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Norway's One Hundred Years of Independence Struggle

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Norway's One Hundred Years of Independence Struggle ௐ 1 ഇ! ࢱ 271-94! 2021 ѐ/ߋ؞ཱི !ס έ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώ! ௐ 17 Taiwan International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 271-94 Spring 2021 挪威的百年獨立努力 ߉ϒዡ ර̂ጯϔ୉ְચၱ൴णጯրି଱ڌ ၡ ࢋ ።ΫࡦഀĂତ඾ᑭෛӵд̜౪۞ރԧࣇА૟ԧࣇА૟ᖎಏаᜪॗ ග༄׏Ă൒ރтңҋ఍ĂГֽ҂၅тң̜౪౷ឰॗރᄃ༄׏̝ม۞ॗ ፾ϲĄ۞ރдೡࢗॗޢĂ౵ڡ̶۞ڱछӀৈ࠻઼ٺଣտ̰ొ၆҃ ă̜౪ă༄׏ă፾ϲރᙯᔣෟĈॗ ăௐ 1 ഇĞ2021/ߋ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 17 272 壹、前言 дჯִॡ΃Ğ793-1066ğĂࣧώҌ͌ѣ 20 ࣎̈ͳ઼Ğpetty kingdomğĂރॗ ጀݣٛႬĞHarald Fairhair, 872-930ğ௚˘Ҙొă̈́ܛזጼ̙̏Ăۡفѩك ͵˟ͳ઼ĞKingdom of Norway, 872-1397ğĄдȈރϲॗޙঔг૲Ăڻݑొ ϤޢౝˢѺѐ̰ጼĞ1130-1240ğĂ౵ރĂॗܒฯă࠹้̢ۋѩكࡔ̚Ăிͳ ݣ૵α͵ĞHaakon IV of Norway, 1217-53ğ౼΍˘௚͇˭Ąҋଂ̚͵ࡔฟؕĂ ӵд̜౪ᄃ༄׏̝มĂᄃ༄׏ăͽ̜̈́౪۬ᜇ̙୻Ă̶̶ЪЪ1ĂٺϤރॗ ᄃ༄׏В͹Ğjointޘˬд።Ϋഅགྷރ౪ă̈́༄׏Ąॗ̜ٺڇҊޢА ˞זmonarchyğĂ݈׌Ѩ2Ğ1319-43, 1449-50ğߏࠎ˞၆ԩВТᇲˠ̜౪Ă ᑓྃҋ̎д 1809ֽރௐˬѨĞ1814-1905ğ݋ߏ༄׏࿀૓Ăݓᗞྫྷ̜౪ૻ৶ॗ ѐεΝ܆ᜋ̝൭Ą ڇᄃ̜౪ඕЪĂԛё˯ჯ޺ͳ઼ă၁ኳ˯Ҋރд 1397-1814 ѐมĂॗ ѐ 1 ͡ 14 ͟జ࢝ᘪࢎ 1814 ٺĞ1803-15ğརୀĂۋ౪Ą̜౪дो৔૬ጼ̜ טˠ١඗జ኱Ăރග༄׏ĄॗރĺૄႬ୧ࡗĻĞTreaty of Kiel, 1814ğ౷ឰॗ ο௲ᗓ̜౪፾ϲĂ୊ᄃ༄ކĻĞEidsvoll Constitution, 1814ğăڱጳރࢎĺॗ ,Ăᗕ͞௣տд 8 ͡ 14 ͟ᘪࢎઃጼĺం೻׶ࡗĻĞConvention of Mossۋ׏णฟጼ ,Тຍ࣒ጳତৼ༄׏ͳΙႬȈˬ͵ĞCharles