਽۞ۋăٕߏ̈Δ͞ጼۋჍࠎΔ͞ጼ˫ 7 ۋĞGreat Northern War, 1700-21ğĄΩγĂѝАᔘѣπ͘۞ௐ˘ѨΔ͞ጼۋΔ͞ጼ̂ ĞNorthern Seven Years’ War, 1563-70ğĄ ăௐ 1 ഇĞ2021/ߋ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 17 276

ڡăٕੑ߆ొĞDerry, 1979: 192-93ğĄ௣տĂᗕ͞۞̶ੰڱҖă̂ጯă౵੼ Яࠎ͢Մγዚ҃གྷᑻᓄၷĂгҜ႙႙ͪႚ௺੼ĄރགྷᑻӀৈ۞኏ࡎĄॗٺд ੓ֽĂ֕ྮѣࢲ۞གྷᑻາෳ̙ҺኳႷ࣯ώݣॲ۞߆ܫˠฟؕѣҋރॗٺϤ Ϊ҂ᇋ̜౪ҋ֗۞Ӏৈć࠹၆̝عᄮࠎ̚δ߆ٺซՎ۞ᅪᘣĂࠤރඉߏॗ Ă༊ॡٙᏜ۞Ķ͢Մෳ୉ķĞtimber aristocracyğͅࣆߏᄮࠎ༄׏ͧྵည˭ ᙯܼĞWikipedia, 2020: Union betweenڼă̈́߆ٽߏϾҡĂΞͽซ˘Վ൴ण෶ ރϏ೼࿆Ă̙͌ॗإSweden and NorwayğĄซˢȈ˝͵ࡔĂᔵ൒፾ϲྻજ Ąޞᝋෳ̏གྷռ˭ܑ྿ࢋྫྷ̜౪̶྽ೳធ۞ഇ۞ дȈˣ͵ࡔϐഇĂ༄׏઼ͳΟ೻๰͈ˬ͵ĞGustav III of Sweden, 1771-92ğ ۋ൴જܻᘲ೻ů༄׏ጼޤజ١Ă೗௧јރࢋՐܻᘲ೻ᑒӄӌଫॗ Ğ1803-15ğĂ༄׏ۋĞRuss-Swedish War, 1788-90ğĂव౻൑ΑĄдो৔૬ጼ ࡻ઼ٺࣧώԓ୕ܲ޺̚ϲĂ̙࿅ĂϤރ৭дᇲ၆۞׌͞Ă̜౪ůॗ઼ڱᄃ ĂΪрඕЪͪ˭ٳజ̜౪ރঔ࢕Ăॗ۞ރд 1807 ѐࡎ৚ᑝ࣯ώݣॲă᝚ॗ ጼĞDano-Swedish War ofކͽ၆ԩࡻ઼ăд 1808 ѐШᄃࡻ઼ඕ༖۞༄׏઼ڱ ҋعјϲᓜॡ߆ރม۞ᓑᘭĂॗ̝ރࡻ̷઼ᕝ̜౪ᄃॗٺ1808-1809ğĄϤ ĂТॡ˵ᙋعѣҋ̎۞ϔ୉߆ޘାᑻĂ఺ߏ̜౪Ӗᓜೀ࣎͵ࡔͽֽĂࢵ˧ ڠĂ͛ރॗܬѐˢ 1808 ٺᗆ˭ѣਕ˧ྋՙᖏࢴયᗟć༄׏ދҋ̎д࢕ְځ ᓁ༛ĞGovernor-general of Norway, stadtholderğߤ Ⴌ ೻ą๸ Ο ೻ރࣘ౯۞ॗ পͳᐼĞCharles August, Crown Prince of Sweden, 1809-10ğᅳ࢕၆ԩᐹ๕۞ ᇲ࢕ĞWikipedia, 2020: Union between Sweden and NorwayğĄ क़Ăд 1809 ѐྫྷॗצᜋĂ༄׏׌ࢬүጼ܆ܬᘲ೻д 1808 ѐˢܻٺϤ :ĞWikipedia, 2020ۋᘪࢎĺؼౠπ୧ࡗĻĞTreaty of Jönköpingğઃ̜ͤ༄ጼރ Dano-Swedish War of 1808-09ğć˫ྫྷܻᘲ೻ᘪࢎĺݣѼৼ୧ࡗĻĞTreaty of ᜋăٛ೼ᜋĞLaponiağă̈́๸ᜋཏफĞÅland Islandsğ܆Fredrikshamnğ౷ឰ ĞWikipedia, 2019: Treaty of FredrikshamnğĄ༄׏ˠЯࠎ̙႕઼ͳΟ೻๰͈ ྽͈ĞGustav IV Adolf of Sweden, 1792-1809ğ۞ܑனĂർߏ૟΁ܠα͵ą ๸Ο೻পࠎ༄׏ͳΙႬܓˠĂ΁ࣇАд 1809 ѐރቪᕈĄТॡĂࠎ˞੅рॗ Ȉˬ͵۞ᐼӖĂԓ୕ਕࠎ׌࣎ͳ઼۞ඕЪዛྮĂ୊ಶ̚ࢲᆩ੺ăࡻѐѝీĄ

Ѻѐ፾ϲӅ˧ 277۞ރॗ

໚ĈWikimedia CommonsĞ2019: File:Skielober 1811.jpgğĄֽ ౠгүጼ̀һރॗ۞̚ۋဦ 3Ĉो৔૬ጼ

參、丹麥割讓挪威給瑞典

઼ޓ઼ڱ༄׏д 1810 ѐଯᏴА݈జो৔૬ϋయүጼ̙˧ăҋӘጬ݌۞ ̮ޔឰ͐འ೻পąұৼкপĞJean Baptiste BernadotteğࠎͳᐼĂԼЩĶΙ ͳΙႬȈα͵ąࡗᎰ઼ރ༄׏׶ॗ۞ޢႬąࡗᎰķĞKarl JohanğĂ˵ಶߏ͟ ӌ׀ĞCharles XIV John of Sweden, 1818-44ğ΁͹ጱ༄׏۞γϹă఍͕᎕ᇋ ଀ಢ୧ࡗĻĞTreatyكĂАд 1812 ѐྫྷ༄׏۞૛ᇲܻᘲ೻৪૜ᘪࢎĺཐރॗ of Saint PetersburgğĂ˫д 1813 ѐྫྷࡻ઼ᘪࢎĺ೻ᇇ࣯Ⴌᇝ୧ࡗĻĞTreaty of ଀ॗפĂϹೱ୧Іߏރă̜̈́౪ॗ઼ڱStockholmğĂྫྷ׌઼ඕ༖ВТ၆ԩ үࠎጼӀݡĄރ ௣տጼୀĂ̜౪઼ͳτ࿩ᇇ֧ҹ̱͵ĞFrederick VI ofރ౪ॗ̜ ˿Denmark, 1808-39ğдࡻ઼ă೼ጆ̀ăͽ̈́๸гӀ۞ᑅ࢝˭Ăࠎ˞ᔖҺώ ౷ 8ރѐ ᘪࢎĺૄႬ୧ࡗĻĂ͕ࠛ૟ॗ 1814 ٺᇇᜋΗफĞJutlandğజ ҫ ᅳĂ͟ ༄׏ͳ઼ Kingdom of SwedenğĄ༊ ॡĂܧឰග༄׏઼ͳĞKing of Swedenă҃ ᓁ༛۞ރĂజЇ׻ࠎॗރ਎ࠁ࢕ซዸॗރ༰ྻăТॡۏ༄׏˘͞ࢬซҖ቉ ͳᐼҹ֧೻འщąτ࿩ᇇ֧ҹĞChristian Frederick, 1813-14ğ̙ރ౪ॗ̜ ރĄҹ֧೻འщąτ࿩ᇇ֧ҹԱֽ 21 ЩॗۋˠԩރᙸຍಶቑĂ΍ࢬᅳጱॗ

