DOCSLIB.ORG

The Significance of Archaeological Excavations in Galilee for the Interpretation of the Gospels

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Significance of Archaeological Excavations in Galilee for the Interpretation of the Gospels Charles Univerzity in Prague Catholic Theological Faculty Peter Ku čera The Significance of Archaeological Excavations in Galilee for the Interpretation of the Gospels Master’s Thesis The Thesis Supervisor : Jaroslav Brož, Th.D., S.S.L. PRAGUE 2009 1 I hereby declare and confirm that this thesis is entirely the result of my own work and that I have listed all the sources used and quoted in this thesis in my bibliography. Furthermore, this thesis is not used as part of any other examination and has not yet been published In Prague 27.04.2009 Date/Signature 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 5 2 GALILEE ............................................................................................................................. 6 2.1 Topography and Climate ........................................................................................... 6 2.1.1 Wind conditions .................................................................................................. 8 2.2 Fish species ................................................................................................................ 9 2.3 Agriculture and Vegetation ...................................................................................... 10 3 THE PILGRIM REPORTS .............................................................................................. 11 3.1 From the Early Roman to the Late Byzantine period .............................................. 11 3.2 The Early Arab period ............................................................................................. 18 3.3 The Crusader period ................................................................................................. 21 3.4 From the Mamluk period to the Ottoman period ..................................................... 24 4 THE HISTORY OF CAPHARNAUM ............................................................................ 28 4.1 From the Early Bronze Age to the Early Hellenistic period .................................... 28 4.2 From the Late Hellenistic period to the Late Byzantine period ............................... 29 4.3 The Early Arab Period and the Crusader period ...................................................... 34 5 CAPHARNAUM REDISCOVERED AND EXPLORED ............................................. 37 5.1 Capharnaum’s extent ............................................................................................... 42 6 EXCAVATIONS AT THE FRANCISCAN SIDE OF CAPHARNAUM ..................... 44 6.1 The excavations in Insula I ...................................................................................... 46 6.1.1 The octagonal church........................................................................................ 47 6.1.2 The floors underneath the destruction layer ..................................................... 53 6.2 The first century A.D. dwellings ............................................................................. 56 6.2.1 The walls .......................................................................................................... 56 6.2.2 The roofs ........................................................................................................... 57 6.2.3 The floors .......................................................................................................... 60 6.2.4 The doors .......................................................................................................... 61 6.2.5 The courtyards .................................................................................................. 62 6.2.6 The fish-hooks .................................................................................................. 67 6.3 The white limestone synagogue ............................................................................... 68 6.4 The search for a first century synagogue in Capharnaum........................................ 70 6.5 Excavating the synagogue........................................................................................ 73 6.5.1 Stratum C .......................................................................................................... 73 6.5.2 Stratum B .......................................................................................................... 74 6.5.3 Stratum A .......................................................................................................... 76 6.5.3.1 The large basalt floor................................................................................. 77 3 6.5.3.2 The “MB” .................................................................................................. 78 6.6 Different interpretations of the finds associated with the first century A.D. synagogue. ............................................................................................................. 80 6.7 Excavations in insula IX .......................................................................................... 85 7 THE EXCAVATIONS AT THE GREEK ORTHODOX SIDE .................................... 86 7.1 The Roman-style bathhouse ..................................................................................... 87 7.2 The other first century structures ............................................................................. 89 7.3 The interpretations of these finds with regard to the centurion at Capharnaum ...... 90 7.4 The harbour .............................................................................................................. 94 8 CAPHARNAUM’S POPULATION NUMBER IN THE FIRST CENTURY A.D. .... 