K2SO4 Across the Neogene: Implications, Part 4 of 4
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Brine Evolution in Qaidam Basin, Northern Tibetan Plateau, and the Formation of Playas As Mars Analogue Site
45th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2014) 1228.pdf BRINE EVOLUTION IN QAIDAM BASIN, NORTHERN TIBETAN PLATEAU, AND THE FORMATION OF PLAYAS AS MARS ANALOGUE SITE. W. G. Kong1 M. P. Zheng1 and F. J. Kong1, 1 MLR Key Laboratory of Saline Lake Resources and Environments, Institute of Mineral Resources, CAGS, Beijing 100037, China. ([email protected]) Introduction: Terrestrial analogue studies have part of the basin (Kunteyi depression). The Pliocene is served much critical information for understanding the first major salt forming period for Qaidam Basin, Mars [1]. Playa sediments in Qaidam Basin have a and the salt bearing sediments formed at the southwest complete set of salt minerals, i.e. carbonates, sulfates, part are dominated by sulfates, and those formed at the and chlorides,which have been identified on Mars northwest part of basin are partially sulfates dominate [e.g. 2-4]. The geographical conditions and high eleva- and partially chlorides dominate. After Pliocene, the tion of these playas induces Mars-like environmental deposition center started to move towards southeast conditions, such as low precipitation, low relative hu- until reaching the east part of the basin at Pleistocene, midity, low temperature, large seasonal and diurnal T reaching the second major salt forming stage, and the variation, high UV radiation, etc. [5,6]. Thus the salt bearing sediments formed at this stage are mainly playas in the Qaidam Basin servers a good terrestrial chlorides dominate. The distinct change in salt mineral reference for studying the depositional and secondary assemblages among deposition centers indicates the processes of martian salts. migration and geochemical differentiation of brines From 2008, a set of analogue studies have been inside the basin. -
Potash Case Study
Mining, Minerals and Sustainable Development February 2002 No. 65 Potash Case Study Information supplied by the International Fertilizer Industry Association This report was commissioned by the MMSD project of IIED. It remains the sole Copyright © 2002 IIED and WBCSD. All rights reserved responsibility of the author(s) and does not necessarily reflect the views of the Mining, Minerals and MMSD project, Assurance Group or Sponsors Group, or those of IIED or WBCSD. Sustainable Development is a project of the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED). The project was made possible by the support of the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD). IIED is a company limited by guarantee and incorporated in England. Reg No. 2188452. VAT Reg. No. GB 440 4948 50. Registered Charity No. 800066 1 Introduction 2 2 Global Resources and Potash Production 3 3 The use of potassium in fertilizer 4 3.1 Potassium Fertilizer Consumption 4 3.2 Potassium fertilization issues 6 Appendix A 8 1 Introduction Potash and Potassium Potassium (K) is essential for plant and animal life wherein it has many vital nutritional roles. In plants, potassium and nitrogen are the two elements required in greatest amounts, while in animals and humans potassium is the third most abundant element, after calcium and phosphorus. Without sufficient plant and animal intake of potassium, life as we know it would cease. Human and other animals atop the food chain depend upon plants for much of their nutritional needs. Many soils lack sufficient quantities of available potassium for satisfactory yield and quality of crops. For this reason available soil potassium levels are commonly supplemented by potash fertilization to improve the potassium nutrition of plants, particularly for sustaining production of high yielding crop species and varieties in modern agricultural systems. -
Mining Methods for Potash