:ᛳгĞKnutsen, 1997ރᘲཏफĂЯࠎ༄׏ኘҿ΃ܑ̙ۢ྽఺ֱߏॗڱӣДफăॾ౗ᜋă̙ 8 226ğĄ ăௐ 1 ഇĞ2021/ߋ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 17 278

ˠഽ୕˘ొҋϤރϲ඗၆ͳഈć̙࿅Ăॗޙᚶֽٚ۞ވ΀௠Ăԓ୕ॲፂͳ 9 ፾ϲă̈́ϲጳ۞ૄރĂᜪયࣇᄮࠎᔘߏֶፂϔ୉ҋՙᝋ ֽүࠎॗڱё۞ጳ Ѻѐ፾ϲྻજϒёणฟĄ۞ރᖂͧྵрĂ΁ଂචт߹10Ăॗ Ăཌྷᇙ๱ᓕĂሤ̷͚޺፾ϲྻજĄצѺؖ଀̜ۢ౪ᄃ༄׏ռ࠹଱ރॗ ጳטᛷ߆ͳĂࢋՐЧгଯࠁ΃ܑણΐރҹ֧೻འщąτ࿩ᇇ֧ҹజଯࠎॗ ᛉĂБ઼Ᏼ΍۞ 112 Щ΃ܑд 1814 ѐ 4 ͡ 10 ͟ΡฟົᛉĄᔵ൒̂छТົ тңซҖ֭՟ѣВᙊĈҫкᇴ۞፾ٺຍ፾ϲߏ౵р۞ᏴีĂ൒҃Ă̂छ၆ થ፾ϲĂ҃͌ᇴ۞ᓑЪᛨĞUnionםϲᛨĞIndependence Partyğ͹ૺᄃ̜౪ ߏ 78 ͧ 33 ைĄགྷ࿅̱ڍԸைඕޢPartyğ݋ᄮࠎᑕྍᄃ༄׏ᗫ೸ඕЪĂ౵ ĻĂڱጳރጳົᛉд 1814 ѐ 5 ͡ 17 ͟˘࡭Тຍ఼࿅ĺॗט࣎ᖃ޵۞੅ኢĂ ͳ઼ĞKingdom of Norway, 1814ğĂ֭ଯᓝҹ֧೻འщąτ࿩ރҶјϲॗކ ͳĞChristian Frederick, King of Norway, 1814ğ11Ą઼ރᇇ֧ҹࠎॗ

໚ĈWikimedia CommonsĞ2019: File:Eidsvoll riksraad 1814.jpegğĄֽ ጳົᛉĞ1814ğטރဦ 4Ĉॗ

ᗓ۞ּ̄ĂԲҿᘲ௻．ᎊ഑ಢĞRosa Luxemburgğ۞ኢᕇĄ̶ރЕှĞLenin, 1914ğᔘপҾᓝॗ 9 ࢭ׻۞ᇆᜩĂ˵ಶ઼̂ڱ઼࡚ă̈́צஎڱᅳጱ۰࠻ރҹ֧೻འщ．τ࿩ᇇ֧ҹ൴னĂॗ 10 ĞDerry, 1979: 212-13ğĄهߏˠϔ͹ᝋ۞ந ౪઼ͳҹ֧೻འщˣ͵ĞChristian VIII of Denmark, 1839-48ğĄ̜۞ޢߏ͟˵ 11 Ѻѐ፾ϲӅ˧ 279۞ރॗ

ጳົᛉ˯Ğ1814/4/10-5/17ğĂטт݈ٙࢗĂдऄਬЄႬĞEidsvollğ۞ ᄃົ΃ܑ12 ۞ϲಞ̂࡭˯Ξͽ̶ࠎҫ˞඗၆кᇴ۞፾ࠁăͽ̈́ 25-30 Ҝ௚ ॲώ൑˧၆ԩ༄׏ăރࠁĄ௚ࠁ͚޺ྫྷ༄׏ඕЪĂ͹ࢋ۞நϤߏ̶ᗓ۞ॗ ߏ׎΁γ઼˧ณ۞̒࿰ĄᄿႬતąࢮᇇႬąྥႬ೻ұॾĞHerman Wedelٕ Jarlsbergğ͹ૺᄃ༄׏۞ᓑЪΞͽܳјღ૜۞֨኎ЪүĂ҃ͷ˵Ξͽྫྷࡻ઼ रκΟٛąێć׎΁͹ૺᓑЪ۰ѣ̙Т۞જ፟Ăᛊтٽ๼׶҃ޭೇҋϤ෶ ΞਕјࠎԆБ፾ϲ۞઼छĂЯѩှ̙ރࢮॾᜋĞNicolai Wergelandğᄮࠎॗ ጳቁϲ͹ᝋăଯᓝ઼ͳĂГֽྫྷ༄׏ኘטАރᙸᏴፄྫྷ༄׏ඕЪĂ͹ૺॗ Ă΁ܕ࠹಴ࢦă̈́ЪүćฮЧοą๸ႬĞJacob Aallğ۞நϤྫྷࢮॾᜋ࠹̢ т࠷˭ྤ໚ֽ෱͕̙ރநϤߏ௚˘̙ΞᔖҺĂߊ൒тѩĂүࠎ઼̈۞ॗ۞ ĞLindgren, 1959: 11ğĄטтңԩ١༄׏۞ࡗ кΞͽӅ˧۞͞ШĂপҾߏдૻޝੵ˞ᓑЪĂᔘѣܫ࠹၆гĂ፾ࠁ࠹ Ăރү˭Ăࡻ઼ᄃܻᘲ೻ᄻЪৠᗓĂ݈۰ٕధΞਕ̬ˢᑒӄॗྻ۞ڼᝋ߆ རୀĂ༄׏ͳᐼΙႬąࡗᎰѣ઼ڱ˘Һѣᗓม۞۩มć˵ѣˠҿᕝĂ༱̙ ΃҃פͳĂ֤ᆃĂҹ֧೻འщąτ࿩ᇇ֧ҹಶѣΞਕ઼઼ڱΞਕజଯᓝࠎ ϲ˘࣎၈າ۞೻ޙॡಶΞͽޭೇ።Ϋ˯۞ΙႬ੺ᓑ༖ăبࠎ༄׏ͳᐼĂ̝ ಝг֤ჯֲͳ઼ć˘ֱˠ҅ჷ๸гӀγϹ̂Ҋ୥পঠĞKlemens von Metternich, 1809-48ğ̙֭ಈᝌΙႬąࡗᎰྫྷܻ࠱ֲ።̋̂˘͵ĞAlexander Ꮚ༄ט፾ϲֽރĂЯѩĂ๸઼ѣΞਕ͚޺ॗܕI of Russia, 1801-25ğ֕଀͉ ׏ĞLindgren, 1959: 12ğĄ ᄲаֽĂጐგҹ֧೻འщąτ࿩ᇇ֧ҹೌӴгᄰ֏ᙸຍࠎ˞ܲ኎˫ྖ Ξਕ13Ă۞ۋˠ۞ҋϤ҃ॕᖻĂࢬ၆༄׏۞ᑅ˧Ă̙Һ൘ᏢߏӎѣᔖҺጼރॗ дᄃރЯѩĂ΁ྫྷαૻ΃ܑ۞ኘҿ̙Гग़኎ҋ̎۞ͳҜĂ҃ߏтңܲᅪॗ ރॗז༄׏ඕЪ˭۞፾ϲă̈́͹ᝋć༊൒Ăαૻ΃ܑă̈́ΙႬąࡗᎰᜪᇋ ᘪࢎܐឰ၆͞ѣέล˭Ăְ၁˯ĂΙႬąࡗᎰдѐڱˠ۞ࢬ̄Ă˵ຐႽᏱ

