• It is a in which metal is removed by means of a revolving cutter with many teeth , each tooth having a cutting edge which removes metal from a work piece. • Cutting can be Horizontal Transversely or Vertically Vertical

Horizontal

Classification of milling machine

• Column and knee type • Fixed bed type • type • Production type • Special purpose Classification of milling machine

1 Column and knee type • Horizontal • Vertical -- Vertical position of cutter • Universal ------Swivel

• Ram type Universal --- arm which slide forward and back word .cutter can be angled Planer type Production type

• • Drum type • , profiling & tracer controlled milling machine Special purpose

• Thread type milling m/c • milling • Planetary type 2 Manufacturing or fixed bed type :- in this vertical motion is impart to spindle or arbor instead of table • Simplex Spindle • Duplex Spindle • Triples Spindle

Rotary table milling machine:- This machine construction is a modification to a vertical milling machine.The face milling cutters are mounted on two or more vertical spindles and a number of workpieces are clamped on the horizontal surface of a circular table which rotates about vertical axis.The cutters may be set at different heights relative to the work so that when one of the cutter is roughing the pieces the other is finishing them.

Rotary table milling machine • Drum milling Drum milling machine • The drum milling machine is similar to a rotary table milling machine in that work-supporting table which is called drum and it rotates in a horizontal axis. The face milling cutters mounted on three or four spindle heads rotate in a horizontal axis and removal metal from workpieces supported on both the faces of drum. The finished machined parts are removed after on complete turn of the drum, and then the new ones are clamped to it. • Planetary milling :- work is held stationery and while cutter moves in a planetary path to finish a circular surface ,either internally or externally.

• Pantograph, profiling & tracer controlled milling machine :- can duplicate a job by using a pantograph mechanism which permits the size of the work piece reproduced to be smaller than, equal to or greater than the size of a template or model used for the purpose. • A pantograph is a mechanism that is generally constructed of four bar which are joined in the form of pantograph. Pantograph machine are available in two dimensional or three dimensional models. • Profiling machine duplicates the full size of the template attached to the machine. This is practically a vertical milling machine or bed type in which the spindle can be adjusted vertically and cutter head horizontally across the table. The movement of cutter regulated by a hardened guide pin Milling operation • Plain or slab milling • Face milling • Angular milling • Form milling • Straddle milling • Gang milling • End milling • T slot milling • Dove tail milling • milling • Involutes Plain or slab milling It is used to machine flat and horizontal surface Face milling for m/c a flat surface which is at right angle to the axis of rotation of the rotating cutter Angular milling Angle is used Form milling :- the milling cutter is used has the shape of the cutting teeth conforming to the profile of surface to be produce Straddle milling in which a pair o side milling cutters is used for milling two // vertical surface Gang milling End milling for producing narrow slots, grooves and keyways using cutter T slot milling Dove tail milling Saw milling Involutes gear cutting end milling cutter is used which carries the profile on its cutting teeth corresponding to the required profile of the gap between gear teeth

Milling Process • UP milling process:- The work piece is fed opposite to the cutters tangents velocity. The chip thickness at start is zero increases to max. at the end of the cut .

• Down milling process :- The work piece is fed in same direction as that of the cutters tangents velocity. Machine size

• Dim of table in cm • HP of driving motor • Spindle speed • Feed

• Indexing is the method of dividing the periphery of a piece of work into any number of equal parts. The attachment used for performing indexing is known as . The indexing operation can be adapted for cutting , ratchet wheels, keyways, fluted , taps and . The indexing head serves as an attachment for holding and indexing the work in doing the above tasks. • There are three different types of indexing heads namely: • 1. Plain or simple dividing head :- IT is hand operated and used for simple indexing • 2. Universal dividing head :- IT can be done by hand or gear drive depending on the operation • 3. Optical dividing head.:- It is the most precision attachment and is therefore ,used for very precision indexing .

Type of indexing

• Rapid or direct indexing :- work on small no. of division like sq. hexagonal etc. • Simple indexing

• Compound indexing :- when the number of division require is outside the range that can be obtained by simple indexing use two circle of index plate

• Differential indexing :- use gear train • Angular indexing : - it is used when to cut grooves or slot at the centre of the circle upon which they are spaced Compound indexing

• n1/N1 ± n2/N2 • n is no. of hole in N hole circle

• n1/N1 ± n2/N2 = 40/Ndiv .

