California Journal of Mines and Geology
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Rocks and Minerals in This Station-Based Event
Gary Vorwald NYS Rock & Mineral Supervisor Paul J. Gelinas JHS [email protected] Event Description Participants will demonstrate their knowledge of rocks and minerals in this station-based event. A team of up to 2 Approximate time: 40 – 50 Minutes Event Parameters Each team may bring: one magnifying glass One 3-ring binder (1 inch) containing information in any form from any source Materials MUST be 3-hole punched and inserted into the rings (sheet protectors allowed) The Competition Station Event: 15-24 stations with samples & questions Equal time intervals will be allotted for each station. When the signal is given, participants will begin work at their initial station. Participants may not move to the next station until prompted to do so, may not skip stations, nor return to any previously-visited station Mineral and Rock Stations The Competition HCl will not be provided, nor may it be brought to, or be used during the competition. Written descriptions as to how a specimen might react were it to be tested with HCl may be provided. The Competition Identification will be limited to specimens appearing on the Official Science Olympiad Rock and Mineral List (see www.soinc.org) Other rocks or minerals may be used to illustrate key concepts. Tournament Directors may include up to five additional specimens important to their own state. If additional specimens are to be included, all teams must be notified no later than 3 weeks prior to the competition. 2017 Rock & Mineral List Available at: https://www. soinc.org Students should place list in front of notebook Minerals are organized by mineral family Consists of: 59 Minerals 7 Metamorphic Rocks 10 Igneous Rocks 17 Sedimentary Rocks (or varieties) Minerals Native Elements 31. -
S40645-019-0306-X.Pdf
Isaji et al. Progress in Earth and Planetary Science (2019) 6:60 Progress in Earth and https://doi.org/10.1186/s40645-019-0306-x Planetary Science RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Biomarker records and mineral compositions of the Messinian halite and K–Mg salts from Sicily Yuta Isaji1* , Toshihiro Yoshimura1, Junichiro Kuroda2, Yusuke Tamenori3, Francisco J. Jiménez-Espejo1,4, Stefano Lugli5, Vinicio Manzi6, Marco Roveri6, Hodaka Kawahata2 and Naohiko Ohkouchi1 Abstract The evaporites of the Realmonte salt mine (Sicily, Italy) are important archives recording the most extreme conditions of the Messinian Salinity Crisis (MSC). However, geochemical approach on these evaporitic sequences is scarce and little is known on the response of the biological community to drastically elevating salinity. In the present work, we investigated the depositional environments and the biological community of the shale–anhydrite–halite triplets and the K–Mg salt layer deposited during the peak of the MSC. Both hopanes and steranes are detected in the shale–anhydrite–halite triplets, suggesting the presence of eukaryotes and bacteria throughout their deposition. The K–Mg salt layer is composed of primary halites, diagenetic leonite, and primary and/or secondary kainite, which are interpreted to have precipitated from density-stratified water column with the halite-precipitating brine at the surface and the brine- precipitating K–Mg salts at the bottom. The presence of hopanes and a trace amount of steranes implicates that eukaryotes and bacteria were able to survive in the surface halite-precipitating brine even during the most extreme condition of the MSC. Keywords: Messinian Salinity Crisis, Evaporites, Kainite, μ-XRF, Biomarker Introduction hypersaline condition between 5.60 and 5.55 Ma (Manzi The Messinian Salinity Crisis (MSC) is one of the most et al. -
1469 Vol 43#5 Art 03.Indd