12 Β߁ 32 Щ࢕͞΃ܑă27 Щ̳ચˠࣶ΃ܑă16 ЩЋຽࠧ΃ܑăͽ̈́ 37 Щྺϔ΃ܑĞLindgren, 1959: 10ğĄ ፾ϲ۞જ፟Ϗυ֤ᆃރKnutsenĞ1997: 226-27ğ೩ᏹĂҹ֧೻འщ．τ࿩ᇇ֧ҹᅳጱॗ 13 ಏ৷Ą ăௐ 1 ഇĞ2021/ߋ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 17 280

۞ރೳڠᅳఞᚹڼĺૄႬ୧ࡗĻ̝ᅫ˵ߏрྖᄲႽĂ௣տ൑˧ԩ١༄׏߆ ĞLindgren, 1959: 13ğĄۋ෍ၷ͕Ăᔘߏχ˞˘ಞ՟ѣυࢋ۞׌࣎ᖃ޵ጼ ጳ̝ᅫĂҹ֧೻འщąτ࿩ᇇ֧ҹࠁΙ೻ሞąщҹĞCarsten Ankerğטд ˯Ăᒔ̯д˭ᛉੰ൴֏Ăٽ፾ϲăԼචᗕᙝ෶ރࣖ೶ྼᄲࡻ઼ٚᄮॗـ݈ ࡻ઼ᄃ༄׏ٺᛉੰ˵᜜ኢߏӎ͚޺ĞRedvaldsen, 2014: 186-87ğĄ൒҃ĂϤ ڠ፾ϲăՀߏރѩ֭۷үጼĂ̙ਕࢴ֏҃۲Ăિՙͅ၆ॗكࡗă҃ͷםѣ Ķፍͽ̂ཌྷķĂࢋՐ༊гރॗז༄׏14ĂࠤҌࠁপֹٺڇυืҊރ਎ॗރ˧ ౌ˵ϲಞ15Ą˘͸̝ྡྷ۞೼ጆ̀ă๸гӀăͽܻ̈́ᘲ೻۞عಡ৽ಡጱࡻ઼߆ Ă̙ࢋྫྷٙѣለ߷۞઼छࠎᇲĄރᛋӘॗٺ͚޺༄׏Ăܻᘲ೻ࠤҌ ڍĂ࿱ԩҖࠎߏᄃૻᝋࠎᇲĂඕރ਎ॗރ˧ڠдγϹ؝ϲ̝ᅫĂ༄׏ ރĂॗܬ૟ߏ੹ਣ̈́৔யĂՀ̙ϡᄲ̂࢕ᑅဩ۞ 65,000 Щ࢕ฤΞͽᐌॡˢ ୢͳҜĂ̙࿅ࢋٸࠎٙજซҖજࣶĄҹ֧೻འщąτ࿩ᇇ֧ҹܑϯΞͽ̙ ྿ॗٯ͟ ˠҌ͌Ξͽ౅࿅ᛉົܑ྿ҋՙ۞ຍᙸćαૻ΃ܑд 6 ͡ 30ރՐॗ ၭ୊Ăृ൒١඗Ą๸гӀপֹ August Ernst Steigentesch ๡̝ͽᆄĈĶࠤᆃރ ಶߏԯፋ࣎͵ࠧڍ۰۞ຍԠĂᔘѣࠤᆃрᄲ۞ĉඕڼˠϔĉ༊΁ࣇ࿁ࡦ௚ ҋ̎۞ᐝ˯ķ(What people? What do they have to say against the will ofזᑅ their rulers? That would be to put the world on its head.) (Wikipedia, 2020: Union between Sweden and Norway)Ą གྷ࿅ೀ࣎͡۞ৠགྷጼĂ༄׏д 7 ͡ 27 ͟ϤᐼӖΙႬąࡗᎰதᅳঔౙ࢕ ؠםүүᇹ̄ಶୢϥѢһԸࢫĂజ࢝ኘҿĞ8/10-14ğᘪࢎઃͫރซԽĂॗ ͳĂ݈҃೩݋઼۞ރ༄׏ͳࠎॗצТຍ࣒ጳĂҋᙸତރĺం೻׶ࡗĻ16Ĉॗ

ĂপҾߏд 1812-13 ѐมౄјֽܕڱ൑ۏঔĂ቉ڻރᗆॗދࡻ઼࠱छঔ࢕ଂ 1808 ѐಶ 14 ,ˠ̫֞ᙱͽԞᘃćࡻ઼ར̡˭ϮĂγચ̂ҊᘲұপđΫౌරĞRobert Stewartރ੹ਣĂॗ ͹ᝋ෦Ր۞ރॗצᗆĂᔘྫྷ༄׏઼ͳܲᙋĂ඗၆̙ົତދ1801-1804ğੵ˞ޭೇ၁߉ ĞWikipedia, 2020: Kingdom of Norway (1814)ğĄ ,ᅊĞRobert JenkinsonܛĂᘲұপą঱ҹ೻ąྜރ၆ᛨዂॾᛨĞWhigsğۡ֏̙ᏕТଐॗͅ 15 ᄰ֏ᆹҖĺૄႬ୧ࡗĻĂ̙࿅Ă΁۞ᅦࣶع2nd Earl of Liverpoolğ۞ܲчᛨĞToriesğ߆ ĞDerry, 1979: 213ğĄڼҋރѣ̙ᙸຍឰ༄׏дΔለӱ̂ĂЯΪ͚޺ॗ ࡻ઼١඗ࣄᚻྻһĂΙႬąࡗᎰҿᕝᑕྍѣؽγ̝ࢰćΐ˯҂ณჯ˵ৼົᛉٺϤ 16 ,ေкĂԓ୕ిጼిՙౄјߊјְ၁ĞRedvaldsenܜĞCongress of ViennağΡฟдӈĂࠎҺ؆ 2014: 185, 187-88ğĄ Ѻѐ፾ϲӅ˧ 281۞ރॗ