96 9 CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................. 98 10 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................ 99 10.1 Bibles ....................................................................................................................... 99 10.2 Ancient sources ........................................................................................................ 99 10.3 Modern sources ...................................................................................................... 101 10.4 Atlases of the Bible ................................................................................................ 110 11 A LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................... 112 12 APPENDIX .................................................................................................................... 114 12.1 Chronological tables ................................................................................................. II 12.2 Photographs ........................................................................................................... VII 4 1 INTRODUCTION The last century, especially the latter half of it, has been marked by major breakthroughs in what is referred to as Biblical Archaeology. Numerous finds have been made from throughout the biblical period. Special attention has been given to the time of Jesus and so several sites connected to his life, his public ministry and the Gospel events have been identified and excavated. The identification of some sites have not yet reached common acceptance and so there are several sites “competing” to be acknowledged as “the biblical site”. Thus, at present, there are several sites claiming to be “the biblical Bethsaida”. Of all the sites excavated, one stands out in particular and that is Capharnaum. There is no doubt, at present, concerning its identification and it is the most significant Galilean site with regard to Jesus. The Gospels inform us that Capharnaum was where Peter and his brother Andrew resided with their families and that this was the hub of Jesus’s ministry. In fact, the Evangelist Matthew refers to it as Jesus’ “own town”. Thus, what better place could there be to center our attention than the “town of Jesus”. What can the excavations conducted to date tell us about the life in Capharnaum at the time of Jesus? How many remains have come down from that period and what do they reveal of the settlements’ socioeconomic standard? Has any of the buildings referred to in the Gospels actually been brought to light? What was the physiognomy of the domestic structures and would they be considered poor in comparison with contemporaneous Palestinian dwellings? Is the Gospels’ portrayal of Capharnaum in keeping with the results of the Capharnean excavations? What are the extra biblical references to Capharnaum and what do they have to report? Are they of any import to the excavators? Was there really a Roman centurion stationed at Capharnaum? Was Capharnaum a large and important city or was it just an unpretentious Galilean hamlet? These are some of the questions we will seek answer in this thesis. The aim of this work is to furnish the reader with insight into the excavations at Capharnaum which in turn should allow him or her to envision Capharnaum while reading the Gospels. The results of the excavations at Capharnaum will be presented and evaluated comparatively with both the biblical and the extra biblical sources as well as with the results of excavations from contemporaneous sites in the Levant. In order to facilitate the vizulatization of Capharnaum a presentation of the Galilean topography, climate and biota
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Sale Results Made by the Sale Company and May Be Different Than Results Previously Reported
    For the latest news, go online to http://auctions.bloodhorse.com DISCLAIMER: Current year figures reflect fall of the hammer prices and any private sales reported by the sale company. Figures for the previous year include any revisions Sale Results made by the sale company and may be different than results previously reported. 31. Sippi Fever, m, 06, Stormin Fever—Miss Mississippi, by Cormorant 70. Unnamed, f, 12, Artie Schiller—Vinlear, by Lear Fan (Maine Chance FASIG-TIPTON KENTUCKY {Ready's Image} (Pope McLean, agent)—Scott Mallory, agent Farm)—Good Luck Farm .................................................$10,000 .........................................................................................$17,000 71. Vogue Warrior, f, 09, A. P. Warrior—Vogueing, by Rare Brick WINTER MIXED SALE (FEB. 11) 33. Unnamed, c, 12, Bullsbay—Sister Dyer, by Pulpit (Dapple Stud, (Bluewater Sales, agent)—Derrick Bright .......................... $5,500 agent) .................................................................($9,500) Not sold 73. Unnamed, f, 12, Afleet Express—Wahoo Cat, by Soto (Dapple Stud, 245 sold for $13,781,700; average, $56,252; median, 34. Smart Deputy, f, 09, Smart Strike—Deputy, by Hadif (Four Star agent)—Morris Bloodstock Services, agent ....................$25,000 $15,000 Sales, agent)—Calumet Farm .........................................$20,000 74. Unnamed, c, 12, Strategic Mission—WEEKEND SQUALL, by 35. Unnamed, f, 12, Harlan's Holiday—Smiling Eyes, by Saint Ballado Summer Squall (Oakleigh Farm, agent)—Ocala Farm Corporation Racing or broodmare prospects — 91 sold for (Dapple Stud, agent)—Morris Bloodstock Services, agent (PS) .................................................................................... $2,000 $4,568,700; average, $50,205; median, $17,000 .........................................................................................$50,000 75. Unnamed, c, 12, Henrythenavigator—Welcome Girl, by A.P. Indy 36. Smitten Cat, m, 08, Tale of the Cat—Youre Speeding Luv, by A.P.