1469 The Canadian Mineralogist Vol. 43, pp. 1469-1487 (2005) BORATE MINERALS OF THE PENOBSQUIS AND MILLSTREAM DEPOSITS, SOUTHERN NEW BRUNSWICK, CANADA JOEL D. GRICE§, ROBERT A. GAULT AND JERRY VAN VELTHUIZEN† Research Division, Canadian Museum of Nature, P.O. Box 3443, Station D, Ottawa, Ontario K1P 6P4, Canada ABSTRACT The borate minerals found in two potash deposits, at Penobsquis and Millstream, Kings County, New Brunswick, are described in detail. These deposits are located in the Moncton Subbasin, which forms the eastern portion of the extensive Maritimes Basin. These marine evaporites consist of an early carbonate unit, followed by a sulfate, and fi nally, a salt unit. The borate assemblages occur in specifi c beds of halite and sylvite that were the last units to form in the evaporite sequence. Species identifi ed from drill-core sections include: boracite, brianroulstonite, chambersite, colemanite, congolite, danburite, hilgardite, howlite, hydroboracite, kurgantaite, penobsquisite, pringleite, ruitenbergite, strontioginorite, szaibélyite, trembathite, veatchite, volkovskite and walkerite. In addition, 41 non-borate species have been identifi ed, including magnesite, monohydrocalcite, sellaite, kieserite and fl uorite. The borate assemblages in the two deposits differ, and in each deposit, they vary stratigraphically. At Millstream, boracite is the most common borate in the sylvite + carnallite beds, with hilgardite in the lower halite strata. At Penobsquis, there is an upper unit of hilgardite + volkovskite + trembathite in halite and a lower unit of hydroboracite + volkov- skite + trembathite–congolite in halite–sylvite. At both deposits, values of the ratio of B isotopes [␦11B] range from 21.5 to 37.8‰ [21 analyses] and are consistent with a seawater source, without any need for a more exotic interpretation. -
Inyoite Cab3o3(OH)5 • 4H2O C 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, Version 1
Inyoite CaB3O3(OH)5 • 4H2O c 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, version 1 Crystal Data: Monoclinic. Point Group: 2/m. Typically as crystals, short prismatic along [001], tabular on {001}, exhibiting prominent {110} and {001} and a dozen other minor forms, to 2.5 cm; in cockscomb aggregates of pseudorhombohedral crystals; also coarse spherulitic, granular. Physical Properties: Cleavage: {001}, good; {010}, distinct. Fracture: Irregular. Tenacity: Brittle. Hardness = 2 D(meas.) = 1.875 D(calc.) = 1.87 Soluble in H2O. Optical Properties: Transparent, translucent on dehydration. Color: Colorless, white on dehydration. Luster: Vitreous. Optical Class: Biaxial (–). Orientation: Y = b; X ∧ c =37◦; Z ∧ c = –53◦. Dispersion: r< v, slight. α = 1.490–1.495 β = 1.501–1.505 γ = 1.516–1.520 2V(meas.) = 70◦–86◦ Cell Data: Space Group: P 21/a. a = 10.621(1)) b = 12.066(1) c = 8.408(1) β = 114◦1.2◦ Z=4 X-ray Powder Pattern: Monte Azul mine, Argentina. 7.67 (100), 2.526 (25), 3.368 (22), 1.968 (22), 2.547 (21), 3.450 (20), 2.799 (19) Chemistry: (1) (2) B2O3 37.44 37.62 CaO 20.42 20.20 + H2O 9.46 − H2O 32.46 H2O 42.18 rem. 0.55 Total 100.33 100.00 • (1) Hillsborough, Canada; remnant is gypsum. (2) CaB3O3(OH)5 4H2O. Occurrence: Along fractures and nodular in sedimentary borate deposits; may be authigenic in playa sediments. Association: Meyerhofferite, colemanite, priceite, hydroboracite, ulexite, gypsum. Distribution: In the USA, in California, from an adit on Mount Blanco, Furnace Creek district, Death Valley, Inyo Co., and in the Kramer borate deposit, Boron, Kern Co. -
Crystal Structure and Magnetic Properties of the New Zn1. 5Co1
Crystal Structure and Magnetic Properties of the New Zn1.5Co1.5B7O13Br Boracite Roberto Escudero∗ and Francisco Morales Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Aut´onoma de M´exico. A. Postal 70-360. M´exico, D.F., 04510 MEXICO.´ Marco A Leyva Ramirez Departamento de Qu´ımica, Centro de Investigaci´on y Estudios Avanzados del IPN. 07360, M´exico, D. F. Jorge Campa-Molina and S. Ulloa-Godinez C. Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenieras, Universidad de Guadalajara, Laboratorio de Materiales Avanzados Departamento de Electronica. 044840, Guadalajara, Jalisco. MEXICO.´ (Dated: August 29, 2021) arXiv:1106.5446v1 [cond-mat.mtrl-sci] 27 Jun 2011 1 Abstract New Zn1.5Co1.5B7O13Br boracite crystals were grown by chemical transport reactions in quartz ampoules, at a temperature of 1173 K. The crystal structure was characterized by X-ray diffraction. The crystals present an orthorhombic structure with space group Pca21, (No. 29). The determined cell parameters were: a = 8.5705(3)A,˚ b = 8.5629(3) A,˚ and c = 12.1198(4)A,˚ and cell volume, V = 889.45(5) A˚3 with Z = 4. Magnetic properties in single crystals of the new boracite, were determined. The Susceptibility-Temperature (χ−T ) behavior at different magnetic intensities was studied. The inverse of the magnetic susceptibility χ−1(T ) shows a Curie-Weiss characteristic with spin s = 3/2 and a small orbital contribution, l. At low temperatures, below 10 K, χ(T ) shows irreversibility that is strongly dependent on the applied magnetic field. This boracite is ferrimag- netic up to a maximum temperature of about 16 K, as shows the coercive field. -