ćૄώ˯Ă఺૟ߏ˘࣎Ϥ׌࣎͹ᝋ઼छ౅ڱጳ۞ރߏ༄׏υืТຍٚᄮॗ វրăͽڱᔵ൒ܲѣҋ̎۞ᛉົăΦރ࿅ВТ઼ͳඕЪ҃ј۞֗Ъ઼17Ăॗ Ѻؖۢ྽εΝ፾ϲރҖ߆ᝋĂγϹ݋Ϥ઼ͳ౅࿅༄׏γϹొֽેҖ18Ąॗ̈́ ͽઉ૵ޢ࠹༊ϠঈĂᄮࠎ࢕͞ᑘऴăݔ઼Ăҹ֧೻འщąτ࿩ᇇ֧ҹ౵ޢ οᅊҜĄކЯ৵ࠎϤĂֶ໰ĺం೻׶ࡗĻ۞ࡗՁд 10 ͡ 10 ͟᜻൒ ˫ᛉົдઃͫඕՁ݈Ğ11 ͡ 4 ͟ğĂͽ 72 ͧ 5 Тຍྫྷ༄׏ඕЪĂރॗ ༄׏͘˯Ă఺ߏϏ̶ֽ͘۞ᚨඕĄΩγĂᛉົזͽ 52 ͧ 25 Тຍ૟ᅳְϹ ١඗ĶቁᄮķĞacknowledgeğ༄׏ΙႬȈˬ͵Ă҃ߏĶ൑ளᛉଯᏴ̈́ٚᄮ19ķ Ğunanimously elected and recognizedğ΁ࠎॗރ઼ͳĞΙႬ˟͵ Charles II of тٺᓺᏑ௣۞ރॗٺNorway, 1814-18ğĂზߏ൑֏۞ԩᛉĄ༄׏ೀѺѐֽ၆ гĄᐼӖΙႬąࡗᎰᅟ׻݈˿ރᙸͽᐺĂ൒҃Ă఺Ҝ઼ͳ௣ϠଂϏኼˢॗ ˠ൭ެ۞ĺૄႬ୧ࡗĻүࠎඕЪ୧ІĂૻአ఺ߏඕރᛖ΍චຍĂୢ඗ॗֽ Ļ΄ڱд 1815 ѐआ఼͇࿅ĺᓑЪޢă̈́༄׏۞ᛉົ˵Аރ༖۞ᙯܼĂ҃ॗ ĞAct of Unionğΐͽࡦ३Ąጼୀ۞ˠ՟ѣᓾྖ۞ዶгĂ͛фౌߏ༄׏ՙؠĂ чٚᏚĄܑࢬ˯Ă఺ܫ၆͞ޞҜล20ĂΪਕഇ۞ڱ೩̿ࠎጳڱᛉົԯྍރॗ ˘˞༊үጼӀݡĂ˵ಶߏ༣ރߏҰଐԧᙸ۞ЪຍᓑЪĂ༄׏੻̄྆ᐝԯॗ ރତҜ۞ΙႬąࡗᎰĂߊ̙ົᓾ༄׏ྖăՀ̙ϡᄲጯॗֽޢၟ۞̈ҁԙĄ ᄬĞDerry, 1979: 214ğĄ

肆、國家利益的分歧

ڱдރॗٺѺѐĂ̂࡭˯՟ѣࢦ̂۞኏ࡎĄϤ˘ܕᓑЪ૟ރ༄׏ᄃॗ ă࢕ฤă̈́ੑ߆൒҃Ăعந˯ᔘߏ፾ϲ઼छĂ̰߆ჯ޺੓ቅ۞ҋ͹ĂΒ߁߆

17 HolmøyvikĞ2005: 137ğᄮࠎ఺ߏ߆Ъ઼ĂFossum ᄃ HaglundĞ2006: 5ğ˵ͽࠎ఺ͧ੓࠷ă ᓑЪĞlegislative unionğĄڱതϔгăٕߏ኎ߐ઼Հр۞߆Ъ઼ĄVedungĞ1971: 440ğჍ̝ࠎϲ ѣ̰ొ͹ᝋă౷ឰγొ͹ᝋග༄׏ĄܲރĂॗڱ໰ Fossum ᄃ HaglundĞ2006: 4-5ğ۞ᄲֶ 18 ٙᅮĈĶٚᄮķߏ˾ᐝᑕ;༄׏۞ࢋՐĂפॲፂ DerryĞ1979: 214ğĂ఺ᇹ۞ϡфᅋෟߏЧ 19 ރĶଯᏴķĂᔳӣΙႬąࡗᎰᐵᄮॗٺĺૄႬ୧ࡗĻćҌٺᝋ˧ֽҋ۞ރಶߏ༄׏дॗ˵ ᛉົٙ଱ᄃĄރˠϔ౅࿅ॗރॗٺϲಞĂ˵ಶߏ఺ֱᝋ˧ֽҋ۞ Ļ׎၁ಶߏ׌઼۞୧ࡗĄ΄ڱHolmøyvikĞ2005: 137ğᄮࠎĂĺᓑЪ 20 ăௐ 1 ഇĞ2021/ߋ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 17 282

γϹ݋ͽ༄׏੺ࢵߏᖀĄጐგ઼ͳҋؕᄰ֏ົ৭д׌࣎ͳ઼۞ϲಞֽ҂ᇋ ѩ۞Ӏك߆ඉĂѺؖ˵ܑ྿චຍĂ൒҃Ăᐌ඾ॡม۞ଯொĂΞͽ႙႙࠻΍ дགྷᑻ˯඾ࢦҋϤ෶ރৈम෼Ąᗕ͞͹ࢋ۞Ϭ࠼т˭ĈĞ˘ğያঔࠎϠ۞ॗ Ꮠࡻ઼Ă༄׏Ꮠᇇ઼ćĞˬğރ༄׏۞᜕ܲ͹ཌྷ࠹༊ຏ݂ćĞ˟ğॗٺĂ၆ٽ Ш้ރ൴णᆸࢬĂॗڼ༄׏ĄΩγĂд߆ٺለ߷ͽγ۞Ꮈ኷ᅈ̂ٺ၆ރॗ чĂܲྵͧڼĞparliamentarismğĂ࠹၆̝˭Ă༄׏۞߆טҋϤ͹ཌྷĂ̰֕ᅦ ᝋ۞༄׏႙Җ႙ᅈĄރᄃރͷᝋ˧ะ̚д઼ͳ͘̚ć௣տĂϔ͹̼۞ॗ҃ ᛉົݒރ΁ࣇ۞γϹӀৈĂ҃ॗזˠᛇ଀༄׏γϹొ֭Ϗ໰ᜪރপҾߏॗ ՟ѣΗᕇཉಚ۞ዶгĂ̙ညˠछ۞༄׏ᛉົᔘΞͽ൴೭ᇆᜩ21ĄΩγĂѣᙯ གྷᑻౝˢགྷ۞ރጼୀኪഠ۞఍நĂ༊ॡॗރĺૄႬ୧ࡗĻ༊̜̚౪ůॗٺ Ăޢಶቑć౵ރ਎߆តĂ࿀֭࢝Ϗᘪࡗ۞ॗރᑻП፟Ăॲώ൑˧ᐺᔘĂ઼ͳ ֏Җ̙˘۞઼ͳ՟ٺѩᄻЪৠᗓĂѺؖ၆ك଀̙ྫྷγ઼෷ഠᔘ᏿Ă̙ރॗ Ă఺ڼࣶд௚ءߏϤ 2,000 Щ༄׏ރѣрຏĄૄώ˯ĂȈ˝͵ࡔ˯Ηཧ۞ॗ ߏ׏ݭ۞γֽ߆ᝋĄ ፾পّĂ͍׎۞ރϔ୉͹ཌྷᎸ੓22ĂૻአॗރȈ˝͵ࡔ˭ΗཧĂॗ˞ז ᑔৼˢ༄׏۞઼઼۞ރߏ઼छ۞෪ᇈ௑ཱིĄᛊт༄׏ϏགྷТຍూҋԯॗ གྷ̏ރĂрညॗڇˠ࠹༊̙නރᑔă᏿။ăͽ̈́͛ІĂ఺ᇹ۞ຍ஋Ăឰॗ ͳķĂރតј༄׏Ԇፋᅳ˿۞˘ొЊćΩγĂ઼ͳ۞ϒёჍཱིࠎĶ༄׏̈́ॗ ๸೻Ι˘͵ĞOscar I of Sweden, 1844-59ğזˠ˵ҁ̙̂੼Ꮈâۡࢋރॗ ˠ۞ᇙރ༄׏ͳķĂ̖ൾ຋πिॗ̈́ރԼࠎĶॗޠ˘͛І۞ރಶҜĂ࠹ᙯॗ ˠ۞൑֏ԩރĞWikipedia, 2020: Union between Sweden and NorwayğĄॗޤ ᛉܑனд෪ᇈّ۞ҖજĂᛊт̈छ̄ঈ۞઼ͳΙႬąࡗᎰԓ୕ͽ 11 ͡ 4

