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The Origin of the Colemanite Deposits of California

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The Origin of the Colemanite Deposits of California 2OO 14,'ILLI.4M F. FOSH.4G. mud. It crystallizesin clear glassymonoclinic crystals in a great variety of habits. It is easilydistinguished from the other borate mineralsby its eminentcleavage. When heatedin a flame cole- manite loseswater and falls to a powder. Sincethe other borates fuse easilybut do not decrepitatethis givesa simpletest for the detection of colemanite. Ulexite.--At one time ulexite constituted one of the main sourcesof the boratesof commerce. Today its productionis restricted to a few localities in South America. It is the double borate of calcium and sodium, NaCaB,O0.8H20. It is abundant in manyof the playasof North and SouthAmerica. It occursin aggregatesof looselycoherent, acicular crystals.. Theseaggre- gatesare popularlycalled "cotton-balls." They are foundin the surfacesalt crustsof the playa lakesas well as in the mud layers below. At the Lang depositsin California ulexite also occurs in lenticular masses with the colemanire at the foot wall of the beds. In the center of these masses the fibers are oriented in all directionswhile at their peripheriesthe fibers are parallel and normal to the surfaces. These masseshave the appearanceof "cotton-balls" that have been compacted,by' pressure. Ulexite fuseseasily in a flame,coloring the flameintensely yellow. Inyoite hasbeen found in the Mount BlancoDeposits in Death Valley. Recentlyit has been found in the gypsumdeposits of Nova Scotia. The fresh mineral is in clear glassy monoclinic crystalswith eminentcleavage but the mineral at Mount Blanco is almostcompletely altered to a fibrouscrystalline mass of meyer- hofferite. In compositioninyoite is similar to colemanitebut differs in its water content from that mineral. The iny'oitecon- tains thirteen molecules of water as shown by its formula, Ca2B00•. •3 H20. Meyerhofferiteis a third'member of the colemaniteseries with seven moleculesof water, Ca2B00•.7H20. It has been found only in the Mount Blancodeposits as a dehydrationproduct of the inyoite. Howlite is a borosilicateof calcium, H,'Ca2B,SiO•4. It occurs in all the importantborate deposits of California in considerable ORIGIN OF COLEMANITE DEPOSITS. 201 abundance. It is found in friable massesof monocliniccrys- tals or in porcelain-like,nodular masses. It is white in color but rarely brown. It fuses in a flame coloring the flame green. Bakerite is a similar if not identical mineral. Gypsumis ,presentin all the deposits.It is alwayssecondary with respectto the bedsin which it is found. It occursin clear glassy monocliniccrystals, as selenite,or as satin spar. No chemicallyprecipitated gypsum appears in any of the depositsas far as the writer has been able to observe. Calcite-ara#onite.--Calciumcarbonate appears in two forms in the deposits. As calciteit is presentin the clays,perhaps as an original chemicalprecipitate. As aragoniteit very rarely occurs as buff colored,acicular crystals perched upon and .perhaps derived from colemanite. Celestite.--Strontium sulphate, SrS04, is a.s far as known found only in the Calico beds. Here it occurs in colorlessor blue, long orthorhombiccrystals in the geodesof colemanite. THE PLAYA LAKES. In order to understandwhat has taken place in the Tertiary lakes it will be well to observewhat is taking place in similar basinsof today. Bora:r Lake, in Lake County, California, was the first borax- producinglocality in the United States. It is situatedin a tri- angularvalley surrounded by hillsof basalt. A basaltridge sepa- ratesthe lake from the larger, fresh water Clear Lake. Formerly Borax Lake shrunk to a small volume in the summer but it is now fed by an artesianwell in the lake floor and is essentiallya permanentbody of water. The dissolvedsolids carried borax to the extent of t8 per cent.,with about62 per cent. of sodiumcar- bonateand 20 per cent. of sodiumchloride. In the mud of this lake were numerouscrystals of sodiumborate, a rather peculiar feature, since the lake waters were not saturated with salts. About the edge of the lake were numeroussmall spiresof cal- careoustufa ranging up to a foot in height. A small solfatara. 