United States Patent (11) 3,615,174
United States Patent (11) 3,615,174 72 Inventor William J. Lewis 3,342,548 9/1967 Macey....... A. 2319 X South Ogden, Utah 3,432,031 3/1969 Ferris........................... 209/166 X 21 Appl. No. 740,886 FOREIGN PATENTS 22, Filed June 28, 1968 45 Patented Oct. 26, 1971 1,075,166 4f1954 France ......................... 209/66 (73) Assignee NL Industries, Inc. OTHER REFERENCES New York, N.Y. Chem. Abst., Vol. 53, 1959, 9587e I & EC, Vol. 56, 7, Jy '64, 61 & 62. Primary Examiner-Frank W. Lutter 54 PROCESSFOR THE SELECTIVE RECOVERY OF Assistant Examiner-Robert Halper POTASSUMAND MAGNESUMWALUES FROM Attorney-Ward, McElhannon, Brooks & Fitzpatrick AQUEOUSSALT SOLUTIONS CONTAINING THE SAME 11 Claims, 4 Drawing Figs. ABSTRACT: Kainite immersed in brine in equilibrium con 52) U.S. Cl........................................................ 23138, verted to carnalite by cooling to about 10 C. or under. Car 209/11, 209/166,23191, 22/121 nallite so obtained purified by cold flotation. Purified carnal (5) Int. Cl......................................................... B03b 1100, lite water leached to yield magnesium chloride brine and B03d 1102, C01f 5126 potassium chloride salt. Latter optionally converted to potas 50 Field of Search............................................ 209/166,3, sium sulfate by reaction with kainite, or by reacting the carnal 10, 11; 23.19, 38, 121 lite with kainite. Naturally occurring brine concentrated to precipitate principally sodium chloride, mother liquor warm 56 References Cited concentrated to precipitate kainite, cooled under mother UNITED STATES PATENTS liquor for conversion to carnallite. A crude kainite fraction 2,479,001 8/1949 Burke........................... 23.191 purified by warm flotation and a crude carnallite fraction pu 2,689,649 9, 1954 Atwood.... -
Crystallization of Kainite from Solutions in Syste
ineering ng & E P l r a o c i c e m s e s Journal of h T C e f c h o Kostiv and Basystiuk, J Chem Eng Process Technol 2016, 7:3 l ISSN: 2157-7048 n a o n l o r g u y o J Chemical Engineering & Process Technology DOI: 10.4172/2157-7048.1000298 Research Article Article OpenOpen Access Access + 2+ + - 2- Crystallization of Kainite from Solutions in System K , Mg , Na // Cl , SO4 -Н2О Kostiv IY1 and Yа І Basystiuk2* 1State Enterprise Scientific - Research Gallurgi Institute 5a, Fabrichna Str., 76000 Kalush, Ukraine 2Precarpathian National University named after V. Stephanyk 57, Shevchenko Str., 76025 Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine Abstract In isothermal conditions have been studied the influence of system solution sea salts during their evaporation and crystallization to composition of received liquid and solid phases. It is shown that evaporation of the solution leading 2- to its supersaturation by sulfate salts. In the liquid phase before crystallization of kainite concentration of SO4 ions increases to 10% and above. Through this probability of formation of crystals increases and the result of evaporation 2- is the formation of finely dispersed kainite. During crystallization of kainite concentration of SO4 in the liquid phase 2- 2+ decreases rapidly. Decreasing its intensity increases with increasing value k=E SO4 : E Mg of initial solution. For 2- the degree of evaporation of 20.0% and 31.0% concentration of SO4 in evaporated solution on the value of k does not change. Most forms of potassium salts in the solid phase for the value k=0.7573 and reaches a maximum value at 82% evaporation rate of 31%. -
Ulexite Nacab5o6(OH)6 • 5H2O C 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, Version 1 Crystal Data: Triclinic