    [Show full text]
  • A Note Towards Quantifying the Medieval Nubian Diaspora
    23 A Note towards Quantifying the Medieval Nubian Diaspora Adam Simmons Throughout the Christian medieval period of the kingdoms of Nu- bia (c. sixth–fifteenth centuries), ideas, goods, and peoples traversed vast distances. Judging from primarily external sources, the Nubian diaspora has seldom been thought of as vast, whether in number or geographical scope, both in terms of the relocated and a non- permanently domiciled diaspora. Prior to the Christianisation of the kingdoms of Nobadia, Makuria, and Alwa in the sixth century, likely Nubian delegations, consisting of “Ethiopes,” were received in both Rome and Constantinople alongside ones from neighbouring peoples, such as the Blemmyes and Aksumites. Yet, medieval Nubia is more often seen as inclusive rather than diasporic. This brief dis- cussion will further show that Nubians were an interactive society within the wider Mediterranean, a topic most commonly seen in the debate on Nubian trade.1 Above all, it argues that Nubians had a long relationship with Mediterranean societies that has primarily been overlooked in scholarship. Whilst the evidence presented here is not aimed to be definitive, it does highlight that Nubia’s Mediterranean connections may even have been more diverse than what Giovan- ni Ruffini argued for in his book Medieval Nubia whilst describing Nubia as a “Mediterranean society in Africa.”2 May we even argue for a more developed thesis of interaction? What about the Nubian societies throughout the Mediterranean who interacted with other communities both spiritually and financially? It will be argued here that these questions should be revisited and have potential to fur- ther expand Ruffini’s Mediterranean thesis.
    [Show full text]
  • Northern Dancer
    LES 2000 GUINEES EUROPEENNES DE NORTHERN DANCER 2000 GUINEES Année Vainqueur Père Ascendants Paternels Père de Mère 1970 Nijinsky Northern Dancer Bull Page 1983 Lomond Northern Dancer Poker 1984 El Gran Senor Northern Dancer Buckpasser 1985 Shadeed Nijinsky Northern Dancer Damascus 1986 Dancing Brave Lyphard Northern Dancer Drone 1991 Mystiko Secreto Northern Dancer Zeddaan 1992 Rodrigo de Triano El Gran Senor Northern Dancer Hot Spark 1997 Entrepreneur Sadler's Wells Northern Dancer Exclusive Native 1998 King of Kings Sadler's Wells Northern Dancer Habitat 1999 Island Sands Turtle Island Fairy King Northern Dancer J O Tobin 2002 Rock of Gibraltar Danehill Danzig Northern Dancer Be My Guest 2003 Refuse to Bend Sadler's Wells Northern Dancer Gulch 2004 Haafhd Alhaarth Unfuwain Northern Dancer Blushing Groom 2005 Footstepsinthesand Giant's Causeway Storm Cat Storm Bird Rainbow Quest 2006 George Washington Danehill Danzig Northern Dancer Alysheba 2007 Cockney Rebel Val Royal Royal Academy Nijinsky Known Fact 2009 Sea The Stars Cape Cross Green Desert Danzig Miswaki 2011 Frankel Galileo Sadler's Wells Northern Dancer Danehill IRISH 2000 GUINEES Année Vainqueur Père Ascendants Paternels Père de Mère 1976 Northern Treasure Northfields Northern Dancer Kyrhnos 1981 Kings Lake Nijinsky Northern Dancer Baldric II 1984 Sadler' s Wells Northern Dancer Bold Reason 1988 Prince of Birds Storm Bird Northern Dancer Key To The Mint 1989 Shaadi Danzig Northern Dancer Hoist The Flag 1991 Fourstars Allstar Compliance Northern Dancer Bold Arian 1992 Rodrigo
    [Show full text]
  • Aspects of St Anna's Cult in Byzantium
