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Analysis of Deployable Strut Roof Structures

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Analysis of Deployable Strut Roof Structures Analysis of Deployable Strut Roof Structures By Maxwell H. Wolfe B.S. Civil Engineering Northeastern University, 2012 SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ENGINEERING IN CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AT THE MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ARCHNES JUNE 2013 MASSACHUSETTS INSeWi OF TECHNOLOGY © Maxwell Wolfe JUL All Rights Reserved 0 8 2013 The author hereby grants to MIT permission to reproduce LIBRA RIES and to distribute publicly paper and electronic copies of this thesis document in whole or in part in any medium now known or hereafter created. I /l Signature of Author: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering May 10, 2013 Certified by: Jerome J. Connor Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering Thesis Sugervisor Accepted by: leidi P. Nepf Chair, Departmental Committee for Graduate Students 2 Analysis of Deployable Strut Roof Structures By Maxwell H. Wolfe Submitted to the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering on May 10, 2013 in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering in Civil and Environmental Engineering Abstract Deployable structures are structures that can change shape from a compact to an expanded form. Thus, their advantage over conventional structures is adaptability, whether in the sense of adapting to changing environmental conditions or being adapted for repeated transportation and deployment. These features make deployable structure highly desirable for a wide range of applications in the aerospace, military, and architectural fields. However, these structures are often only designed as small scale "products", rather than structures requiring full analysis and design procedures. Much work has focused on the various geometries of the deployment mechanisms without considering practical engineering aspects. If deployable structures are to be designed on the scale of large civil structures, a proper understanding of the flow of forces through the structure is required. This thesis begins with a brief discussion of deployable structures in general before moving on to geometric constraints of strut-type deployable structures. Then, it details a preliminary analysis of one class of deployable structures, known as angulated element structures. These structures are designed to be operable roofs spanning over sports facilities. During deployment, the center of the structure opens or closes to accommodate changes in weather conditions. Building on the geometry established in other work, the relationships between the basic geometric parameters of angulated element rings and their structural characteristics are determined. SAP2000 analysis results are used to make specific design recommendations. The feasibility of using this type of structure for an operable long span roof is confirmed. Thesis Supervisor: Jerome J. Connor Title: Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering Acknowledgements First, I would like to thank my parents, Sara and Laird Wolfe, for their continued support of my academic endeavors. Without them, I could never have attended this wonderful school. I would also like to thank Professor Jerome J. Connor, for his dedication to the art of teaching structural engineering. Finally, I owe much to Dr. Pierre Ghisbain, who consistently exceeded expectations in his role as TA for this year's MEng class. His advice regarding analysis modeling proved to be very valuable for this thesis. 4 Table of Contents Abstract......................................................................................................................................................... 3 Acknow ledgements.......................................................................................................................................4 Table of Contents.......................................................................................................................................... 5 Table of Figures ............................................................................................................................................ 7 1 IN TRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................ 9 2 TYPES OF DEPLOYABLE STRUCTURES AND MECHANISMS ............................................ 11 2.1 Pneum atic Structures .................................................................................................................. 11 2.2 Tape Spring Structures................................................................................................................ 12 2.3 Folding Structures....................................................................................................................... 12 2.4 Telescoping Structures................................................................................................................ 13 2.5 Pantograph Structures ................................................................................................................. 13 3 APPLICATION S................................................................................................................................15 3.1 M ilitary ....................................................................................................................................... 15 3.2 Disaster Relief............................................................................................................................. 15 3.3 Tem porary Structures.................................................................................................................. 16 3.4 Aerospace.................................................................................................................................... 16 3.5 Roof Structures ........................................................................................................................... 16 4 PAN TOGRAPH UN IT STRUCTURES.......................................................................................... 19 4.1 Pantograph Geom etry ................................................................................................................. 19 4.2 Deployable Units ........................................................................................................................ 19 4.3 Locking M echanimsm s .................................................................................................................. 21 5 AN GULATED ELEM ENT STRUCTURES ................................................................................... 23 5.1 Angulated Elem ent Geometry................................................................................................. 23 5.2 M ulti-angulated Elem ents ....................................................................................................... 26 5.3 Deploym ent Process of Circular Angulated Elem ent Rings ................................................... 27 5.4 Angulated Elem ent Structures as Deployable Roofs .............................................................. 28 6 ANALYSIS OF ANGULATED ELEMENT STRUCTURES........................................................31 6.1 M ethodology ............................................................................................................................... 31 6.1.1 M ATLAB Program ............................................................................................................. 31 6.1.2 SAP2000.............................................................................................................................33 6.2 Loading.......................................................................................................................................34 6.3 Analysis Results..........................................................................................................................34 6.3.1 General................................................................................................................................34 6.3.2 Response During Deploym ent....................................................................................... 37 6.3.3 N um ber of Divisions........................................................................................................... 40 5 6.3.4 Roof Span............................................................................................................................44 6.3.5 N um ber of K inks................................................................................................................. 46 7 DESIGN RECOM MEN DATION S ................................................................................................ 49 8 CON CLUSION ................................................................................................................................... 53 References................................................................................................................................................... 55 Appendix: M ATLAB Code ........................................................................................................................ 57 6 Table of Figures Figure 1 - J.B . Carr Tennis Bubble at M IT .............................................................................................. 12 Figure 2 - Left: telescoping antenna on a news van. Right: adjustable height construction shoring .......... 13 Figure 3
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