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Howlite and Utexite from the Carboniferous Gypsum And

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Canndtan Mineralogist Vol. 13, pp. 370-376 (1975) HOWLITEAND UTEXITEFROM THE CARBONIFEROUSGYPSUM AND ANHYDBITEBEDS IN WESTERNNEWFOUNDLAND V. S. PAPEZK Department ol Geology, Memorial Llniverslty of Newfoundland, st. John's, Newfoundland AND C. C. K. FONG,! Mineral DevelopmentDivision, NewfoandlandDepartment ol Mines and Energy, St. I ohn's,N ewfoundland Ansrnect forme de nodules compos6s en forme de fram- boises de 0.5 d, 2 cm de diamdtre; elle est com- The Carboniferous anhydrite and gypsum beds pos6e de minces cristaux en plaquettes d,une iq southwestern Nevrfoundland contain small longueur de moins de 0.1 mm avec des plans (100) quantities of ulexite (NaCaBrOr.8HzO) and how- pro6minents. Ces deux min6raux ont aussi 6t6 trou- Iite (CarSiBsOr(OH)u). The ulexite occurs as ir- v6s dans deux r6gions non-localisdes auparavant de regular patches l-3 cm in diametero consisting of la Nouvelle-E le gisement Pb-Zn de Gays white fibrous crystals; the howlite forms composite River et une carridre de gtr4rseprbs de Milford. La framboidal nodules about 0.5 to Z cm in diaieter, howlite semble avoir 6t6 form6e d'un gel; la forrra- consisting of thin platy crystals less than 0.1 mm tion des borates 6tait contemporaine avec la pr6ci- long with prominent (100) planes. The two min- pitation de sulfate de calcium. erals were also found at two localities in Nova Sco- La pr6sence des min6raux de borate (en petites previously reported - the Gays River !p _not quantit6s) semble 6tre courante dans I'anhvdrite Pb-Zn deposit and a gypsum quarry near-Milford. et le g;4pse du Bassin Carbonifdre des provinces de The howlite is believed to have been formed from I'Atlantique; par contre on ne rapporte aucune a gel; the formation of the borates was contempo- autre pr6sence similaire ailleurs pour f instant. Irs ran€ous with the precipitation of calcium sulphate. quantit6s normales de bore dans l'eau de mer sont Borate minerals, in small quantities, seem to be suffisantes pour expliquer la quantit6 de borates common in the anhydrite and gypsum of the Car- otserv6e. Il est fort possible que de semblables pe- boniferous Basin of the Atlanfic provinces. but no tit€s quantiti6s de borates soient pr6sentes dans reports of similar occlurences elsewhere are known d'autres gisements d'anhydrite-gypse mais elles au- at this tim:. The normal amounts of boron in sea- raient 6t6 n6glig6es. Si elles sont vraiment absentes watet are sufficient to account for the observed de d'autres lits marins 6vapor6s, Ia diff6rence peut quantrty of borates. It is possible that similar small 6tre caus6e par les variances dans le pH, la solubi- guantities of borates are present in other anhvdrite- lit6, le taux d'6vaporation, etc. phtt6t que par gypsum deposits but have been overlooked. la If they pr6sence ou I'absence are truly absent from marine des sources ext6rieures de evaporite beds else- bore. where, the difference may be caused by differences (fraduit par le journal) in pH, solubitty, rate of evaporation etc. rather than by the presence or absence of external sources of boron. INrnopucrroN The occurrence of borate minerals in the Rfsunri g)apsum deposits of Lower Carboniferous (Wind- - Les lits de g:ypseet d'anhydrite de la p6riode Car- sor) age in the Atlantic Provinces of Canada bonifdre du sud-ouest de Terre-Neuve contiennent was first dissovered more than 1O0 years ago petites de quantit6s d,ulexite (NaCaBoOr.gIIgO) et de by Henry How, then Professor of Cnemistrv howlite, CafiB6Or(OH)6. L,ulexite se pi6sente and Natural History at King,s College in Wind- sous forme de taches irr6gulidres de 1 tr f cm de sor, Nova Scotia. How described oonatro-boro- diamdtre; celles-ci sont composdes de cristaux calcite" (now ulexite, NaCaBsOe.8HzO) from blancs fibreux; la howlite, elle, se pr6sente sous "u Llq of a very extensive formation of gypsum at Windsor, on the Clifton estate, lateiy the properfy of Judge Haliburton', (IIow 1g57), *Publication authorized by the Director of Min- and "cryptomorphite" (now ginorite, CaaBtaOu. eral ,.the Development Division, Department of Mines 8HeO; Hey & Bannister 1952) from same and Energy, St. John's. guarr)', at a distance of about 100 vards and 37A 37L HOWLITB AND ULE)CTE FROM CARBOMFEROUS GYPSUM AND ANIIYDRITE BEDS 'gypsum at about 20 feet lower level" (IIow 1861). Both renpe of ulexite and inyoite from the minerals were associatedwith glauberite, NagCa- quarry at Hillsborough, south of Moncton, New (SOa)2. Later, How reported a new mineral lirunr*i"t (Walker 1921). More recently, Sa- which he named "silicoborocalcile" (now how- bina (1965) found crystals of howlite up to lite, CaaSiBsO'(OH)u) ftom a locality at Noel, 1.3 cm long, associated with fine-grained how' Hants Co., Nova Scotia, "in nodules sometimes lite and aanfuritg in gypsum near Iona, Cape as large as a man's heado'QIow 1868, 1877). Breton Island (see