    ASPECTS OF ST ANNA’S CULT IN BYZANTIUM by EIRINI PANOU A thesis submitted to The University of Birmingham for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Centre for Byzantine, Ottoman and Modern Greek Studies Institute of Archaeology and Antiquity College of Arts and Law The University of Birmingham January 2011 Acknowledgments It is said that a PhD is a lonely work. However, this thesis, like any other one, would not have become reality without the contribution of a number of individuals and institutions. First of all of my academical mother, Leslie Brubaker, whose constant support, guidance and encouragement accompanied me through all the years of research. Of the National Scholarship Foundation of Greece ( I.K.Y.) with its financial help for the greatest part of my postgraduate studies. Of my father George, my mother Angeliki and my bother Nick for their psychological and financial support, and of my friends in Greece (Lily Athanatou, Maria Sourlatzi, Kanela Oikonomaki, Maria Lemoni) for being by my side in all my years of absence. Special thanks should also be addressed to Mary Cunningham for her comments on an early draft of this thesis and for providing me with unpublished material of her work. I would like also to express my gratitude to Marka Tomic Djuric who allowed me to use unpublished photographic material from her doctoral thesis. Special thanks should also be addressed to Kanela Oikonomaki whose expertise in Medieval Greek smoothened the translation of a number of texts, my brother Nick Panou for polishing my English, and to my colleagues (Polyvios Konis, Frouke Schrijver and Vera Andriopoulou) and my friends in Birmingham (especially Jane Myhre Trejo and Ola Pawlik) for the wonderful time we have had all these years.
    [Show full text]
  • HIST4226 Society and Religion in the Medieval Crusader States | University of Glasgow
    09/27/21 HIST4226 Society and Religion in the Medieval Crusader States | University of Glasgow HIST4226 Society and Religion in the View Online Medieval Crusader States [1] Abulafia, D. 2002. Introduction: Seven types of ambiguity, c. 1100 - c. 1500. Medieval frontiers: concepts and practices. Ashgate. 1–34. [2] Abulafia, D. 2011. ‘The profit that God shall give’, 1100-1200. The great sea: a human history of the Mediterranean. Oxford University Press. [3] Adler, E.N. 1930. Jewish travellers. G. Routledge & sons, ltd. [4] Aerts, W.J. 2003. A Byzantine traveler to one of the crusader states. Uitgeverij Peeters. [5] Allen, S.J. and Amt, E. eds. 2014. The Crusades: a reader. University of Toronto Press. [6] Amitai, R. 2008. "Diplomacy and the Slave Trade in the Eastern Mediterranean: A Re-examination of the Mamluk-Byzantine-Genoese Triangle in the Late Thirteenth Century in Light of the Existing Early Correspondence. Oriente Moderno. NS 87, 2 (2008). 1/49 09/27/21 HIST4226 Society and Religion in the Medieval Crusader States | University of Glasgow [7] Ancient Maps of Jerusalem: http://www.jnul.huji.ac.il/dl/maps/jer/. [8] Ancient Resource: Medieval Artifacts From the Crusades: http://www.ancientresource.com/lots/medieval_crusades/crusaders_artifacts1.html. [9] Asbridge, T.S. 1999. The ‘Crusader’ Community at Antioch: The Impact of Interaction with Byzantium and Islam. Transactions of the Royal Historical Society. 9, (1999). DOI:https://doi.org/10.2307/3679407. [10] Aslanov, C. 2002. Languages in Contact in the Latin East: Acre and Cyprus. Crusades. 1, (2002), 155–181. [11] Attiya, H.M. 1999. Knowledge of Arabic in the Crusader States in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries.