Potash—A Vital Agricultural Nutrient Sourced from Geologic Deposits Open File Report 2016–1167 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Cover. Photos of underground mining operations, Carlsbad, New Mexico, Intrepid Potash Company, Carlsbad West Mine. Potash—A Vital Agricultural Nutrient Sourced from Geologic Deposits By Douglas B. Yager Open File Report 2016–1167 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior SALLY JEWELL, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Suzette M. Kimball, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2016 For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment—visit http://www.usgs.gov or call 1–888–ASK–USGS. For an overview of USGS information products, including maps, imagery, and publications, visit http://store.usgs.gov/. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this information product, for the most part, is in the public domain, it also may contain copyrighted materials as noted in the text. Permission to reproduce copyrighted items must be secured from the copyright owner. Suggested citation: Yager, D.B., 2016, Potash—A vital agricultural nutrient sourced from geologic deposits: U.S. Geological Survey Open- File Report 2016–1167, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20161167. ISSN 0196-1497 (print) ISSN 2331-1258 (online) ISBN 978-1-4113-4101-2 iii Acknowledgments The author wishes to thank Joseph Havasi of Compass Minerals for a surface tour of their Great Salt Lake operations. -
Fertilizer Production Expertise HPD® Evaporation and Crystallization
Fertilizer Production Expertise HPD® Evaporation and Crystallization WATER TECHNOLOGIES Fertilizer Expertise Case Study: Veolia NPK Fertilizers HPD® Evaporation and Crystallization systems from Veolia Research & Development NPK Process Capabilities Water Technologies provide innovative process solutions for large-scale fertilizer production facilities worldwide. IC Potash Corp. (ICP) - Sulfate of Potash (SOP) These systems allow production of a wide range of high-quality fertilizer products from natural sources (mined or solution mined deposits) or by-product streams from other processes that include: Chlorine / • Ammonium sulfate • Mono potassium phosphate Raw Materials Natural Gas Sulfur Phosphate Rock Hydrogen Gas Potash Source • Ammonium nitrate (MKP) • Potassium chloride (MOP) • Sodium nitrate • Potassium sulfate (SOP) • Phosphoric acid merchant/ technical/food/electrical • Monoammonium phosphate (MAP) grade ICP's Ochoa Mine project (New Mexico, USA) is • Diammonium phosphate • Potassium carbonate (DAP) • Potassium nitrate projected to produce approximately 714,000 TPY Ammonia Plant Sulfuric Acid Rock Grinding Hydrochloric Acid of Sulfate of Potash (SOP-K SO ) from Polyhalite • Epsom salt: Magnesium • Calcium phosphate 2 4 Plant Plant Plant ore (K SO .MgSO .2CaSO .2H O) for more than 50 sulfate heptahydrate • Calcium sulfate 2 4 4 4 2 years. • Magnesium sulfate • Calcium chloride monohydrate Veolia was selected to refine, confirm, and validate the overall ICP process utilizing HPD® Evaporation and Crystallization technologies through a series of bench and pilot-scale testing programs performed in Veolia’s in-house testing facility. The scope of the testing extended lants from the ore P leaching to the SOP crystallization process including Nitric Acid Plant Phosphoric Acid PlantPotassium Chloride Plant crystallization/redissolution of leonite (K2SO4. -
Mineralogy of the Martian Surface
EA42CH14-Ehlmann ARI 30 April 2014 7:21 Mineralogy of the Martian Surface Bethany L. Ehlmann1,2 and Christopher S. Edwards1 1Division of Geological & Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125; email: [email protected], [email protected] 2Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91109 Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 2014. 42:291–315 Keywords First published online as a Review in Advance on Mars, composition, mineralogy, infrared spectroscopy, igneous processes, February 21, 2014 aqueous alteration The Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences is online at earth.annualreviews.org Abstract This article’s doi: The past fifteen years of orbital infrared spectroscopy and in situ exploration 10.1146/annurev-earth-060313-055024 have led to a new understanding of the composition and history of Mars. Copyright c 2014 by Annual Reviews. Globally, Mars has a basaltic upper crust with regionally variable quanti- by California Institute of Technology on 06/09/14. For personal use only. All rights reserved ties of plagioclase, pyroxene, and olivine associated with distinctive terrains. Enrichments in olivine (>20%) are found around the largest basins and Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 2014.42:291-315. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org within late Noachian–early Hesperian lavas. Alkali volcanics are also locally present, pointing to regional differences in igneous processes. Many ma- terials from ancient Mars bear the mineralogic fingerprints of interaction with water. Clay minerals, found in exposures of Noachian crust across the globe, preserve widespread evidence for early weathering, hydrothermal, and diagenetic aqueous environments. Noachian and Hesperian sediments include paleolake deposits with clays, carbonates, sulfates, and chlorides that are more localized in extent. -