Fig. 1 for all localities). How's original localities were later re-exam- In this paper, we report for the first time the ined and his dissoveries confirmed by N. R. occurrenc€ of howlite and ulexite in the Lower Goodman, who also found howlite as nodules Carboniferous evaporite deposits in western up to 5 cm in diameter at Wentworth, Hants Newfoundland. In addition, during a recent field County, as "small nodules" at Cheverie (Ilants trip organized by the Nova Scotia Department Co.) and Bevis Point (Victoria Co., Cape Bre- of-Mines, we found howtte and ulexite in anhy- ton Island), and as nodules more than 15 cm in drite in drill-cores from the newly explored km diameter "in a clay horizon in the National Gays River Pb-Zn deposit about 8 southeast Gypsum Co. quaries at Dingwall (Cape Breton of Shubenacadie, and ulexite nodules in the Island)". Goodman further reported ulexite at large g1rysum quarry near Milford, both in Wentworth, Dingwall, Bevis Foint, and at White Halifax'Co., Nova Scotia. We further obtained Head near Cheverie, and in addition described from Mr. W. Lewis, Senior Geologist of the tb€ occurrence of danburite (CaSizBeOe) at Fundy Gypsum Co., a specimen. of gypsum White ltread and "in the shore outcrop 2 miles from- liliJborougb, New Brunswick, contain' SW of Iona, Victoria Co. (Cape Breton Island)", ing several ulexite nodules, thus confirming and inyoite, CazBoOu'13HrO, ps "beautiful Walker's earlier report. It is clear therefore that solourless crystals" from the Wentworth area, borate minerals, in small quantities, are wide- Hants Co., all in Nova Scotia (Goodman 1957). spread in the Lower Carboniferous evaporite Earlier, T. L. Walker had reported the occur- basin of the Atlantic Provinces. I FLAT BAY a Ftsct€LL's ERoo( 3 DITOfALL /t l€VlS FoNr 5 tot{A 6 CAYSRIVER - I]t- 7 |TLFORO \ I t{oEL ) €uLF or 9 UEIITUORTH il ro flt{oson II CHEVENIE f gr. LArtExcE t2 HILLSo0BOICtl { ffi-* c tt lnETd @ftffiffi[sr" 6\ aonfg LocALtrlEs / Iuttt # (c' Frc. 1. Borate localities in tbe carboniferous basin ol the Atlantic region. 372 THE CANADIAN MINERALOGIST BonerBs m NpwrouxoreNo Brook and in the Flat Bay gypsum quarry. The Geological setting rocks of the Anguille and Codroy Groups are folded here into an elongate antiitine, tne axis The Car,boniferous rocks of Newfoundland of which runs NE-SW, almost parallel to the form the northeasterly part of a large Carboni- coastline. A nearly continuow section of these ferous basin extending across the Gulf of SL beds is exposed in Fischell,s Brook. The An- Lawrence through Prince Edward Island ro guille Group is here represented by about 200 New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. In New- ft. (61 m) of sandy conglomerate that grades foundland, Carboniferous rocks are found in towards the top of the group into a lO-foot two separate basins within a relativelv narrow. (3 m) quartzitic sandstone. This is conformablv elongate, northeasterly-trending belt in thr; overlain by a @-foot (18 m) thick formation western part of the island, extending from Cape consisting of alternating limestone and shale, Anguille in the southwest to White Bav in the the Ship Cove Formation, which marks the base northeast. Rocks of the southwesterlv barboni- of the Codroy Group. The Ship Cove Forma_ ferous basin are exposed along the slore of St. tion, is followed by an approximately 3000_foot George's Bay and in the adjacent Anguille sequence of red, finely cross- Mountains, forming a belt 2O-25 J9l5_ 1n) -thick km wide and bedded siltstone, sandstone, green shale and about 100 km long; they are separatedby a ma- evaporites, overlain by a 1200-foot (366 m) se_ jor fault of regional extent from the igneous quence of alternating dark grey shale and car_ and metamorphic rocks of the Long Range bonate; the carbonatesconsist of marine fossili- Complex to the southeast. ferous limestone, algal limestone, small algal The Carboniferous sediments of this basin reefs and red, dense, non-fossiliferous dolomite. have been suMivided into three stratigraphic The evaporite horizons in the Fischell,s Brook units. The lowest, the Anguille Group, consists section attain a thickness of 150 tt. (46 m) and of a thick s€quence of terrestrial clastic sedi- 200 ft. (61 m) respectively. Howlite was found ments, mainly sandstone, shale and conglo- in the higher of ths two horizons, which crops merate; it is of Mississippian age, and is be- out by the railway bridge on the southern bank lieved to be equivalent to the Upper Horton of the stream (48o18,30,,I{,58"403Cl^W) in a Group of Nova Scotia. The middle unit. the vertical cliff. The outcrop consists of blue anhv- Codroy Group, comprises limestone, siltstone drite at the cliff base and white gypsum on toiU and thick Ca sulphate beds, followed by silt- the anhydrite is bedded, with grey mud stringers stone, sandstone and minor limestone of non- marking the beddinrg.
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  • Warren, J. K., 2010, Evaporites Through Time: Tectonic, Climatic And