    [Show full text]
  • In the 5Th Century, a Pilgrim Named Egeria Traveled from Spain to What Is Now Istanbul, and on to Jerusalem
    Palm Sunday All Saints, East Lansing April 5, 2020 (during covid-19 pandemic) + In the 5th century, a pilgrim named Egeria traveled from Spain to what is now Istanbul, and on to Jerusalem. She was probably a nun from a wealthy family or perhaps the patron of a convent in Spain and she wrote back to her sisters a long narrative about all her travels to the holy sites mentioned in the Bible and preserved as places of prayer. One of the most fascinating sections of her travel log is about her experiences in Jerusalem during Holy Week. the things that we traditionally do in this week are practices that Christians have observed for more than fifteen hundred years. They are customs that Egeria knew from her convent in Spain and then saw lived out again in Jerusalem. She marvels at the similarity between the traditions that she knew in Spain and those that are kept in Jerusalem. She writes that on the Sunday that begins Holy Week, …The passage from the Gospel is read, where the children, carrying branches and palms, met the Lord, saying; ‘Blessed is He that comes in the name of the Lord,’ and the bishop immediately rises, and all the people with him, and they all go on foot from the top of the Mount of Olives, all the people going before him with hymns and antiphons, answering one to another: “Blessed is He that comes in the name of the Lord.’ 1 And all the children in the neighborhood, even those who are too young to walk, are carried by their parents on their shoulders, all of them carrying branches, some of palms and some of olives, and so the bishop is escorted in the same manner as the Lord was of old.
    [Show full text]
  • Landscape As Cartography in Early Christian Pilgrimage Narratives* Blake Leyerle
    Journal of the American Academy of Religion LXIV/1 AAR Landscape as Cartography in Early Christian Pilgrimage Narratives* Blake Leyerle v_>OMPARED TO OTHER ancient travel literature, early accounts of Christian pilgrimage are strikingly spare. Our first record comes to us from an anonymous traveler in the early fourth century but here the land and its inhabitants, both presumably so exotic, remain as faceless as the traveler. Towards the end of the same century Egerias account shows a greater expansiveness on these matters but still has intriguing silences; while fulsome in expressing pleasure m what she sees, her enthusiasm stops short of any literary depiction of these sights. Jeromes letters, writ­ ten at about the same time, describing the land of Palestine as well as the holy travels of his friend Paula, do direct our attention to the landscape but in a highly stylized way For Jerome, scenery speaks of religious rather than geological formation. By the end of the sixth century, how­ ever, when another anonymous pilgrim traveled to the Holy Land, local fauna, flora, and even matters of ethnography are all of exuberant interest. Why is this? While this question may seem too impressionistic, too insignificant— or perhaps even too obvious—to ask, doing so brings real rewards. Like Blake Leyerle is Assistant Professor of Early Christian History in the Theology Department at the Uni­ versity of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 * Portions of this paper were presented at the annual meeting of the North American Patnstics Soci­ ety, Loyola
    [Show full text]
  • Abbatial Jerusalem: Reformed Monastic Ideas by the Third Crusade in the Sermons of Garnerius of Rochefort and Adam the Scot
    Quidditas Volume 38 Article 5 2017 “Dwellers in Shadows” & Abbatial Jerusalem: Reformed Monastic Ideas by the Third Crusade in the Sermons of Garnerius of Rochefort and Adam the Scot Todd P. Upton Denver, Colorado Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/rmmra Part of the Comparative Literature Commons, History Commons, Philosophy Commons, and the Renaissance Studies Commons Recommended Citation Upton, Todd P. (2017) "“Dwellers in Shadows” & Abbatial Jerusalem: Reformed Monastic Ideas by the Third Crusade in the Sermons of Garnerius of Rochefort and Adam the Scot," Quidditas: Vol. 38 , Article 5. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/rmmra/vol38/iss1/5 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Quidditas by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Quidditas 38 (2017) 37 “Dwellers in Shadows” & Abbatial Jerusalem: Reformed Monastic Ideas by the Third Crusade in the Sermons of Garnerius of Rochefort and Adam the Scot Todd P. Upton Denver, Colorado In the crusading era of the Twelfth Century, a majority of Latin sermons presented Jerusalem as a visio pacis (“vision of peace”) that maintained an original characterization of the city made by Pope Urban II’s 1095 sermon at Clermont that launched the First Crusade. This essay dem- onstrates significant ways in which Garnerius of Rochefort and Adam the Scot transformed that visio pacis by the end of the twelfth century. For Garnerius (d. 1215)—a bishop at Langres (in northeastern France) from 1193 who wrote against the Amaurian pantheistic heresy, and died at Clairvaux—the traditional Augustinian visio spiritualis of Jerusalem was reversed, in that Garnerius saw not a celestial or even idealized earthly city, but a physical Jerusalem whose “dwellers in shadows” were practic- ing abominations in the eyes of the Lord.