ѐĂ༄׏ͳ๸೻Ι˟͵ĞOscar II of Sweden, 1872-1907ğ΄γϹొШ 1885 ٺጱͫቢд 21 ༄׏િ޺̙ឰՎĂᗕ͞ٺγϹ߆ඉ۞ᇆᜩ˧ćϤٺᛉົ၆ރ༄׏઼ົ࢑యĂЯѩࣤဳॗ Ϊрԯ቏ᐝᖼШ̶ϲ۞ᅳְ፟ᙯĞMorris, 1904: 142ğĄރĂॗڍኘҿ՟ѣඕ ĺૄႬ୧ࡗĻĞ1814ğĂٺϔ୉๬ౄĞnation-buildingğ൴੖۞ރElgeniusĞ2011: 398ğᄮࠎĂॗ 22 ༄׏۞ϔ୉ᄮТٺฟؕѣિؠ۞Ğassertiveğϔ୉ྻજĄHjermĞ1998ğ͹ૺ࠹ྵ̖ޢѩ ҋՙᝋ۞፾ϲྻٺϔ୉ᄮТͧྵϒࢬĂߏૄ۞ރ΁۰۞मள࢑ࢬО෪Ăॗٺϲд၆ޙߏ જĄBartonĞ2005: 502-503ğ͹ૺĂ఺ߏϔ͹ྻજᄃϔ୉ྻજ۞ඕЪĄFossum ᄃ Haglund ϲдጳ߆͹ཌྷă̈́ϔ͹۞ᆊࣃ˯Ąޙϔ୉઼छĞnation-stateğރĞ2006: 5ğ˵ͽࠎߏॗ Ѻѐ፾ϲӅ˧ 283۞ރॗ

ט͟ ˠઐઐಈᝌͽ 5 ͡ 17ރ࣒ጳඕЪ֤͇ࠎ઼ᇉ͟Ğnational dayğĂॗ͟ ೻འщąτ࿩ᇇ֧ҹ֧هдຏقጳ֤͇ĞConstitutional Dayğࠎ઼ᇉ͟ĂԜ ᅳጱ፾ϲĄд 1829 ѐ 5 ͡ 17 ͟Ăᓁ༛ᐮР೻౻೻ą฾ą೼ٛ࿲ұᒑĞ Count ጯϠ23Ă΁Η۞͟هጳࡔטBaltzar von Platen, 1827-29ğ˭΄ᗨһᗉᑅᇉৡ Ї̰Ă̏གྷः˭ᛪ᝸ĄٺѪޢѐ

໚ĈWikimedia CommonsĞ2019: File:Torvslaget den 17 Mai 1829 i Kristiania.jpgğĄֽ ߿જ͟هጳࡔטރᗉᑅॗعဦ 5Ĉ߆

ߏৠཐ۞24ĂڱˠֽᄲĂጳރॗٺᅟତĄ၆۞ڱѩጳكٺ౵̂۞኏ࡎд ൒҃ĂΙႬąࡗᎰд 1818 ѐ˘ତЇͳҜಶᜨ΍ணᒓ۞ࢬϫĂଂѩ̙ॡͽ࢕ ᛉົ࣒ጳĞ1821ă1828ă1836ğĂྏဦͽҖ߆ᝋ۞ᕖૺឰ׌ރႊ௫࿀࢝ॗְ ט༼Ğrule by decreeğăڼՀΐღ૜ඕЪĂΒ߁΁۞඗၆ӎՙᝋăୄ΄௚઼ Ѫ̙ಶĂᛉົགྷ࿅·̶੅ኢଉٯˠރॗ۞קҋϤൄזᛉົඈĂ̏གྷᑀރॗ ރᇴӎՙĞWikipedia, 2020: Union between Sweden and NorwayğĄ͍׎ߏॗ ᛉົĞStortingğͧ༄׏۞઼ົĞRiksdagğҋϤâฟᐝಶឰ༄׏઼ͳᛇ଀ ᜈాبˬ྿̣ѐćѩγĂ݈۰Ϊࢋܜ۰ޢдࡦĈ݈۰ˬѐฟᛉ˘Ѩăו֊

ჍࠎĶᇃಞጼԝķĞBattle of the SquareğăٕߏĶξಞ̝ԝķĞBattle of the MarketplaceğĄ 23 ĂΪ̙࿅Ăࢋߏ۞ٽߏ̙ΞՀڱˠࣧώ˵ϏυᄮࠎጳރKnutsenĞ1997: 230ğ޽΍Ăॗ 24 Ąغ༄׏઼ͳ۞඗၆ӎՙᝋĂ၁ᅫ˯ಶߏटధ༄׏ᑅརٺಶئ ăௐ 1 ഇĞ2021/ߋ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 17 284

Ăಶ̙ϡ઼ُͳ۞ӎՙĞDerry, 1979: 217-18ğĄڱϲ ֽࣧ۞ˬѐ˘ѨĂܧఢؠՏѐฟᛉă҃ڱᛉົซ˘Վϲރд 1869 ѐĂॗ ᛉົ᜜᜕߆ඉĞ1872ă1874ă1880ğćጐგ઼ـᅦࣶ݈טૻڱϲޘˬ˫ତ඾ ᇦĞ1873ă1876ăܡኬ̟۞ӎՙᝋĂ๸೻Ι˟͵ݒాᜈˬѨፖΐڱͳ՟ѣጳ д 1882 ѐᏐҋྋ೸ᛉົĂཏଐᙈ൒25Ąд 1882 ѐ۞̂ᏴĂٺ1879ğĂࠤҌ Ϗֽ۞׌̂߆ᛨҋϤᛨĞLiberal Party, Venstreğ̈́ܲчᛨ26ĞConservative Party, HøyreğԸˢᏴጼĞ83 ͧ 31 यğĂкᇴᛨͽҹ֧೻འщ·๸Ο೻পą๫ Ⴌ୥ĞChristian August Selmer, 1880-84ğ̰ᅦྫྷ઼ͳຳޘౘࣗӎՙԼࢭࠎϤ ĞWikipedia, 2020: Johan SverdrupğĄ௣տĂ๸೻Ι˟͵జ࢝д 1884ךјΑᇅ ѐЇ׻кᇴᛨᅳఞࡗᎰą೻ჯႬᇇጆ೼ĞJohan Sverdrup, 1884-89ğࠎ ࢵ ࠹ Ă छĂӈ̰ᅦυื၆ᛉົ࢑య઼۞ט఺Ξͽᄲለ߷ௐ˘࣎д၁ኳଳҖ̰ᅦ ĞToyne, 1996: 283-84; Knutsen, 1997: 235ğĄࣧώ۞ϡຍߏͽᛉົϔ͹ҋ Ăݒజෛࠎ߄ጼͳᝋĞFossum & Haglund, 2006: 5-6ğĄܲ ރ๸೻Ι˘͵дፉЇͳᐼ̝ᅫಶဘྏ˘ֱ൑๋̂ฮ۞ନ߉ֽ੅рॗ ˠĂᛊт΁д 1839 ѐనཉĶᓑЪ؎ࣶົķĞUnion CommitteeğĂԓ୕౅࿅ᗕ ѩ۞෼ᗓĂΞଓ߹ك֏тңአፋგந۞͞ёֽᒺൺޙᅦࣶ۞੅ኢĂ೩ֻ͞ ࢬĂ઼ͳѪ݈ᔘ೩̙΍ಡӘĞDerry, 1979: 234; Lindgren, 1959: 48ğĄତܝٺ Ҝ۞ΙႬỊ̏͵ĞCharles XV of Sweden, 1859-72ğຍᎸᔰࠞĂௐ˟ѨᓑЪ ĻĂఢထనཉٙᏜ۞ĶᓑЪ̰ᅦķĞunion΄ڱĺᓑЪ۞ۍߏਨᑢາڍࣶົ۞ј؎ ൒ڟcabinet27ğĂᗕ͞јࣶЧΗĂ఍நԾᙯ࠹̢Ӏৈ۞ְચćጐგ༄׏઼ົ ᄋ۞೻ჯႬܠ˭ӓܧᛉົӎՙĞ92 ͧ 17ğĂ̏ރĂݒд 1871 ѐၝዎॗצତ Ăѩᓝ̏གྷᛈ̈́ৠཐ̈́Ҍ੼ۏٽۏᛉົͽރᛉॗޙᇇጆ೼൭ϋćĶ༄׏ᓙ೷ ൑˯۞͹ᝋķĞ a nation which dares to offer the Norwegian Storting a proposition of barter and trade touching the nation’s holy and supreme right of sovereigntyğĂೱήྖᄲĂ౅࿅፟ၹֽ࣒࣒ྃр۞ॡ፟̏࿅Ăࢋચߏ̶͘۞