Ulexite NaCaB5O6(OH)6 • 5H2O c 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, version 1 Crystal Data: Triclinic. Point Group: 1. Rare as measurable crystals, which may have many forms; typically elongated to acicular along [001], to 5 cm, then forming fibrous cottonball-like masses; in compact parallel fibrous veins, and radiating and compact nodular groups. Twinning: Polysynthetic on {010} and {100}; possibly also on {340}, {230}, and others. Physical Properties: Cleavage: On {010}, perfect; on {110}, good; on {110}, poor. Fracture: Uneven across fiber groups. Tenacity: Brittle. Hardness = 2.5 D(meas.) = 1.955 D(calc.) = 1.955 Slightly soluble in H2O; parallel fibrous masses can act as fiber optical light pipes; may fluoresce yellow, greenish yellow, cream, white under SW and LW UV. Optical Properties: Transparent to opaque. Color: Colorless; white in aggregates, gray if included with clays. Luster: Vitreous; silky or satiny in fibrous aggregates. Optical Class: Biaxial (+). Orientation: X (11.5◦,81◦); Y (100◦,21.5◦); Z (107◦,70◦) [with c (0◦,0◦) and b∗ (0◦,90◦) using (φ,ρ)]. α = 1.491–1.496 β = 1.504–1.506 γ = 1.519–1.520 2V(meas.) = 73◦–78◦ Cell Data: Space Group: P 1. a = 8.816(3) b = 12.870(7) c = 6.678(1) α =90.36(2)◦ β = 109.05(2)◦ γ = 104.98(4)◦ Z=2 X-ray Powder Pattern: Jenifer mine, Boron, California, USA. 12.2 (100), 7.75 (80), 6.00 (30), 4.16 (30), 8.03 (15), 4.33 (15), 3.10 (15b) Chemistry: (1) (2) B2O3 43.07 42.95 CaO 13.92 13.84 Na2O 7.78 7.65 H2O 35.34 35.56 Total 100.11 100.00 • (1) Suckow mine, Boron, California, USA. -
Gases in Evaporites: Part 2 of 3: Nature, Distribution and Sources
www.saltworkconsultants.com Salty MattersJohn Warren - Wed., November 30, 2016 Gases in Evaporites: Part 2 of 3: Nature, distribution and sources This, the second of three articles on gases held within salt de- older and younger sets of gas analyses conducted over the years posits, focuses on the types of gases found in salt and their ori- in various salt deposits are not necessarily directly comparable. gins. The first article (Salty Matters October 31, 2016) dealt with Raman micro-spectroscopy is a modern, non-destructive meth- the impacts of intersecting gassy salt pockets during mining or od for investigating the unique content of a single inclusion in drilling operations. The third will discuss the distribution of the a salt crystal. There is a significant difference in terms of what is various gases with respect to broad patterns of salt mass shape measured in analysing gas content seeping from a fissure in a salt and structure (bedded, halokinetic and fractured) mass or if comparisons are made with conventional wet-chem- ical methods which were the pre Raman-microscopy method What’s the gas? that is sometimes still used. Wet chemical methods require sam- Gases held in evaporites are typically mixtures of varying propor- ple destruction, via crushing and subsequent dissolution, prior to tions of nitrogen, methane, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, hydrogen analysis. This can lead to the escape of a variable proportion of sulphide, as well as brines and minor amounts of Units dominated by Units dominated by Units with more or other gases such as argon inclusions from the N-O inclusions from less equal numbers CH -H -H S groups of both groups and various short chain and N2 groups 4 2 2 hydrocarbons (Table 2). -
Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece
Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece Vol. 40, 2007 A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF THE COLEMANITE- RICH TUFF LAYER FROM THE SOURIDES AREA, KARLOVASSI BASIN, SAMOS ISLAND, HELLAS Kantiranis N. Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Faculty of Sciences, School of Geology, Department of Min eralogy-Petrology-Economic Geology Filippidis A. Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Faculty of Sciences, School of Geology, Department of Min eralogy-Petrology-Economic Geology Stamatakis M. National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Faculty of Geology and Geoenvironment, Department of Economic Geology and Geochemistry Tzamos E. Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Faculty of Sciences, School of Geology, Department of Min eralogy-Petrology-Economic Geology Drakoulis A. Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Faculty of Sciences, School of Geology, Department of Min eralogy-Petrology-Economic Geology https://doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.16717 Copyright © 2018 N. Kantiranis, A. Filippidis, M. Stamatakis, E. Tzamos, A. Drakoulis To cite this article: http://epublishing.ekt.gr | e-Publisher: EKT | Downloaded at 20/02/2020 23:19:58 | Kantiranis, N., Filippidis, A., Stamatakis, M., Tzamos, E., & Drakoulis, A. (2007). A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF THE COLEMANITE-RICH TUFF LAYER FROM THE SOURIDES AREA, KARLOVASSI BASIN, SAMOS ISLAND, HELLAS. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece, 40(2), 769-774. doi:https://doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.16717 http://epublishing.ekt.gr | e-Publisher: EKT | Downloaded at 20/02/2020 23:19:58 | Δελτίο της Ελληνικής Γεωλογικής Εταιρίας τομ. -