    [Show full text]
  • HIST4226 Society and Religion in the Medieval Crusader States | University of Glasgow
    09/30/21 HIST4226 Society and Religion in the Medieval Crusader States | University of Glasgow HIST4226 Society and Religion in the View Online Medieval Crusader States Abulafia, David. 2002. ‘Introduction: Seven Types of Ambiguity, C. 1100 - C. 1500.’ Pp. 1–34 in Medieval frontiers: concepts and practices. Aldershot: Ashgate. Abulafia, David. 2011. ‘“The Profit That God Shall Give”, 1100-1200’. in The great sea: a human history of the Mediterranean. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Adler, Elkan Nathan. 1930. Jewish Travellers. Vol. Broadway Travellers. London: G. Routledge & sons, ltd. Aerts, W. J. 2003. A Byzantine Traveler to One of the Crusader States. Vol. Orientalia Lovaniensia analecta. Leuven: Uitgeverij Peeters. Allen, S. J., and Emilie Amt, eds. 2014. The Crusades: A Reader. Vol. Readings in medieval civilizations and cultures. Second edition. North York, Ontario: University of Toronto Press. Amitai, Reuven. 2008. ‘"Diplomacy and the Slave Trade in the Eastern Mediterranean: A Re-Examination of the Mamluk-Byzantine-Genoese Triangle in the Late Thirteenth Century in Light of the Existing Early Correspondence.’ Oriente Moderno NS 87(2). Anon. 1999. Crusader Syria in the Thirteenth Century: The Rothelin Continuation of the History of William of Tyre with Part of the Eracles or Acre Text. Vol. Crusade texts in translation. Aldershot: Ashgate. Anon. n.d. ‘Ancient Maps of Jerusalem.’ Retrieved (http://www.jnul.huji.ac.il/dl/maps/jer/). Anon. n.d. ‘Ancient Resource: Medieval Artifacts From the Crusades.’ Retrieved (http://www.ancientresource.com/lots/medieval_crusades/crusaders_artifacts1.html). Anon. n.d. ‘Cairo Genizah.’ Retrieved (http://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/collections/genizah). Anon.
    [Show full text]
  • A Pilgrimage in Europe and America, Leading to the Discovery of the Sources of the Mississippi and Bloody River; with a Descript
    Library of Congress A pilgrimage in Europe and America, leading to the discovery of the sources of the Mississippi and Bloody River; with a description of the whole course of the former, and of the Ohio. By J.C. Volume 2 2 1108 3614 A PILGRIMAGE IN EUROPE AND AMERICA, LEADING TO THE DISCOVERY OF THE SOURCES OF THE MISSISSIPPI AND BLOODY RIVER; WITH A DESCRIPTION OF THE WHOLE COURSE OF THE FORMER, AND OF THE OHIO. cQiacomo Constantinos BY J. C. BELTRAMI, ESQ. FORMERLY JUDGE OF A ROYAL COURT IN THE EX-KINGDOM OF ITALY. IN TWO VOLUMES. VOL. II. LC LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CITY OF WASHINGTON LONDON: PRINTED FOR HUNT AND CLARKE, YORK STREET, COVENT GARDEN. 1828. F597 .846 F597 .B46 LETTER X. A pilgrimage in Europe and America, leading to the discovery of the sources of the Mississippi and Bloody River; with a description of the whole course of the former, and of the Ohio. By J.C. Volume 2 http://www.loc.gov/resource/lhbtn.1595b Library of Congress Philadelphia, February 28 th, 1823. Where shall I begin, my dear Madam? Where I ought to end,—with myself; for you are impatient to hear what is become of me. I know your friendship, and anticipate its wishes. I am now in America. My hand-writing ought to convince you that I am alive; but, since a very reverend father has made the dead write letters, it is become necessary to explain whether one is still in the land of the living, and particularly when one writes from another world, and has been many times near the gates of eternity.