S40645-019-0306-X.Pdf
Isaji et al. Progress in Earth and Planetary Science (2019) 6:60 Progress in Earth and https://doi.org/10.1186/s40645-019-0306-x Planetary Science RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Biomarker records and mineral compositions of the Messinian halite and K–Mg salts from Sicily Yuta Isaji1* , Toshihiro Yoshimura1, Junichiro Kuroda2, Yusuke Tamenori3, Francisco J. Jiménez-Espejo1,4, Stefano Lugli5, Vinicio Manzi6, Marco Roveri6, Hodaka Kawahata2 and Naohiko Ohkouchi1 Abstract The evaporites of the Realmonte salt mine (Sicily, Italy) are important archives recording the most extreme conditions of the Messinian Salinity Crisis (MSC). However, geochemical approach on these evaporitic sequences is scarce and little is known on the response of the biological community to drastically elevating salinity. In the present work, we investigated the depositional environments and the biological community of the shale–anhydrite–halite triplets and the K–Mg salt layer deposited during the peak of the MSC. Both hopanes and steranes are detected in the shale–anhydrite–halite triplets, suggesting the presence of eukaryotes and bacteria throughout their deposition. The K–Mg salt layer is composed of primary halites, diagenetic leonite, and primary and/or secondary kainite, which are interpreted to have precipitated from density-stratified water column with the halite-precipitating brine at the surface and the brine- precipitating K–Mg salts at the bottom. The presence of hopanes and a trace amount of steranes implicates that eukaryotes and bacteria were able to survive in the surface halite-precipitating brine even during the most extreme condition of the MSC. Keywords: Messinian Salinity Crisis, Evaporites, Kainite, μ-XRF, Biomarker Introduction hypersaline condition between 5.60 and 5.55 Ma (Manzi The Messinian Salinity Crisis (MSC) is one of the most et al. -
United States Patent (11) 3,615,174
United States Patent (11) 3,615,174 72 Inventor William J. Lewis 3,342,548 9/1967 Macey....... A. 2319 X South Ogden, Utah 3,432,031 3/1969 Ferris........................... 209/166 X 21 Appl. No. 740,886 FOREIGN PATENTS 22, Filed June 28, 1968 45 Patented Oct. 26, 1971 1,075,166 4f1954 France ......................... 209/66 (73) Assignee NL Industries, Inc. OTHER REFERENCES New York, N.Y. Chem. Abst., Vol. 53, 1959, 9587e I & EC, Vol. 56, 7, Jy '64, 61 & 62. Primary Examiner-Frank W. Lutter 54 PROCESSFOR THE SELECTIVE RECOVERY OF Assistant Examiner-Robert Halper POTASSUMAND MAGNESUMWALUES FROM Attorney-Ward, McElhannon, Brooks & Fitzpatrick AQUEOUSSALT SOLUTIONS CONTAINING THE SAME 11 Claims, 4 Drawing Figs. ABSTRACT: Kainite immersed in brine in equilibrium con 52) U.S. Cl........................................................ 23138, verted to carnalite by cooling to about 10 C. or under. Car 209/11, 209/166,23191, 22/121 nallite so obtained purified by cold flotation. Purified carnal (5) Int. Cl......................................................... B03b 1100, lite water leached to yield magnesium chloride brine and B03d 1102, C01f 5126 potassium chloride salt. Latter optionally converted to potas 50 Field of Search............................................ 209/166,3, sium sulfate by reaction with kainite, or by reacting the carnal 10, 11; 23.19, 38, 121 lite with kainite. Naturally occurring brine concentrated to precipitate principally sodium chloride, mother liquor warm 56 References Cited concentrated to precipitate kainite, cooled under mother UNITED STATES PATENTS liquor for conversion to carnallite. A crude kainite fraction 2,479,001 8/1949 Burke........................... 23.191 purified by warm flotation and a crude carnallite fraction pu 2,689,649 9, 1954 Atwood.... -
The Mineralogy of the British Permian Evaporites