Factor of division required X factors of difference of hole circles ------Factor of 40 X factor of first hole circle N 1 X factor of second hole N 2

• If numerator is cancelled out therefore selection of N 1 and N 2 is correct

Differential indexing

Cutting speed

• Vc = Π DN/1000 m/min • D = dia of cutter mm • N = cutting speed in rpm

Feed f = f t .Z.N ft feed rate per tooth Z is number of cutting teeth of the cutter periphery

• MRR = W d f , mm3/min W is width of cut d = depth of cut f = Rate of feed • timing is the time require for one pass of width of cut for milling or machining a surface

tm = Length of cut / Feed rate = L/f

L0 = √ (d(D-d) .5

• Drilling is a process of making hole or enlarge a hole in an object by a rotating tool called “”.

Drill is generally called ‘twisted drill’ Material used for drill Carbon steel , HSS , Carbide tipped • Drill Machine :- A power operated machine tool which hold the drill in its spindle rotating at high speed and when manually actuated to move linearly simultaneously against the work piece produce a hole .

• Specification of a drill Machine • Size of drill m/c table • Largest bit the m/c can hold • Max size of the work piece that can be held. • Power of the motor, spindle speed Various type of drill machine

• Portable drilling machine – max diameter of drill • Sensitive or bench drilling - machine are specified by the diameter of the diameter of largest work piece that can be drilled • Radial drill machine is specified by the length of arm and column diameter. • Multiple spindle drill machine is specified by the drill area, the size and the number of hole a machine can drill Portable drilling machine Sensitive or bench drilling Machine light duty machine they are usually mounted on work bench Radial drill machine Multiple spindle drill machine Gang drill machine when several drill spindles are mounted on a single table Turret Drill machine Deep hole drilling machine

• Axis: The imaginary straight line which forms the longitudinal center line of the drill • Body: The portion of the drill extending from the shank or neck to the outer corners of the cutting lips • Body Diameter Clearance: That portion of the land that has been cut away so it will not rub against the walls of the hole • Chip Breaker: Nicks or Grooves designed to reduce the size of chips; they may be steps or grooves in the cutting lip or in the leading face of the land • Edge: The edge at the end of the web that connects the cutting lips • Chisel Edge Angle: The angle included between the chisel edge and the cutting lip, as viewed from the end of the drill

• Clearance: The space provided to eliminate undesirable contact between the drill and the workpiece • Clearance Diameter: The diameter over the the cut away portion of the drill lands • Heel: The trailing edge of the land • Helix Angle: The angle made by the leading edge of the land with a plane containing the axis of the drill • Land: The peripheral portion of the body between adjacent flutes • Land Width: The distance between the leading edge and the heel of the land measured at a right angle to the leading edge • Neck: The section of reduced diameter between the body and the shank of a drill Oil Grooves: Longitudinal straight or helical grooves in the shank, or grooves in the lands of a drill to carry to the cutting lips Oil Holes • Point angle • 60 o for wood • 100 o for soft and medium cast iron • 118 o for soft and medium hard brass and copper • 125 o – 135 o for heat treated steel ,drop alloy steels, SS • 150 o for steel rails , armor plate

• Helix angle :- Large for soft material and small for hard material • High helix drills: This drill has a high helix angle, which improves cutting efficiency but weakens the drill body. It is used for cutting softer metals and other low strength materials. • Low helix drills: A lower than normal helix angle is sometimes useful to prevent the tool from "running ahead" or "grabbing" when drilling brass and similar materials. • • Crankshaft or Deep Hole Drills: Drills designed for drilling oil holes in crankshafts, connecting rods and similar deep holes; they are generally made with heavy webs and higher helix angles than normal

Spade Drill: A drill whose flutes are produced by two parallel or tapered flats Half-Round Drill: A drill with a transverse cross-section of approximately half a circle and having one cutting lip Step drill these have two or more steps (dia ) of sq or angular cutting edges produce by grinding various steps on the dia of conventional drill. use fro operation like counter ,counter sinking and chamfering • Flat shank • Tapper shank