:९ăٕ࿰ზ९Ă൑ᝋӎՙጳ߆ְચĞWikipedia, 2020ڱӎՙ˘ਠޘˬĂ઼ͳΞͽڱॲፂጳ 25 Johan SverdrupğĄ ؼ᭸Ğsuspensiveğ҃̏ĞDerry, 1979: 261ğĄܧчᛨᄮࠎ઼ͳ۞ӎՙᝋߏ඗၆۞ă҃ܲ 26 27 ̙ߏ coalitional cabinetĄ Ѻѐ፾ϲӅ˧ 285۞ރॗ

͞ёĞDerry, 1979: 268-69; Lindgren, 1959: 51ğĄ๸೻Ι˟͵઼ͳЇ̰Ăௐ Ѻؖᙯ͕۞ރ໰Ğ1898ğĂ̙࿅ĂॗܔᛉҬͼਫ਼ЍޙѨᓑЪ؎ࣶົٙ೩۞ˬ ፾ϲ۞ሗ߹ć༄׏дރ࣒ྃ̏གྷጿ̙ҝॗ۞༼༼ڑڑߏనཉҋ̎۞ᅳְĂ ͵˟ѐΡฟ۞ௐαѨᓑЪົᛉҬͼྕᑗăݒߏ˘ೃଐᙸĂጐგ๸೻Ι 1902 ;ᅳ̶ְϲĂ̏གྷቤ̙ᑻާĞDerry, 1979: 270-71צд 1903 ѐܑϯᙸຍឰՎତ Lindgren, 1959: 70, 77-79; Morris, 1904: 412-43ğĄ

伍、挪威的獨立

ྋ೸ྫྷ༄׏۞ᓑ༖ĂΠࠁ۞ܲރд઼छؠҜ˯Ăνࠁ۞ҋϤᛨ࣍ᛉॗ чᛨ͹ૺπඈгҜ۞ᓑЪᙯܼĈҋϤᛨࢵА೩΍ૻർ۞Ķॉᐝ߆ඉķĞfist Ă͹ૺҌ͌ࢋѣ၁ኳ۞፾ϲăТنpolicyğĂࢋՐ፾ϲγϹćܲчᛨ̙೷ᅅ Ąд 1891ޢ·ॡྫྷ༄׏π੓πӱĂҭᏴϔ̏གྷ̙ࠎٙજĂপҾߏ̳ϔᝋᕖ ඈࢦ̂Լࢭ෦Րଡ˿ࢦֽĞ63טѐ̂ᏴĂҋϤࠁͽᕖ̳̂ϔᝋăͽ̈́ᇈһ ͧ 35 यğĂࡗᎰκ೻ąΫոĞJohannes Steen, 1891-93ğଯજγϹ̶ϲĄጐ ֍࿅எĂΐ˯߆ᝋᖼڡᗕ͞ٺგᄃ༄׏੫၆̶ϲᅳְ۞ኘҿ̏གྷणฟĂϤ ҁѺؖ̏གྷ͕ᐝ̏ؠĂރĄ̙࿅Ăॗ̙̂ޘ਎Ăซރொᐛᓄ28ă̈́༄׏۞࢕ְ ϟϯऴĂ˵ᆧΐ࢕౯ăΐღዮ׽ᙝ֨Ą̙ع߆ރ࠼۞ॗޢѣϔຍү ˠ͚޺ᚶᜈྫྷ༄׏ჯ޺ᓑ༖ᙯܼ۞ᓏࢰ෸ֽ෸ރȈ˝͵ࡔϐĂॗ˞ז Ăޢؠă֕Ш᜕ܲ͹ཌྷ̝םٽҋϤ෶۞ރĂপҾߏ༄׏д 1897 ѐᆿੵྫྷॗ͌ ,ѩඕ༖۞੓ቅགྷᑻᙯܼ̼ࠎ໬ำ29ĞWikipediaكͽͰᔘͰ೩੼ᙯඁĂރॗ ਕѣҋ̎۞γϹ̙ރॗٺUnion between Sweden and NorwayğĄᚨඕд :2020 ˠдঔγ۞Ӏރ޽ࠁˠᏴВϡ30Ă৿ͻγϹҋ͹ّĂॗܜĂᅳְϤ༄׏γొ

ѐĂᓁВᓝҖ 5 Ѩ̂ᏴĞ1891ă1894ă1897ă1900ă1903ğĂೱ˞ 7 ࣎ 1905 ז ଂ 1891 28 ߆Ă֍ WikipediaĞ2020: List of heads of government of NorwayğĄ ҁ̙̂੼ރؠĞMellomriksloveneğĂ൒҃Ă༄׏д 1895 ѐΐͽᆿੵĂॗםٽᗕࣧ͞ώѣ෶ 29 ᎸĞFossum & Haglund, 2006: 6; Vedung, 1971: 443; Wikipedia, 2014: MellomrikslovenğĄ ĞsingleܜVedungĞ1971: 440ğ۞ϡфߏĈВТγϹొĞjoint foreign officeğăಏ˘γϹొ 30 minister for foreign affairsğă௚˘γϹˠࣶĞunified foreign corpsğă̈́ВТᅳְ፟ᙯ Ğcommon consular authorityğĄ ăௐ 1 ഇĞ2021/ߋ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 17 286