460 The mineralogy of the British Permian evaporites By F. H. STEWART Department of Geology, University of Edinburgh Summary. The occurrence of the minerals is reviewed. Consideration of their genesis leads to a tentative list of primary minerals, and of early diagenetie, later diagenetic and geothermal metamorphic, and late near-surface changes. N 1943 Professor Tilley recorded the occurrence of po]yhalite in the I rocks of the D'Arcy Exploration Company's E.2 borehole at Aislaby, near Whitby; this was the first published record of a potassium-bearing salt in British evaporites. The occurrence of rocks containing sylvine (Lees and Taitt, 1946) prompted further exploration by Imperial Chemical Industries and Fisons Ltd. after the war, and this showed the presence of large deposits of potassium ores in the Whitby region. There is now a considerable literature related to these, and it seems timely to give a short review of the mineralogy of the British Permian evaporites. The writer is most grateful to Fisons Ltd. who have kindly allowed him to use unpublished information from his study of their boreholes F.1 at Robin Hood's Bay, F.2 at Staintondale, F.3 at Little Beck, and F.4 at Hawsker, in the Whitby Scarborough district. The position of these and the other boreholes mentioned in this paper can be found in the map of Dunham (1960). Dist~'ibution of the minerals The evaporites occur in two principal areas east and west of the Pennine Hills. In the western area (the Vale of Eden, west Cumberland, and the Furness district of Lancashire), where four evaporite beds have been recognized (Hollingworth, 1942), the mineralogy is relatively simple; carbonates, anhydrite, and gypsum are the main constituents. -
Geologia Della Sicilia - Geology of Sicily IV - Vulcanismo - Volcanism
Geologia della Sicilia - Geology of Sicily IV - Vulcanismo - Volcanism BRANCA S. (*) 1. - VuLCANISMO QuATERNARIO DELLA ratterizzavano questo settore dell’Altipiano Ibleo SICILIA ORIENTALE (SChMINCkE et alii, 1997). La prosecuzione dell’at- tività vulcanica verso nord durante il Pleistocene La fase più recente del vulcanismo ibleo è da- inferiore-medio è evidenziata da anomalie magne- tata Pliocene inferiore-Pleistocene inferiore, ed è tiche (GRASSO & BEN-AVRAhAM, 1992) e da dati caratterizzata da un’attività vulcanica sia sottoma- di pozzi perforati dall’AGIP (LONGARETTI et alii, rina che subaerea ad affinità da alcalina a subalca- 1991; TORELLI et alii, 1998) in corrispondenza della lina (CARBONE et alii, 1986, 1987; CARVENI et alii, Piana di Catania, che mostrano la presenza di 1991; SChMINCkE et alii, 1997). grossi corpi di vulcaniti, con spessori di alcune Le vulcaniti affiorano estesamente lungo il centinaia di metri, che si approfondiscono verso bordo settentrionale dell’Avampaese Ibleo mo- nord per la presenza di sistemi di faglie dirette. In strando una leggera migrazione verso nord rispetto particolare, le vulcaniti più recenti in sottosuolo, alle manifestazioni vulcaniche del Miocene supe- attribuite al Pleistocene inferiore (LONGARETTI et riore (CARBONE et alii, 1982c). Le vulcaniti plioce- alii, 1991), sono localizzate nella parte più setten- niche del margine occidentale dell’Altipiano Ibleo, trionale della Piana di Catania in prossimità della sono rappresentate da una potente successione, periferia meridionale dell’Etna fra Paternò e Cata- costituita da prevalenti ialoclastiti e da brecce vul- nia. Tali vulcaniti presentano una composizione canoclastiche e colate a pillow. Lungo il bordo basaltica ad affinità sia tholeiitica che alcalina orientale del plateau si rinvengono prevalentemente (LONGARETTI & ROCChI, 1990). -
Crystallization of Kainite from Solutions in Syste
ineering ng & E P l r a o c i c e m s e s Journal of h T C e f c h o Kostiv and Basystiuk, J Chem Eng Process Technol 2016, 7:3 l ISSN: 2157-7048 n a o n l o r g u y o J Chemical Engineering & Process Technology DOI: 10.4172/2157-7048.1000298 Research Article Article OpenOpen Access Access + 2+ + - 2- Crystallization of Kainite from Solutions in System K , Mg , Na // Cl , SO4 -Н2О Kostiv IY1 and Yа І Basystiuk2* 1State Enterprise Scientific - Research Gallurgi Institute 5a, Fabrichna Str., 76000 Kalush, Ukraine 2Precarpathian National University named after V. Stephanyk 57, Shevchenko Str., 76025 Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine Abstract In isothermal conditions have been studied the influence of system solution sea salts during their evaporation and crystallization to composition of received liquid