202 WILLIAM F. FOSH.4G. known as the Little Sulphur Banks, is not far distant from the shores..Across the ridge that separatesBorax Lake from Clear Lake is a solfataraof large dimensions,known as SulphurBanks. The springsand waters emanatingfrom this solfatara are highly borifer6us. The boron in Borax Lake is without doubt derived from the adjacent solfataras. Searles .Lake in San Bernardino County offers a somewhat' different type of playa lake. This is a concentrationbasin receiving its salines from the drainage of a considerablearea. The area now drainedis restrictedto the Argus and Slate Ranges, but at someearlier periodOwens Lake overflowedinto the Seaties Basinby way of Indian Wells and Salt Wells Valleys and it was these waters that contributedmost of the salts now coveringthe floor of Searles Basin. In the winter a few inches of water covers the lake bed, but in summer the •vater level falls to a few inches below the salt crust. The crust is a mere efflorescence at the outer edgebut acquiresa thicknessof about50-75 feet in the center. Beneath this salt crust are beds o.f fine mud with em- beddedcrystals of halite,hanksite, gay-lussite and others. These salts, especiallythe hanksite and, pirssonite,are in sufficient abundanceto form definitesolid layers or strata. Many of these muds are rich in precipitatedcalcum carbonate, in the form of calcite. The minerals occurringhere are chiefly sulphatesand carbonates of calcium and sodium, chlorides of sodium and potassium,and borax. Ulexite, if presentat all, is very rare, and no colemanite occurs. Danby Lake coversa large area near the town of Areboyin San BernardinoCounty. Although it presentssome unusual features, it has never been studied in detail. Near the western edgeof the lake a small coneof basaltarises and someof the flows cover a portionof the lake bed. The surfaceis covered with gypsumand mud. Theemud is rich in small crystalsof glauberiteand the brines carry a largeamount of calciumchloride as well as sodium chloride. A stratum of salt underlies the mud but its extent and thickness are undetermined. No ulexite or colemanitehave been reported from here. ORIGIN OF COLEMANITE DEPOSITS. 2o3 RhodesMarsh is one of the types of playa lake that formerly producedconsiderable quantities of borax before the discovery of the colemanitebegs. It is situated in Esmeralda County, Nevada, According to the descriptionof LeConte,2 common salt occupiesthe center of the flat. Around this to the margin, the depositsdiffer from place to place. In someparts borates occur as borax or "tincal," in others the borate is utexite. Com- mon salt is found nearly everywhere,more or lessmingled with the other salts. Sodium carbonateand sulphateare present in considerable amounts. The well known ulexite "balls" occur in a semicirculararea surroundingthe central salt area on the north. They are embeddedin a stiff, wet clay. If the loose earth is removed to the depth of a foot or more, until the stiff clay is reached, the "cotton balls" are found. In places the beds of ulexite reacha thickness'ofsix to eight feet. This concentration of the ulexite into patchesseems to be a commonfeature of both westerndeposits and the South American lake.s. In someof the later depositsthe ulexite occursin considerablequantities and of great purity. GEOLOGY OF THE DEPOSITS. GeneralGeolo9y.--The colemanite deposits are foundinter- stratifiedwith lake bed depositsof Tertiary age. Theselake bed depositsare for the most part volcanic ash or material derived from volcanic rocks laid down under shallow water conditions in closed basins. The beds in direct association with the colemanite are fine-grained,thin-bedded shales of variouscolors. Lavas of rhyolitic, andesiticor basalticcharacter are often presentin the boron-bearingseries. For the most part they al•ear to be sur- face flows. The borate beds themselvesfollow the bed•dingof the series but are somewhatirregular in form. They do not form continu- ous,well-defined beds but rather representshale beds in which the boratesare more or lessirregularly distributed. They are, how- ever, restricted to a definite member of the series. Third Ann. Rept. Calif. State Min. Bur., p. 5I, I883. •o4 WILLIAM F. FOSHAG. The borate-bearingbeds have all undergonesome movement. They range from bedsalmost perpendicular to bedsbut slightly tilted. There is also evidence of movement within the beds them- selves. Lan#.--The sedimentaryrocks in the regionabout Lang are coarselystratified sandstones of a light buff color. Thesesand- stonesgrade into conglomorates. In theimmediate vicinity of the colemanitedeposits they are fine,thin-bedded shales. The borate- bearingbeds have an east-westtrend and dip at an angleof about 7ø0 to the south. The commercialproduct is co.lemanite, in cleavagemasses and very often in columnarbands. There is evidenceof movement and pressurein the ore-bearingstrata, but hardly sufficientto accountfor the large massesof clearablecolemanire. Much of thecolemanire is of gray color,due to includedmud, but second- ary colemanireis of a purewhite color..Crystals are rare. How- lite is presentin cor•siderableabundance as botryoidal concretions which sometimes are several feet in d'iameter. The howlite nodulesare imbeddedin the colemanireand form "augen" in the strata. Rarely howliteand colemanireare intergrown,and still more rarely the howliteis later than the colemanire. The mineralof greatestsignificance is ulexite,which occurs in abundancein
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