ৈ̙ਕᒔ଀ग़኎Ă͍׎ߏ௺ྻĄՀࢦࢋ۞ߏĂಶ෪ᇈຍཌྷ҃֏Ă፾ϲ۞ᅳ ༄׏ᓑЪᙯܼ۞͑ໝĂՀ΃ܑ˘࣎፾ϲ۞઼छĄдྫྷٺ፟ၹ̙ͤͅߍ၆ְ ࢋՐѣҋ̎۞γϹొރᛉĂͅߍдॗۋ͹ᝋ۞ٺѐมĂᗕ͞၆ 1895-1905 ĞHolmøyvik, 2005: 137ğĄ ઃ঻дයࡻ۞ຐညᆸܧѺؖ۞ϔ୉͹ཌྷ੼ႚĂ̏ރซˢ˟Ȉ͵ࡔĂॗ ѿྃկĂͳᐼΟ೻๰͈ĞϏֽ˸عѨĂᅳְᛉᗟјࠎ̶͘۞৔˾Ă༄׏߆ ͳΟ೻๰͈̣͵ Gustaf V of Sweden, 1907-50ğဘྏͽᅳ̶ְϲ઼۞ Ğseparate consular servicesğϹೱВТγϹĞcommon foreign servicesğĂͭ ,ᙸຍᕝਖ਼፾ϲγϹ۞፟ົĞWikipedia̙˵ރͳ๸೻Ι˟͵ࣚ࿱̙ីĂ҃ॗ 2020: Union between Sweden and Norway; Morris, 1904: 143; Fossum & ҹ֧೻འщą۞عHaglund, 2006: 7ğĄд 1905 ѐ 5 ͡ 23 ͟Ăତ͘αᛨᓑЪ߆ Ļڱᛉົ఼࿅ĺᅳְރѼ̷Ⴌ഑ĞChristian Michelsen, 1905-1907ğ౅࿅ॗ ൒дن͵˟ĞKonsulatsakenğăՙؠјϲҋ̎۞ᅳְᐡĂҁঽ۞઼ͳ๸೻Ι 5 ͡ 27 ͟ೇ΍ΐͽӎՙćѼ̷Ⴌ഑੺˯޷໰ࢍ൪ކοᓁᙜ࿀झĂ઼҃ͳ݋ ϯĶĺ༊˭Ļ൑˧௡ᅦķĞcould not now form a new government31ğ҃١඗ܑ ăٕҁޥĂ឵јጳ߆۩඄П፟32ĞDerry, 1979: 272ğĄ̙ۢ༄׏൑ࢍΞצତ ο̷ᕝྫྷ༄׏۞ᓑ༖ᙯܼĂ֞ކᛉົд 6 ͡ 7 ͟˘࡭ՙᛉĂރৠддĂॗ ćՙᛉ۞நϤߏ๸೻Ι˟͵ߊ͟ه፾ϲҋϤ۞ࡔރĂ఺˘͇జ༊үߏॗ̫ :ͳ۞ᖚч33ĞWikipedia, 2020઼ރॗم൒١඗Ї׻າ۞̰ᅦĂԛТϏਕႽ

ώߏĞLindgren, 1959: 125ğĈۍΩ˘࣎ͧྵԆፋ۞ 31 Since it is clear to me that no other government can be formed now, so I do not agree to accept the resignations of the council members. ர๸೻Ι˟͵ٙ೩۞ߏĶ༊˭ķĞnowğĄنຍגDerryĞ1979: 272ğ޽΍ĂѼ̷Ⴌ഑ 32 ώߏĞLindgren, 1959: 131ğĈۍΩ˘࣎ 33 When the ministerial council’s members have resigned their functions, When His Majesty the King has declared himself unable to form a new government for the country, When the constitutional royal powers thus have ceased to function, The Storting authorizes the members of the resigned ministry to continue until further as the Norwegian Government and to administer the authority granted to the King in agreement with the Royal Norwegian Constitution and applicable laws, with the alterations that are necessary thereto, and that the union with Sweden under one king is dissolved in consequence of the king’s ceasing to function as King of Norway. Ѻѐ፾ϲӅ˧ 287۞ރॗ

Dissolution of the union between Norway and SwedenğĈ

Since all the members of the cabinet have resigned their positions; since His Majesty the King has declared his inability to obtain for the country a new government; and since the constitutional monarchy has ceased to exist, the Storting hereby authorizes the cabinet that resigned today to exercise the powers held by the King in accordance with the Constitution of Norway and relevant laws – with the amendments necessitated by the dissolution of the union with Sweden under one King, resulting from the fact that the King no longer functions as a Norwegian King.

١඗ᅊ͵˟֏ෛࠎݔใĂ๸೻ΙކĶࢭ׻ķ۞ރॗٺฟᐝĂ༄׏၆˘ Ą௣տĂ༄׏̝ٙͽឰސҜĂ҃༄׏઼ົ˵̙ϟрჸр೸Ă׌࢕дᙝࠧ၆ ćރ঻ҝॗۋՎĂ͹ࢋߏЯࠎ༊ॡ઼̰۞ۤົϔ͹ྻજ̏གྷ૦੓Ăͅ၆ͽጼ ϔۤٺѝд 1905 ѐ 2 ͡ĂүछщऌąႳᚊֲąΙ๰൞ऌĞKata Dalströmğ ĈĶᗫฟᓑЪͳ઼ӐĊဥඕ׌઼౻જ۰۞፜ሇϖᅈ̙ົᕝଫķײ়˯ᛨ̂ົ ĞLet the union go. The bridge uniting the workers of our two countries will ,ᛨᅾΙႬąֲႬ੺ąοᜋԗĞHjalmar Branting۞ֽޢnever break down.ğĂ ķĞHandރ͘ॗٸˠ˾۞˾ཱིĶ઼ͳۉ1907-25ğд 5 ͡ 1 ͟۞ะົ˵಄΍ᓛ off Norway, King!ğĞClyne, et al.: 2005ğĄ ă߆Ԋ̙ᘦ۞ଐ๕˭34Ăጐგ༄׏Πࠁ͹ૺૻർ߱͘Ă઼ͳڡд̰ొ̶ ׌઼ˠϔϹೋĂͽҺฟጼćѩγĂ༄׏˵ፉ͕ᗉᑅົౄј઼ᅫזᙸຍ࠻̙ ኘҿ۞͞ё఍ந̶͘35ĂᘪࢎĺΙႬ೻๰ᇇĻĞTreaty ofפଳٺ؝ϲĂ௣۞˯ ˠϔ̳Ըՙؠ݈౉Ąдኘҿ̝ᅫĞ8/31-9/23ğĂᗕރKarlstad, 1905ğĂឰॗ

༊ү̂Ᏼ۞ጼఙĂ˵ಶߏोֽރĂഈ౎߆ᛨᙱҺԯॗعд 1905 ѐĂ༄׏ಶೱ˞ˬѨ߆ 34 ༊઼̰ঐ෱ϡĞWikipedia, 2020: List of prime ministers of Sweden; Vedung, 1971: 445ğĄ Ă఺჌ᓑЪ՟ѣ̦ᆃϡķĞOf little useצυืజ࢝ତރహ̼ᄲćĶࢋߏॗٺ๸೻Ι˟͵௣ 35 ăܜwould the Union be if Norway had to be forced into itğĞMorris, 1904: 143ğĄ઼֨ొ ҹ๫Ⴌąٛ೼ĞAxel Rappeğܠ΃ܑᛖ΍׶πྋՙ۞චຍĂౙ࢕ރణ۞ॗֽྫྷܜણᏖᓁ̈́ ˠ֗ԽᑝĂӎ݋ĂזዎރА൴જԽᑝĂٕࢋߏ઼ͳٕͳᐼдॗރॗܧ૟࢕˵ܲᙋĈĶੵ ķĞLindgren, 1959: 115ğĄރซˢॗל˘༄׏̙ົѣ˘һ ăௐ 1 ഇĞ2021/ߋ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 17 288