XIII of Swedenރ1814ğĂॗ ᓑЪͳ઼ķĞUnited Kingdoms ofރ1809-18ğࠎВ͹Ă˵ಶߏĶ༄׏׶ॗ ķރSweden and Norway, Twin Kingdoms, 1814-1905ğĂᖎჍĶ༄׏ॗ Ҷ̶ᗓĂѺ̳ؖԸ፾ކᛉົͯࢬރѐĂॗ 1905 זۡ˘ĞSweden-NorwayğĄ ၁ĄְצϲĂ༄׏జ࢝ତ ,д 1397 ѐྫྷ̜౪ă̈́༄׏ඕЪࠎĶΙႬ੺ᓑ༖3ķĞKalmar Unionރॗ 1 ֍ჯૄѺࡊĞ2019ĈॗރӖ͹ЕܑğĄ д 1319 ѐĂݣ૵̣͵ĞHaakon V of Norway, 1299-1319ğѪ˸൑๠Ăࣣజଯࠎ༄׏઼ͳ੺ 2 ॾӅ೻α͵ĞMagnus IV of Sweden, 1319-64ğ۞γगତҜࠎ੺ॾӅ೻˛͵ĞMagnus VII of ͳĞHaakon VI of Norway, 1343-80ğă˵ߏ༄׏઼઼ރNorway, 1319-43ğćݣ૵̱͵ߊߏॗ ,ߊߏ༄׏઼ͳΙႬˣ͵ĞCharles VIII of SwedenڗͳĞ1362-64ğĄТᇹгĂΙႬ•ҹӅপ 1448-57ă1464-65ă1467-70ğă˫ߏॗރ઼ͳΙႬ˘͵ĞCharles I of Norway, 1449-50ğĄ ᘲཏफĞFaroe IslandsğăᔁᇇᜋཏफĞShetlandğă̈́๸ҹκڱΒӣДफăॾ౗ᜋăރॗ 3 ΙႬ੺ᓑ༖۞Ꮈ਽Ă֍ GustafssonĞ2006ğĄٺᜋĄѣᙯ܆ཏफĞOrkneyğඈᅳгĂ༄׏݋Βӣ Ѻѐ፾ϲӅ˧ 273۞ރॗ 1397-1523ğĂ఺ߏ็௚Ϥͳ઼̝ม௡ј۞Ķ֗Ъ઼4ķĞpersonal unionğĈܑ ᔘჯ޺ҋ̎۞ͳ઼Ă൒҃д၁ኳ˯Ϊਕზߏ̜౪۞˘࣎࠷̶Ă̙ރࢬ˯ॗ ͵˘ਕѣҋ͹۞γϹ߆ඉĄ༊ॡâܳ͘јᓑ༖۞ᛷ߆͉ЬႳॾᚊপ δะ̚פĞMargaret I of Denmark, 1387-1412ğ࠹༊ૻ๕ă͘ඦ௟ᎵĂсଳ ༄׏ˠᇴྵ͌ă൑˧၆ԩćсШ̈́ރĂ߆ඉ˯ͧྵ໰ᜪ̜౪ˠĂॗڼᝋ௚ ˠͅԩĂ̙࿅Ăރໂυͅă͔੓ॗۏăᆧΐኝඁĂٽᗆ෶ދጼĂކતˠ҅͟ ೷ੜ΍ᓑ༖Ą̙˭ރચੰĞCouncil of Stateğ͉ऴĂ஋઼۞ރॗ ໚ĈWikimedia CommonsĞ2016: File:Scandinavia1219.pngğĄֽ Ĉ Norway Sweden 1330s–1350s Denmark Conquered by Denmark in 1219ځᄲ Livonia before 1343。 