    Warren, J. K., 2010, Evaporites Through Time: Tectonic, Climatic And

    Earth-Science Reviews 98 (2010) 217–268 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Earth-Science Reviews journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/earscirev Evaporites through time: Tectonic, climatic and eustatic controls in marine and nonmarine deposits John K. Warren Petroleum Geoscience Program, Department of Geology, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand article info abstract Article history: Throughout geological time, evaporite sediments form by solar-driven concentration of a surface or Received 25 February 2009 nearsurface brine. Large, thick and extensive deposits dominated by rock-salt (mega-halite) or anhydrite Accepted 10 November 2009 (mega-sulfate) deposits tend to be marine evaporites and can be associated with extensive deposits of Available online 22 November 2009 potash salts (mega-potash). Ancient marine evaporite deposition required particular climatic, eustatic or tectonic juxtapositions that have occurred a number of times in the past and will so again in the future. Keywords: Ancient marine evaporites typically have poorly developed Quaternary counterparts in scale, thickness, evaporite deposition tectonics and hydrology. When mega-evaporite settings were active within appropriate arid climatic and marine hydrological settings then huge volumes of seawater were drawn into the subsealevel evaporitic nonmarine depressions. These systems were typical of regions where the evaporation rates of ocean waters were at plate tectonics their maximum, and so were centred on the past latitudinal equivalents of today's horse latitudes. But, like economic geology today's nonmarine evaporites, the location of marine Phanerozoic evaporites in zones of appropriate classification adiabatic aridity and continentality extended well into the equatorial belts. Exploited deposits of borate, sodium carbonate (soda-ash) and sodium sulfate (salt-cake) salts, along with evaporitic sediments hosting lithium-rich brines require continental–meteoric not marine-fed hydrologies.
  • A Specific Gravity Index for Minerats

    A Specific Gravity Index for Minerats

    A SPECIFICGRAVITY INDEX FOR MINERATS c. A. MURSKyI ern R. M. THOMPSON, Un'fuersityof Bri.ti,sh Col,umb,in,Voncouver, Canad,a This work was undertaken in order to provide a practical, and as far as possible,a complete list of specific gravities of minerals. An accurate speciflc cravity determination can usually be made quickly and this information when combined with other physical properties commonly leads to rapid mineral identification. Early complete but now outdated specific gravity lists are those of Miers given in his mineralogy textbook (1902),and Spencer(M,i,n. Mag.,2!, pp. 382-865,I}ZZ). A more recent list by Hurlbut (Dana's Manuatr of M,i,neral,ogy,LgE2) is incomplete and others are limited to rock forming minerals,Trdger (Tabel,l,enntr-optischen Best'i,mmungd,er geste,i,nsb.ildend,en M,ineral,e, 1952) and Morey (Encycto- ped,iaof Cherni,cal,Technol,ogy, Vol. 12, 19b4). In his mineral identification tables, smith (rd,entifi,cati,onand. qual,itatioe cherai,cal,anal,ys'i,s of mineral,s,second edition, New york, 19bB) groups minerals on the basis of specificgravity but in each of the twelve groups the minerals are listed in order of decreasinghardness. The present work should not be regarded as an index of all known minerals as the specificgravities of many minerals are unknown or known only approximately and are omitted from the current list. The list, in order of increasing specific gravity, includes all minerals without regard to other physical properties or to chemical composition. The designation I or II after the name indicates that the mineral falls in the classesof minerals describedin Dana Systemof M'ineralogyEdition 7, volume I (Native elements, sulphides, oxides, etc.) or II (Halides, carbonates, etc.) (L944 and 1951).
  • Kernite, a New Sodium Borate ::

    Kernite, a New Sodium Borate ::

    THE AMERICAN MINERA LOGIST KERNITE, A NEW SODIUM BORATE :: .:. War.rBuan T. ScnRr,rrin, U. S. GeologicalSaraey, Washingtoh D. C. The new mineral kernite, Na2B4OT'4HsO,was receivedthrough Hoyt S. Gale of Los Angeles, California, and is reported to occur in quantity in the southeast corner of Kern County, California, in the -The Kratner boron district. name kernite is proposed after the county name. The exact locality is about 4 miles north of Rich, a station on the Santa Fe R. R. and about 25 miles directly east of Mojave, being in Sec.22, T. 11 N., R. 8W. The mineral was discovered in exploratory borings at a depth of several hundred feet. Ulexite and possibly colemanite are associated rninerals. The geology of this field has been described by Galel and Noble.z The writer has a cleavage piece of kernite 2 by 2-l/2 by 6 inches. Apparently single crystals are of large size though no terminated crystals have so far been seen. The mineral is colorless to white, transparent, vitreous to pearly in luster, and greatly resembles some specimens of massive cleavable selenite. Ortho- rhombic. Perfect prismatic cleavage, rtuAm:71" 08'. Readily breaksinto long thin fibersandlaths. H:about 3. Sp. Gr.: 1.953. Optically probably negative, although 2V is nearly 90o and sign uncertain. Elongation (c axis) positive. Axial plane is parallel to elongation. a:I.454, 0:I.472, t:1.488. Before the blowpipe it swells considerably and finally fuses to a clear glass. Very slowly soluble in cold water, the clear cleavage pieces first be- coming opaque white due to abundant etch figures.