    [Show full text]
  • University of Birmingham History and Exegesis in the Itinerarium
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by University of Birmingham Research Portal University of Birmingham History and exegesis in the Itinerarium of Bernard the Monk (c.867) Reynolds, Daniel DOI: 10.1553/medievalworlds_no10_2019s252 License: Creative Commons: Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs (CC BY-NC-ND) Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Citation for published version (Harvard): Reynolds, D 2019, 'History and exegesis in the Itinerarium of Bernard the Monk (c.867)', Medieval Worlds, no. 10, pp. 252-296. https://doi.org/10.1553/medievalworlds_no10_2019s252 Link to publication on Research at Birmingham portal General rights Unless a licence is specified above, all rights (including copyright and moral rights) in this document are retained by the authors and/or the copyright holders. The express permission of the copyright holder must be obtained for any use of this material other than for purposes permitted by law. •Users may freely distribute the URL that is used to identify this publication. •Users may download and/or print one copy of the publication from the University of Birmingham research portal for the purpose of private study or non-commercial research. •User may use extracts from the document in line with the concept of ‘fair dealing’ under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (?) •Users may not further distribute the material nor use it for the purposes of commercial gain. Where a licence is displayed above, please note the terms and conditions of the licence govern your use of this document. When citing, please reference the published version.
    [Show full text]
  • Airoforce Stalllion Analysis 9-9-19
    STALLION ANALYSIS DATE: 9/8/19 (Colonel John - Chocolate Pop, by Cuvee) IRON MAIDENS THOROUGHBREDS [email protected] IRON MAIDENS THOROUGHBREDS Pedigree Consultant SECTION I STALLION AND IMMEDIATE FAMILY http://www.ironmaidensthoroughbreds.com ♦ 1 ♦ [email protected] ♦ 772-475-9798 IRON MAIDENS THOROUGHBREDS Pedigree Consultant AIROFORCE 2019 STALLION MATING ANALYSIS AIROFORCE (Colonel John - Chocolate Pop, by Cuvee) 2013 Gray/Roan 16.2 Hands Record: 12-3-3-0 ($679,130) Section I: STALLION AND IMMEDIATE FAMILY Airoforce is Colonel John’s most accomplished son. He has the long, lean elegance of a classic Thoroughbred, reminiscent of his sire Colonel John and second damsire, Canadian Champion With Approval, yet Airoforce received precocious speed from his damsire Cuvee. Airoforce was victorious at distances ranging between 6 1/2-furlongs and 1 1/16-miles. Although he competed mainly on turf, Airoforce won a key stake over dirt. His immediate pedigree has dirt and turf attributes. A magnificent looking $350,00 OBS April sales purchase campaigned by John Oxley, Airoforce flashed precociousness and speed in his debut, drawing away to win a six-furlong turf sprint by 3 1/4-lengths in a sharp 1:10.34, just a second off the Kentucky Downs track record. Airoforce dominated the Dixiana Bourbon Stakes (G3) by 2 1/2-lengths over a full field of fourteen over the Keeneland turf, including Camelot Kitten, Surgical Strike. Airoforce faced a full field of high-class youngsters as the favorite in the 2015 Breeders’ Cup Juvenile Turf (G1). and missed the victory by a neck, after racing in traffic and being distracted in the stretch.
    [Show full text]