ဦ 1Ĉ̚͵ࡔ۞೻ಝг֤ჯֲĞ1219ğ GustafssonĞ2006: 205, 207-208ğᄮࠎ఺ߏౚ᏾วम˭۞Ķͳഈᓑ༖ķĞdynastic unionğĂ 4 ,࡚ٛκֲ۞ғ༄ҹĞEric of Pomerania, Eric VIIگಶߏЧҋჯ޺ࣧѣ۞ͳഈćତЇ۞˵ ĞEric III, King of Norway, 1389-1442ğă̈́༄׏ރKing of Denmark, 1396-1439ğ֗ࣘॗ ĞEric XIII, King of Sweden, 1396-1434, 1436-39ğ઼ͳĂΙႬ੺ᓑ༖д1397 ѐϒёјϲĂ ,ҹ֧೻к჊ˬ͵ĞChristopher III, King of Denmarkזۡ˘జቪᕈćڠ௣տЯࠎ቎һ៧ Ğ1442-48ğ઼ͳĂ̖ቁϲ֗Ъ઼Ąރ1440-48ğ֗ࣘ༄׏Ğ1441-48ğă̈́ॗ ăௐ 1 ഇĞ2021/ߋ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 17 274 ໚ĈWHKMLAĞ2004ğĄֽ ဦ 2ĈΙႬ੺ᓑ༖Ğ1430ğ ރ༄׏ซ΍ᓑ༖кѨĂ௣տд 1523 ѐϖ˳௲ᗓĂΙႬ੺ᓑ༖ྋវĂॗ 5ķĞDemark-Norway, 1523-33, 1537-1814ğ۞̈ҁԙĂރјࠎᒺͪ۞Ķ̜౪ॗ ͳτ࿩ᇇ֧ҹ˘͵ĞFrederick I of Denmark, 1523-33ğዸ༼࣯ώݣॲĄτ઼ 6Ă̂͹ି๸͈ٛąाॾܓˠᝌރॗצ࿩ᇇ֧ҹ˘͵ࢴ֏҃۲͔ˢາିĂ̙ а߹˸дఈᜋܓĂ֭ͷۋο࿩ҹ഑ĞOlav Engelbrektsson, 1523-37ğ૲ᅳԩ ˟ҁͳҹ֧೻འщ˟͵ĞChristian II of Denmark, 1513-23ğĄҹ֧೻འщ۞ ؈᝚ĂѪזዎܮث˯˘τ࿩ᇇ֧ҹ˘͵͘̚ຬаͳҜĂץץྏဦа઼ଂ͵ ဳͳҜ̰ጼĂाॾο࿩ҹ഑෺፟ᅳۋ̄ˬĂޢႯ̚Ąτ࿩ᇇ֧ҹ˘͵Ѫٺ ؇ྮᇇିࠁ۞າͳҹ֧೻འщˬ͵ĞChristianܫጱ੓ཌྷĂ֭Ϗᒔ଀ሤধͅᜩĂ 5 ѣॡ࣏઀਑ᖎჍ̜౪ͳ઼ĞKingdom of DenmarkğĄ఺ॡ࣏ĂॗރΒӣДफăॾ౗ᜋă ݋ߏ൴णࠎͧྵღ૜۞Ķ߆ֽޢฟᐝߏ֗Ъ઼Ğ1523-33ğâރᘲཏफĄ̜౪-ॗڱ̈́ Ъ઼ķĞreal union, 1537-1814ğĄ ళ቎Ăି̀՟ѣ፟ົჺ̼Ąٺ΁ࣇ࿅ٺ͹ࢋߏ΁ࣇ̏གྷѣҋ̎۞Б઼ّିົĂΩγĂϤ 6 Ѻѐ፾ϲӅ˧ 275۞ރॗ ͳ઼జҹ֧೻འщˬ͵෵ރుĄд 1536 ѐĂॗٸIII of Denmark, 1534-59ğ ҘଟڌૻҖາିĂ֭ԯିົ۞ෳࢦރࠎ̜౪۞˘࣎࠷̶ćѨѐĂ̜౪дॗ ᄬјࠎ͞֏Ąд 1660 ѐĂރ࣯ώݣॲĄତ඾Ă̜౪ᄬ३ᆷ͞ё͔ˢĂॗזဳ ăޠڱᔵ൒Ξͽܲѣҋ̎۞࢕ฤăރͳഈĞabsolutismğĂॗט౪јࠎ૞̜ Ąڼͽ̈́᏿။Ăݒజ˘̶ࠎˬ࣎࠷Ă၁ኳ˯ߏϤ 1,600 Щγֽ۰௚ 貳、夾在丹麥與瑞典之間的挪威 ༄׏ᔵ൒д 1523 ѐੜ΍ΙႬ੺ᓑ༖Ăᄃ̜౪ᔘߏ˘̙ۡ׶Ăଂᛳ۞ॗ Ăރॗܬˢޘд 1567ă1644ă1658ăͽ ̈́ 1716 ѐαޢјࠎ΍ঈଡ଼Ą༄׏Аރ ˯ӌăٕߏҌ͌ԛё׀௲ᗓᄃ̜౪۞ඕЪĂሹზ۞ߏտౣࢋۡତރԓ୕ॗ :༄׏࠹༊ͅຏĞWikipedia, 2020ٺҁѺؖ၆ރரឰॗܬጼ̈́فඕЪĂ఺ֱ۞ Union