and solid phases. It is shown that evaporation of the solution leading 2- to its supersaturation by sulfate salts. In the liquid phase before crystallization of kainite concentration of SO4 ions increases to 10% and above. Through this probability of formation of crystals increases and the result of evaporation 2- is the formation of finely dispersed kainite. During crystallization of kainite concentration of SO4 in the liquid phase 2- 2+ decreases rapidly. Decreasing its intensity increases with increasing value k=E SO4 : E Mg of initial solution. For 2- the degree of evaporation of 20.0% and 31.0% concentration of SO4 in evaporated solution on the value of k does not change. Most forms of potassium salts in the solid phase for the value k=0.7573 and reaches a maximum value at 82% evaporation rate of 31%. -
Mechanism and Kinetics of Dehydration of Epsomite Crystals Formed in the Presence of Organic Additives
J. Phys. Chem. B 2007, 111, 41-52 41 Mechanism and Kinetics of Dehydration of Epsomite Crystals Formed in the Presence of Organic Additives Encarnacio´n Ruiz-Agudo,† J. Daniel Martı´n-Ramos,‡ and Carlos Rodriguez-Navarro* Departamento de Mineralogı´a y Petrologı´a, UniVersidad de Granada, FuentenueVa s/n, 18002 Granada, Spain ReceiVed: July 14, 2006; In Final Form: October 10, 2006 The thermal dehydration of epsomite (MgSO4‚7H2O) crystals grown in the presence and absence of organic additives (phosphonates, carboxylic acids, and polyacrylic acid derivatives) was studied by means of thermogravimetry (TG), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray thermodiffraction (XRTD), and environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM). In situ XRTD analyses (in air, 30% relative humidity) show an epsomite f hexahydrite (MgSO4‚6H2O) transition at 25-38 °C, followed by formation of amorphous phase(s) at T > 43-48 °C, and MgSO4 crystallization at ∼300 °C. Kinetic parameters (ER and A) were determined for the main dehydration step (25-160 °C), which corresponds to a MgSO4‚7H2O f MgSO4‚ H2O transition, by applying two isoconversional methods to nonisothermal TG data obtained at different heating rates (â ) 1, 3, and 5 K‚min-1). In situ, hot-stage ESEM observations of the thermal dehydration of epsomite crystals are consistent with the nonisothermal kinetic study and, along with XRTD results, allow us to propose a dehydration mechanism which includes an early nucleation and growth event, followed by the advancement of the reaction interface (3D phase boundary reaction). Both ER and A values increase in the presence of the most effective crystallization inhibitors tested. -
Stability of Magnesium Sulfate Minerals in Martian Environments
Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI (2005) 2290.pdf STABILITY OF MAGNESIUM SULFATE MINERALS IN MARTIAN ENVIRONMENTS. G.M. Marion1 and J.S. Kargel2, 1Desert Research Institute, 2215 Raggio Parkway, Reno, NV 89512, [email protected], 2U.S. Geological Survey, 2255 N. Gemini Dr., Flagstaff, AZ 86001, [email protected]. Introduction: Viking Lander, Pathfinder, and –3.6°C for a pure MgSO4-H2O system. In this system, Mars Exploration Rover missions to Mars have found the lower hydrates, hexahydrite and kieserite, only abundant sulfur in surface soils and rocks, and the best form at higher temperatures (48°C and 69°C, respec- indications are that magnesium sulfates are among the tively). key hosts [1-6]. At Meridiani Planum, MgSO4 salts The presence of other constituents in ternary (or constitute 15 to 40 wt.% of sedimentary rocks [3-5,7]. higher) systems can lower the temperatures at which Additional S is hosted by gypsum and jarosite. Reflec- lower hydrates are stable. For example, hexahydrite is tance and thermal emission spectroscopy is consistent stable at 25°C in a MgSO4-MgCl2-H2O system at 3.8 with the presence of kieserite (MgSO4•H2O) and ep- m MgCl2 [12]. This requires high chloride concentra- somite (MgSO4•7H2O) [3]. Theoretically, the tions that may occur in Martian environments that dodecahydrate (MgSO4•12H2O) should also have have previously undergone extensive sulfate precipita- precipitated [8]. tion and chloride concentration due to extreme freez- We first examine theoretically which MgSO4 min- ing or desiccating conditions [3-5]. erals should have precipitated on Mars, and then how Based on the Rover mission to Meridiani Planum, dehydration might have altered these minerals.