Chip brakers Drilling machine operation • Reaming :- Finishing an existing hole • Boring :- enlarging hole • Counter boring :- It is an operation of enlarging a drill hole partially for specific length • Counter sinking :- it is an operation of a conical shape at the end of a drill hole • Tapping :-forming thread on hole • Trepanning :- producing hole by removing the metal along the circumference of hollow Reaming

Classification of drill • According to type of shank • Parallel shank • Taper Shank • According to Flutes • Flat • Twist drill • According to length • Short series drill • Stub series drill • Long series drill • According to application • Core drilling A core drill is a drill specifically designed to remove a cylinder of material, much like a hole saw • Drills for long hole • Centre drill were originally designed to create the required to locate a centre when between centres . • Masonry drill :- bits are designed for drilling into tough materials such as stone, block or concrete Core drill Centre drill, Flat Flutes , Short series drill

Drill holding devise Job holding device

• SPEED V = ( ╥ D N ) / 1000 m/min • Where D is in mm, N is in rev/min. • f = FEED expressed as mm/rev. • DEPTH OF CUT = (Drill diameter)/ 2 mm MRR IN DRILLING OPERATION • MRR = ( ╥ D^2 / 4) f N mm^3/min MACHINING TIME IS GIVEN BY t = L / fN min • Where L is in mm • f is in mm/rev • N is in rpm • Drilling formulas The material removal rate (MRR) in drilling is the volume of material removed by the drill per unit time. • For a drill with a diameter D, the cross-sectional area of the drilled hole is πD 2 /4. • The velocity of the drill perpendicular to the work piece f is the product of the feed fr and the rotational speed N where N = V /π D. • Thus, MRR = (πD 2 / 4) (f) mm3 /min • Conversion of feedrate fr (mm/rev) to feedrate f (mm/min) • f = N fr (mm/min) • Power = MRR x unit power

• It is a method of removing metal by a tool that has successively higher cutting edge in a fixed path . Each tooth remove pre determine amount of material Job is completed in one stroke of machine , the last tooth of cutting tool conforming to the desired shape. Component make by broaching are , ,clutch pressure plates , gear spline , gear sectors, rocker arm , spider spline hole key way etc Advantage and limitation

• Both roughening and finishing operation are completed in one pass of the tool, giving a high rate of production • Rate of production is high • Internal or external surface can be machined within close tolerances needed for interchangeable mass production the accuracy of surface finish is of the order of 0.1 micron • Broaching have exceptionally long life since each tooth of a broach passes through or over the work only once per pass. Limitation • The tooling coast is very high and hence broaching process is adopted only in those place were mass production is required. • The broach tool is made for a particular job only and cannot be easily adopted to a range of application • Work piece to be broach should be rigid and strong to withstand heavy tool forces • All the elements of the broaching surface must be parallel to the axis of the travel .

• Rake angle or face angle of the tooth depends on the material to be cut and its hardness, toughness and ductility . • The land of the tooth determines its strength . • The pitch determines the length of the cut and chip thickness which a broach can handles • Pull Broaching Workpiece is clamped to the broaching machine in stationary position and the broach is pulled through the work. Broaches are usually long and are held in a special head. Pull broaching is mostly used for internal broaching. • Push Broaching Workpiece is held in the broaching machine in stationary position and broach is pushed through the portion of workpiece to the machined. Normally push broaching is done by hand and arbor presses (hydraulic press). This method is also recommended for internal broaching like for sizing and finishing the holes, cavities, and key ways • Surface Broaching Any one of two, either workpiece or the broach (tool) is kept moving and other is kept stationary. The method is widely used as surface finishing operation. In case of surface broaching, the broaching tool is specifically designed for the shape to be finished. • Continuous Broaching In continuous broaching the broach is held stationary in the broaching machine and workpiece is moved continuously. The teeth of movement of the workpiece may be either straight, horizontal or circular. This is generally used for broaching a large number of similar workpieces at a time • Working principle can be criteria of classification of broaching machine as described below : (a) Hydraulic broaching machine (b) Mechanical broaching machine (C) Pneumatic broaching machine • Construction of a broaching machine can also be another criteria of classification like : (a) Vertical broaching machine (b) Horizontal broaching machine

• Application of a broaching machine can also be criteria of classification of a broaching machine : (a) internal broaching machine (b) external broaching machine