between Sweden and NorwayğĄপҾߏдȈ˛͵ࡔĂ༄׏ອ֗˘តј ࠎડાૻᝋĂᄃ̜౪-ॗރϹጼ̙̏Ăॗރˠᅁ඾ᐲ̄˯ߛ΍һ၆ԩĄࢵАĂ ౪઼ͳҹ֧೻འщα͵ĞChristian IV of Denmark, 1588-1648ğ෍ၷ͕ү̜ ϔజᇈΡΝχ༄ྺރĞKalmar War, 1611-13ğĂ8,000 Щॗۋ৞߄੓ΙႬ੺ጼ ˠ۞ͅຏĄତ඾Ă̜౪ࠎ˞ણΐˬȈѐރ׏Ă่̙व౻൑ΑĂࣆߏ͔੓ॗ д̰ထ̶ࠎ 6,000 ࣎ડ๴ĂރĞThirty Years’ War, 1618-48ğĂ૟Βӣॗۋጼ ͵ˬĂτ࿩ᇇ֧ҹޢୀග༄׏Ą౵ڍՏડυืࠁ΍˘࣎ˠΝ༊һĂඕ Ğ7 Second NorthernۋĞFrederick III of Denmark, 1648-70ğણΐௐ˟ѨΔ͞ጼ War, 1657-60ğĂ̜౪˫རୀĂАޢᘪࢎĺᘲ೻ૄઙ୧ࡗĻĞTreaty of Roskilde, 1658ğă̈́ĺ࣯ώݣॲ୧ࡗĻĞTreaty of Copenhagen, 1660ğĂజ࢝౷ឰ࠹༊ к۞ᅳ˿Ă༄׏ᐝ֎૨ᑑă̜౪਽࠹႙ᜨĞDerry, 1979: 127-35ğĄ ᄃ̜౪дۤົ˯۞ᛪ᝸ు႙ঙனĄੵ˞ྺϔԩᛉͅރдȈˣ͵ࡔĂॗ ᑿᝋĂ̚யล৺ኳႷࠎ̦ᆃ̙ਕѣҋ̎۞થຽᅙءг͞ۋ၆ˠᐝඁă̈́ԩ ĞLittle Northern WarğĂϡֽડ࿣ឰ༄׏རୀ๕਽۞ۋăٕߏ̈Δ͞ጼۋჍࠎΔ͞ጼ˫ 7 ۋĞGreat Northern War, 1700-21ğĄΩγĂѝАᔘѣπ͘۞ௐ˘ѨΔ͞ጼۋΔ͞ጼ̂ ĞNorthern Seven Years’ War, 1563-70ğĄ ăௐ 1 ഇĞ2021/ߋ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 17 276 ڡăٕੑ߆ొĞDerry, 1979: 192-93ğĄ௣տĂᗕ͞۞̶ੰڱҖă̂ጯă౵੼ Яࠎ͢Մγዚ҃གྷᑻᓄၷĂгҜ႙႙ͪႚ௺੼ĄރགྷᑻӀৈ۞኏ࡎĄॗٺд ੓ֽĂ֕ྮѣࢲ۞གྷᑻາෳ̙ҺኳႷ࣯ώݣॲ۞߆ܫˠฟؕѣҋރॗٺϤ Ϊ҂ᇋ̜౪ҋ֗۞Ӏৈć࠹၆̝عᄮࠎ̚δ߆ٺซՎ۞ᅪᘣĂࠤރඉߏॗ Ă༊ॡٙᏜ۞Ķ͢Մෳ୉ķĞtimber aristocracyğͅࣆߏᄮࠎ༄׏ͧྵည˭ ᙯܼĞWikipedia, 2020: Union betweenڼă̈́߆ٽߏϾҡĂΞͽซ˘Վ൴ण෶ ރϏ೼࿆Ă̙͌ॗإSweden and NorwayğĄซˢȈ˝͵ࡔĂᔵ൒፾ϲྻજ Ąޞᝋෳ̏གྷռ˭ܑ྿ࢋྫྷ̜౪̶྽ೳធ۞ഇ۞ дȈˣ͵ࡔϐഇĂ༄׏઼ͳΟ೻๰͈ˬ͵ĞGustav III of Sweden, 1771-92ğ ۋ൴જܻᘲ೻ů༄׏ጼޤజ١Ă೗௧јރࢋՐܻᘲ೻ᑒӄӌଫॗ Ğ1803-15ğĂ༄׏ۋĞRuss-Swedish War, 1788-90ğĂव౻൑ΑĄдो৔૬ጼ ࡻ઼ٺࣧώԓ୕ܲ޺̚ϲĂ̙࿅ĂϤރ৭дᇲ၆۞׌͞Ă̜౪ůॗ઼ڱᄃ ĂΪрඕЪͪ˭ٳజ̜౪ރঔ࢕Ăॗ۞ރд 1807 ѐࡎ৚ᑝ࣯ώݣॲă᝚ॗ ጼĞDano-Swedish War ofކͽ၆ԩࡻ઼ăд 1808 ѐШᄃࡻ઼ඕ༖۞༄׏઼ڱ ҋعјϲᓜॡ߆ރม۞ᓑᘭĂॗ̝ރࡻ̷઼ᕝ̜౪ᄃॗٺ1808-1809ğĄϤ ĂТॡ˵ᙋعѣҋ̎۞ϔ୉߆ޘାᑻĂ఺ߏ̜౪Ӗᓜೀ࣎͵ࡔͽֽĂࢵ˧ ڠĂ͛ރॗܬѐˢ 1808 ٺᗆ˭ѣਕ˧ྋՙᖏࢴયᗟć༄׏ދҋ̎д࢕ְځ ᓁ༛ĞGovernor-general of Norway, stadtholderğߤ Ⴌ ೻ą๸ Ο ೻ރࣘ౯۞ॗ পͳᐼĞCharles August, Crown Prince of Sweden, 1809-10ğᅳ࢕၆ԩᐹ๕۞ ᇲ࢕ĞWikipedia, 2020: Union between Sweden and NorwayğĄ क़Ăд 1809 ѐྫྷॗצᜋĂ༄׏׌ࢬүጼ܆ܬᘲ೻д 1808 ѐˢܻٺϤ :ĞWikipedia, 2020ۋᘪࢎĺؼౠπ୧ࡗĻĞTreaty of Jönköpingğઃ̜ͤ༄ጼރ Dano-Swedish War of 1808-09ğć˫ྫྷܻᘲ೻ᘪࢎĺݣѼৼ୧ࡗĻĞTreaty of ᜋăٛ೼ᜋĞLaponiağă̈́๸ᜋཏफĞÅland Islandsğ܆Fredrikshamnğ౷ឰ ĞWikipedia, 2019: Treaty of FredrikshamnğĄ༄׏ˠЯࠎ̙႕઼ͳΟ೻๰͈ ྽͈ĞGustav IV Adolf of Sweden, 1792-1809ğ۞ܑனĂർߏ૟΁ܠα͵ą ๸Ο೻পࠎ༄׏ͳΙႬܓˠĂ΁ࣇАд 1809 ѐރቪᕈĄТॡĂࠎ˞੅рॗ Ȉˬ͵۞ᐼӖĂԓ୕ਕࠎ׌࣎ͳ઼۞ඕЪዛྮĂ୊ಶ̚ࢲᆩ੺ăࡻѐѝీĄ Ѻѐ፾ϲӅ˧ 277۞ރॗ ໚ĈWikimedia CommonsĞ2019: File:Skielober 1811.jpgğĄֽ ౠгүጼ̀һރॗ۞̚ۋဦ 3Ĉो৔૬ጼ 參、丹麥割讓挪威給瑞典 ઼ޓ઼ڱ༄׏д 1810 ѐଯᏴА݈జो৔૬ϋయүጼ̙˧ăҋӘጬ݌۞ ̮ޔឰ͐འ೻পąұৼкপĞJean Baptiste BernadotteğࠎͳᐼĂԼЩĶΙ ͳΙႬȈα͵ąࡗᎰ઼ރ༄׏׶ॗ۞ޢႬąࡗᎰķĞKarl JohanğĂ˵ಶߏ͟ ӌ׀ĞCharles XIV John of Sweden, 1818-44ğ΁͹ጱ༄׏۞γϹă఍͕᎕ᇋ ଀ಢ୧ࡗĻĞTreatyكĂАд 1812 ѐྫྷ༄׏۞૛ᇲܻᘲ೻৪૜ᘪࢎĺཐރॗ of Saint PetersburgğĂ˫д 1813 ѐྫྷࡻ઼ᘪࢎĺ೻ᇇ࣯Ⴌᇝ୧ࡗĻĞTreaty of ଀ॗפĂϹೱ୧Іߏރă̜̈́౪ॗ઼ڱStockholmğĂྫྷ׌઼ඕ༖ВТ၆ԩ үࠎጼӀݡĄރ ௣տጼୀĂ̜౪઼ͳτ࿩ᇇ֧ҹ̱͵ĞFrederick VI ofރ౪ॗ̜ ˿Denmark, 1808-39ğдࡻ઼ă೼ጆ̀ăͽ̈́๸гӀ۞ᑅ࢝˭Ăࠎ˞ᔖҺώ ౷ 8ރѐ ᘪࢎĺૄႬ୧ࡗĻĂ͕ࠛ૟ॗ 