Assessment of the Molecular Structure of the Borate Mineral Boracite
Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 96 (2012) 946–951 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/saa Assessment of the molecular structure of the borate mineral boracite Mg3B7O13Cl using vibrational spectroscopy ⇑ Ray L. Frost a, , Yunfei Xi a, Ricardo Scholz b a School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, G.P.O. Box 2434, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia b Geology Department, School of Mines, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Campus Morro do Cruzeiro, Ouro Preto, MG 35400-00, Brazil highlights graphical abstract " Boracite is a magnesium borate mineral with formula: Mg3B7O13Cl. " The crystals belong to the orthorhombic – pyramidal crystal system. " The molecular structure of the mineral has been assessed. " Raman spectrum shows that some Cl anions have been replaced with OH units. article info abstract Article history: Boracite is a magnesium borate mineral with formula: Mg3B7O13Cl and occurs as blue green, colorless, Received 23 May 2012 gray, yellow to white crystals in the orthorhombic – pyramidal crystal system. An intense Raman band Received in revised form 2 July 2012 À1 at 1009 cm was assigned to the BO stretching vibration of the B7O13 units. Raman bands at 1121, Accepted 9 July 2012 1136, 1143 cmÀ1 are attributed to the in-plane bending vibrations of trigonal boron. Four sharp Raman Available online 13 August 2012 bands observed at 415, 494, 621 and 671 cmÀ1 are simply defined as trigonal and tetrahedral borate bending modes. The Raman spectrum clearly shows intense Raman bands at 3405 and 3494 cmÀ1, thus Keywords: indicating that some Cl anions have been replaced with OH units. -
Congolite and Trembathite from the Kłodawa Salt Mine, Central Poland: Records of the Thermal History of the Parental Salt Dome
1387 The Canadian Mineralogist Vol. 50, pp. 1387-1399 (2012) DOI : 10.3749/canmin.50.5.1387 CONGOLITE AND TREMBATHITE FROM THE KŁODAWA SALT MINE, CENTRAL POLAND: RECORDS OF THE THERMAL HISTORY OF THE PARENTAL SALT DOME JACEK WACHOWIAK§ AGH – University of Science and Technology, Department of Economic and Mining Geology; al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland ADAM PIECZKA AGH – University of Science and Technology, Department of Mineralogy, Petrography and Geochemistry; al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland ABSTRACT Pseudocubic crystals of (Fe,Mg,Mn)3B7O13Cl borate, ≤ 1.2 mm in size and yellowish through pale-violet to pale-violet- brown and brownish in color, were found in the Kłodawa salt dome, located within the Mid-Polish Trough (central Poland), an axial part of the Polish basin belonging to a system of Permian-Mesozoic epicontinental basins of Western and Central Europe. The crystals occur in adjacent parts of the Underlying Halite and Youngest Halite units bordering the Anhydrite Pegmatite unit around the PZ–3/PZ–4 (Leine/Aller) boundary. The internal texture of the crystals reflects phase-transitions from rhombohedral congolite (space-group symmetry R3c) through orthorhombic ericaite (Pca21) to a cubic, high-temperature, mainly Fe-dominant analogue of boracite (F43c), indicating formation of the phases under increasing temperature. Currently, the parts of the crystals showing orthorhombic and cubic morphology generally represent congolite and, much less frequently, trembathite paramorphs after higher-temperature structural varieties of (Fe,Mg,Mn)3B7O13Cl and (Mg,Fe,Mn)3B7O13Cl, which are unstable at room- temperature. The phase-transitions R3c → Pca21 and Pca21 → F43c recorded in the morphology of the growing crystals took place at temperatures of 230–250 °C and 310–315 °C, respectively, whereas the total range of (Fe,Mg,Mn)3B7O13Cl borate crystallization was determined to be ca.