νࠁϔރдᙝࠧొཌһ˧Ă࠹෼׌̳֧Ąጐგ༄׏д࢕ְ˯ҫᐹ๕Ăॗ͞ ຍ͚޺̙ଓ˘ጼ੠Ր፾ϲĄ ѝಶࢍ൪д 8 ͡ 13 ͟ᓝᏱ̳ԸĂͽҺឰˠᛇ଀ߏ᝘׻ع߆ރ׎၁Ăॗ ፾ϲķĂ҃ߏĶߏӎቁᄮ̏གྷౄјރĶߏӎ͚޺ॗܧ༄׏Ą̳Ը۞ᗟϫ֭ٺ ߊؠְ၁۞ྋវķĞDo you approve the “ratified dissolution of the union”?ğć ఺Ѩ̳Ը۞Ըைத 85.42%Ă368,208 ˠĞ99.95%ğ͚޺፾ϲĂΪѣ 184 ˠ Ğ0.05%ğ͚޺ᚶᜈჯ޺ᓑЪᙯܼĂԸைத੼྿ 85%Ą༊ॡẴّᔵ൒՟ѣ ԸைᝋĂВѣ 279,878 ˠాཌ͚޺፾ϲĞWikipedia, 2020: 1905 Norwegian union dissolution referendumğĄ

໚ĈWikimedia CommonsĞ2020: File:Norwegian Army guarding Swedish border 1905.jpgğĄֽ ౙ࢕їч༄׏ᙝࠧރဦ 6Ĉॗ

ᛉົАд 10 ͡ 9 ͟ԸைТຍ̶͘۞୧ІĂତ඾Ă༄ރĂॗޢኘҿԆј ކ͟ Ă༄׏઼ͳ๸೻Ι˟͵д 10 ͡ 26ޢĄ౵צ׏઼ົ˵д 10 ͡ 13 ͟ତ ፾ϲćд 11 ͡ 12-13 ͟۞̳ԸĂˠϔజރͳҜăϒёٚᄮॗ۞ރୢॗٸο ߏӎჯ޺Ӗ͹ϲጳĞDo you agree with the Storting’sعߏӎ߆זય authorization to the government to invite Prince Carl of Denmark to become Ѻѐ፾ϲӅ˧ 289۞ރॗ

King of Norway?ğĂԸைத 75.32%Ă259,563 ˠĞ78.94%ğᙒјă69,264 ˠ Ğ21.06%ğͅ၆ğĞWikipedia, 2020: 1905 Norwegian monarchy referendumğĄ Ᏼ΍̜౪ͳ̄ΙႬĞPrince Carl of Denmarkğࠎ઼ͳݣ૵˛͵ĞHaakonົ઼ ѐௐ˘Ҝৌϒҋ̎۞઼ͳĄдݣ૵ 518 ރVII of Norway, 1905-57ğĂ఺ߏॗ 1905 ٺă̜౪ăࡻ઼ă̈́ᇇ઼ጼᚻ۞᜕኎˭ĂރϤ࣯ώݣॲ΍൴Ăॗ͵˛ ࢵౌҹ֧೻འщκֲĞChristianiaĂனд۞ރ྿ॗٯѐ 11 ͡ 25 ͟জজᎿᎿ ĞMorris, 1904: 144ğĄܓऽـ๸೻ౙğĂᓁநѼ̷Ⴌ഑Ꮠҋ݈

໚ĈArnesenĞn.d.ğĄֽ

ତҜĞνğރॗـ݈͵˛ဦ 7Ĉα઼ጼᚻ᜕኎ݣ૵

໚ĈWikimedia CommonsĞ2020: File:Statsminister Christian Michelsen mottar kong Haakon 7ֽ og kronprins Olav ombord det norske marinefartøyet “Heimdal”, 25. november 1905.jpg.ğĄ

Ğ1905ğĞΠğރ྿ॗٯ͵˛ତ઼ͳݣ૵ܓဦ 8ĈᓁநѼ̷Ⴌ഑

ăௐ 1 ഇĞ2021/ߋ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 17 290

附錄 1：中世紀末統一前的挪威諸小王國（850）36

໚ĈjkvatterholmĞ2014ğĄֽ 36 Ѻѐ፾ϲӅ˧ 291۞ރॗ

參考文獻

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Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich. 1914. “Norway’s Secession from Sweden,” in The Right of Nations to Self-Determination (https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1914/ self-det/ch06.htm) (2020/5/10) Lindgren, Raymond E. 1959. Norway-Sweden: Union, Disunion, and Scandinavia Integration. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. Morris, Charles. 1904. Historical Tales: The Romance of Reality. Los Angeles: Angelus University. Redvaldsen, David. 2014. “Great Britain and the Norwegian constitution of 1814.” Parliaments, Estates and Representation, Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 182-202. Toyne, S. M. 1996 (1948). The Scandinavia in History. New York: Barnes & Noble. Vedung, Evert. 1971. “Unionsdebatten 1905: En jämförelse mellan argumenteringen i Sverige och Norge.” (The Dissolution of the Union in 1905: A Comparison between Swedish and Norwegian Arguments). Ph.D. thesis, Uppsala University (http:// www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:170490/FULLTEXT01.pdf) (2020/5/10) WHKMLA. 2004. “Kalmar Union.” (https://www.zum.de/whkmla/histatlas/scandinavia/ finkalmar.gif) (2020/5/5) Wikimedia Commons. 2016. “File:Scandinavia1219.png.” (https://commons.wikimedia. org/wiki/File:Scandinavia1219.png) (2020/5/6) Wikimedia Commons. 2019. “File:Skielober 1811.jpg.” (https://commons.wikimedia. org/wiki/File:Skielober_1811.jpg) (2020/5/4) Wikimedia Commons. 2019. “File:Eidsvoll riksraad 1814.jpeg.” (https://commons. wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Eidsvoll_riksraad_1814.jpeg) (2020/5/4) Wikimedia Commons. 2019. “File:Torvslaget den 17 Mai 1829 i Kristiania.jpg.” (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Torvslaget_den_17_Mai_1829_i_Kristian ia.jpg) (2020/5/5) Wikimedia Commons. 2020. “File:Norwegian Army guarding Swedish border 1905.jpg.” (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Norwegian_Army_guarding_ Swedish_border_1905.jpg) (2020/5/4) Wikimedia Commons. 2020. “File:Statsminister Christian Michelsen mottar kong Haakon 7 og kronprins Olav ombord det norske marinefartøyet “Heimdal”, 25. november 1905.jpg.” (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Statsminister_ Christian_Michelsen_mottar_kong_Haakon_7_og_kronprins_Olav_ombord_det_nor ske_marinefart%C3%B8yet_%22Heimdal%22,_25._november_1905.jpg) (2020/5/8) Ѻѐ፾ϲӅ˧ 293۞ރॗ

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ăௐ 1 ഇĞ2021/ߋ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 17 294

Norway’s One Hundred Years of Independence Struggle

Cheng-Feng Shih Professor, Department of Indigenous Affairs and Development National Dong Hwa University Shoufeng, Hualien, TAIWAN

Abstract

We shall begin with a brief review of the historical background of Norway. And then examine how Norway had maintained itself between Denmark and Sweden. We then look into how Demark had given away Norway to Sweden. Next, we will explore the divergent views of national interests among the Norwegians themselves. Finally, we will describe the process how Norway had obtained its independence.

Keywords: Norway, Denmark, Sweden, independence