1814 ٺᇇᜋΗफĞJutlandğజ ҫ ᅳĂ͟ ༄׏ͳ઼ Kingdom of SwedenğĄ༊ ॡĂܧឰග༄׏઼ͳĞKing of Swedenă҃ ᓁ༛۞ރĂజЇ׻ࠎॗރ਎ࠁ࢕ซዸॗރ༰ྻăТॡۏ༄׏˘͞ࢬซҖ቉ ͳᐼҹ֧೻འщąτ࿩ᇇ֧ҹĞChristian Frederick, 1813-14ğ̙ރ౪ॗ̜ ރĄҹ֧೻འщąτ࿩ᇇ֧ҹԱֽ 21 ЩॗۋˠԩރᙸຍಶቑĂ΍ࢬᅳጱॗ :ᛳгĞKnutsen, 1997ރᘲཏफĂЯࠎ༄׏ኘҿ΃ܑ̙ۢ྽఺ֱߏॗڱӣДफăॾ౗ᜋă̙ 8 226ğĄ ăௐ 1 ഇĞ2021/ߋ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 17 278 ˠഽ୕˘ొҋϤރϲ඗၆ͳഈć̙࿅Ăॗޙᚶֽٚ۞ވ΀௠Ăԓ୕ॲፂͳ 9 ፾ϲă̈́ϲጳ۞ૄރĂᜪયࣇᄮࠎᔘߏֶፂϔ୉ҋՙᝋ ֽүࠎॗڱё۞ጳ Ѻѐ፾ϲྻજϒёणฟĄ۞ރᖂͧྵрĂ΁ଂචт߹10Ăॗ Ăཌྷᇙ๱ᓕĂሤ̷͚޺፾ϲྻજĄצѺؖ଀̜ۢ౪ᄃ༄׏ռ࠹଱ރॗ ጳטᛷ߆ͳĂࢋՐЧгଯࠁ΃ܑણΐރҹ֧೻འщąτ࿩ᇇ֧ҹజଯࠎॗ ᛉĂБ઼Ᏼ΍۞ 112 Щ΃ܑд 1814 ѐ 4 ͡ 10 ͟ΡฟົᛉĄᔵ൒̂छТົ тңซҖ֭՟ѣВᙊĈҫкᇴ۞፾ٺຍ፾ϲߏ౵р۞ᏴีĂ൒҃Ă̂छ၆ થ፾ϲĂ҃͌ᇴ۞ᓑЪᛨĞUnionםϲᛨĞIndependence Partyğ͹ૺᄃ̜౪ ߏ 78 ͧ 33 ைĄགྷ࿅̱ڍԸைඕޢPartyğ݋ᄮࠎᑕྍᄃ༄׏ᗫ೸ඕЪĂ౵ ĻĂڱጳރጳົᛉд 1814 ѐ 5 ͡ 17 ͟˘࡭Тຍ఼࿅ĺॗט࣎ᖃ޵۞੅ኢĂ ͳ઼ĞKingdom of Norway, 1814ğĂ֭ଯᓝҹ֧೻འщąτ࿩ރҶјϲॗކ ͳĞChristian Frederick, King of Norway, 1814ğ11Ą઼ރᇇ֧ҹࠎॗ ໚ĈWikimedia CommonsĞ2019: File:Eidsvoll riksraad 1814.jpegğĄֽ ጳົᛉĞ1814ğטރဦ 4Ĉॗ ᗓ۞ּ̄ĂԲҿᘲ௻．ᎊ഑ಢĞRosa Luxemburgğ۞ኢᕇĄ̶ރЕှĞLenin, 1914ğᔘপҾᓝॗ 9 ࢭ׻۞ᇆᜩĂ˵ಶ઼̂ڱ઼࡚ă̈́צஎڱᅳጱ۰࠻ރҹ֧೻འщ．τ࿩ᇇ֧ҹ൴னĂॗ 10 ĞDerry, 1979: 212-13ğĄهߏˠϔ͹ᝋ۞ந ౪઼ͳҹ֧೻འщˣ͵ĞChristian VIII of Denmark, 1839-48ğĄ̜۞ޢߏ͟˵ 11 Ѻѐ፾ϲӅ˧ 279۞ރॗ ጳົᛉ˯Ğ1814/4/10-5/17ğĂטт݈ٙࢗĂдऄਬЄႬĞEidsvollğ۞ ᄃົ΃ܑ12 ۞ϲಞ̂࡭˯Ξͽ̶ࠎҫ˞඗၆кᇴ۞፾ࠁăͽ̈́ 25-30 Ҝ௚ ॲώ൑˧၆ԩ༄׏ăރࠁĄ௚ࠁ͚޺ྫྷ༄׏ඕЪĂ͹ࢋ۞நϤߏ̶ᗓ۞ॗ ߏ׎΁γ઼˧ณ۞̒࿰ĄᄿႬતąࢮᇇႬąྥႬ೻ұॾĞHerman Wedelٕ Jarlsbergğ͹ૺᄃ༄׏۞ᓑЪΞͽܳјღ૜۞֨኎ЪүĂ҃ͷ˵Ξͽྫྷࡻ઼ रκΟٛąێć׎΁͹ૺᓑЪ۰ѣ̙Т۞જ፟Ăᛊтٽ๼׶҃ޭೇҋϤ෶ ΞਕјࠎԆБ፾ϲ۞઼छĂЯѩှ̙ރࢮॾᜋĞNicolai Wergelandğᄮࠎॗ ጳቁϲ͹ᝋăଯᓝ઼ͳĂГֽྫྷ༄׏ኘטАރᙸᏴፄྫྷ༄׏ඕЪĂ͹ૺॗ Ă΁ܕ࠹಴ࢦă̈́ЪүćฮЧοą๸ႬĞJacob Aallğ۞நϤྫྷࢮॾᜋ࠹̢ т࠷˭ྤ໚ֽ෱͕̙ރநϤߏ௚˘̙ΞᔖҺĂߊ൒тѩĂүࠎ઼̈۞ॗ۞ ĞLindgren, 1959: 11ğĄטтңԩ١༄׏۞ࡗ кΞͽӅ˧۞͞ШĂপҾߏдૻޝੵ˞ᓑЪĂᔘѣܫ࠹၆гĂ፾ࠁ࠹ Ăރү˭Ăࡻ઼ᄃܻᘲ೻ᄻЪৠᗓĂ݈۰ٕధΞਕ̬ˢᑒӄॗྻ۞ڼᝋ߆ རୀĂ༄׏ͳᐼΙႬąࡗᎰѣ઼ڱ˘Һѣᗓม۞۩มć˵ѣˠҿᕝĂ༱̙ ΃҃פͳĂ֤ᆃĂҹ֧೻འщąτ࿩ᇇ֧ҹಶѣΞਕ઼઼ڱΞਕజଯᓝࠎ ϲ˘࣎၈າ۞೻ޙॡಶΞͽޭೇ።Ϋ˯۞ΙႬ੺ᓑ༖ăبࠎ༄׏ͳᐼĂ̝ ಝг֤ჯֲͳ઼ć˘ֱˠ҅ჷ๸гӀγϹ̂Ҋ୥পঠĞKlemens von Metternich, 1809-48ğ̙֭ಈᝌΙႬąࡗᎰྫྷܻ࠱ֲ።̋̂˘͵ĞAlexander Ꮚ༄ט፾ϲֽރĂЯѩĂ๸઼ѣΞਕ͚޺ॗܕI of Russia, 1801-25ğ֕଀͉ ׏ĞLindgren, 1959: 12ğĄ ᄲаֽĂጐგҹ֧೻འщąτ࿩ᇇ֧ҹೌӴгᄰ֏ᙸຍࠎ˞ܲ኎˫ྖ Ξਕ13Ă۞ۋˠ۞ҋϤ҃ॕᖻĂࢬ၆༄׏۞ᑅ˧Ă̙Һ൘ᏢߏӎѣᔖҺጼރॗ дᄃރЯѩĂ΁ྫྷαૻ΃ܑ۞ኘҿ̙Гग़኎ҋ̎۞ͳҜĂ҃ߏтңܲᅪॗ ރॗז༄׏ඕЪ˭۞፾ϲă̈́͹ᝋć༊൒Ăαૻ΃ܑă̈́ΙႬąࡗᎰᜪᇋ ᘪࢎܐឰ၆͞ѣέล˭Ăְ၁˯ĂΙႬąࡗᎰдѐڱˠ۞ࢬ̄Ă˵ຐႽᏱ 12 Β߁ 32 Щ࢕͞΃ܑă27 Щ̳ચˠࣶ΃ܑă16 ЩЋຽࠧ΃ܑăͽ̈́ 37 Щྺϔ΃ܑĞLindgren, 1959: 10ğĄ ፾ϲ۞જ፟Ϗυ֤ᆃރKnutsenĞ1997: 226-27ğ೩ᏹĂҹ֧೻འщ．τ࿩ᇇ֧ҹᅳጱॗ 13 ಏ৷Ą ăௐ 1 ഇĞ2021/ߋ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 17 280 ۞ރೳڠᅳఞᚹڼĺૄႬ୧ࡗĻ̝ᅫ˵ߏрྖᄲႽĂ௣տ൑˧ԩ١༄׏߆ ĞLindgren, 1959: 13ğĄۋ෍ၷ͕Ăᔘߏχ˞˘ಞ՟ѣυࢋ۞׌࣎ᖃ޵ጼ ጳ̝ᅫĂҹ֧೻འщąτ࿩ᇇ֧ҹࠁΙ೻ሞąщҹĞCarsten Ankerğטд ˯Ăᒔ̯д˭ᛉੰ൴֏Ăٽ፾ϲăԼචᗕᙝ෶ރࣖ೶ྼᄲࡻ઼ٚᄮॗـ݈ ࡻ઼ᄃ༄׏ٺᛉੰ˵᜜ኢߏӎ͚޺ĞRedvaldsen, 2014: 186-87ğĄ൒҃ĂϤ ڠ፾ϲăՀߏރѩ֭۷үጼĂ̙ਕࢴ֏҃۲Ăિՙͅ၆ॗكࡗă҃ͷםѣ Ķፍͽ̂ཌྷķĂࢋՐ༊гރॗז༄׏14ĂࠤҌࠁপֹٺڇυืҊރ਎ॗރ˧ ౌ˵ϲಞ15Ą˘͸̝ྡྷ۞೼ጆ̀ă๸гӀăͽܻ̈́ᘲ೻۞عಡ৽ಡጱࡻ઼߆ Ă̙ࢋྫྷٙѣለ߷۞઼छࠎᇲĄރᛋӘॗٺ͚޺༄׏Ăܻᘲ೻ࠤҌ ڍĂ࿱ԩҖࠎߏᄃૻᝋࠎᇲĂඕރ਎ॗރ˧ڠдγϹ؝ϲ̝ᅫĂ༄׏ ރĂॗܬ૟ߏ੹ਣ̈́৔யĂՀ̙ϡᄲ̂࢕ᑅဩ۞ 65,000 Щ࢕ฤΞͽᐌॡˢ ୢͳҜĂ̙࿅ࢋٸࠎٙજซҖજࣶĄҹ֧೻འщąτ࿩ᇇ֧ҹܑϯΞͽ̙ ྿ॗٯ͟ ˠҌ͌Ξͽ౅࿅ᛉົܑ྿ҋՙ۞ຍᙸćαૻ΃ܑд 6 ͡ 30ރՐॗ ၭ୊Ăृ൒١඗Ą๸гӀপֹ August Ernst Steigentesch ๡̝ͽᆄĈĶࠤᆃރ ಶߏԯፋ࣎͵ࠧڍ۰۞ຍԠĂᔘѣࠤᆃрᄲ۞ĉඕڼˠϔĉ༊΁ࣇ࿁ࡦ௚ ҋ̎۞ᐝ˯ķ(What people? What do they have to say against the will ofזᑅ their rulers? That would be to put the world on its head.) (Wikipedia, 2020: Union between Sweden and Norway)Ą གྷ࿅ೀ࣎͡۞ৠགྷጼĂ༄׏д 7 ͡ 27 ͟ϤᐼӖΙႬąࡗᎰதᅳঔౙ࢕ ؠםүүᇹ̄ಶୢϥѢһԸࢫĂజ࢝ኘҿĞ8/10-14ğᘪࢎઃͫރซԽĂॗ ͳĂ݈҃೩݋઼۞ރ༄׏ͳࠎॗצТຍ࣒ጳĂҋᙸତރĺం೻׶ࡗĻ16Ĉॗ ĂপҾߏд 1812-13 ѐมౄјֽܕڱ൑ۏঔĂ቉ڻރᗆॗދࡻ઼࠱छঔ࢕ଂ 1808 ѐಶ 14 ,ˠ̫֞ᙱͽԞᘃćࡻ઼ར̡˭ϮĂγચ̂ҊᘲұপđΫౌරĞRobert Stewartރ੹ਣĂॗ ͹ᝋ෦Ր۞ރॗצᗆĂᔘྫྷ༄׏઼ͳܲᙋĂ඗၆̙ົତދ1801-1804ğੵ˞ޭೇ၁߉ ĞWikipedia, 2020: Kingdom of Norway (1814)ğĄ ,ᅊĞRobert JenkinsonܛĂᘲұপą঱ҹ೻ąྜރ၆ᛨዂॾᛨĞWhigsğۡ֏̙ᏕТଐॗͅ 15 ᄰ֏ᆹҖĺૄႬ୧ࡗĻĂ̙࿅Ă΁۞ᅦࣶع2nd Earl of Liverpoolğ۞ܲчᛨĞToriesğ߆ ĞDerry, 1979: 213ğĄڼҋރѣ̙ᙸຍឰ༄׏дΔለӱ̂ĂЯΪ͚޺ॗ ࡻ઼١඗ࣄᚻྻһĂΙႬąࡗᎰҿᕝᑕྍѣؽγ̝ࢰćΐ˯҂ณჯ˵ৼົᛉٺϤ 16 ,ေкĂԓ୕ిጼిՙౄјߊјְ၁ĞRedvaldsenܜĞCongress of ViennağΡฟдӈĂࠎҺ؆ 2014: 185, 187-88ğĄ Ѻѐ፾ϲӅ˧ 281۞ރॗ ćૄώ˯Ă఺૟ߏ˘࣎Ϥ׌࣎͹ᝋ઼छ౅ڱጳ۞ރߏ༄׏υืТຍٚᄮॗ វրăͽڱᔵ൒ܲѣҋ̎۞ᛉົăΦރ࿅ВТ઼ͳඕЪ҃ј۞֗Ъ઼17Ăॗ Ѻؖۢ྽εΝ፾ϲރҖ߆ᝋĂγϹ݋Ϥ઼ͳ౅࿅༄׏γϹొֽેҖ18Ąॗ̈́ ͽઉ૵ޢ࠹༊ϠঈĂᄮࠎ࢕͞ᑘऴăݔ઼Ăҹ֧೻འщąτ࿩ᇇ֧ҹ౵ޢ οᅊҜĄކЯ৵ࠎϤĂֶ໰ĺం೻׶ࡗĻ۞ࡗՁд 10 ͡ 10 ͟᜻൒ ˫ᛉົдઃͫඕՁ݈Ğ11 ͡ 4 ͟ğĂͽ 72 ͧ 5 Тຍྫྷ༄׏ඕЪĂރॗ ༄׏͘˯Ă఺ߏϏ̶ֽ͘۞ᚨඕĄΩγĂᛉົזͽ 52
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