2013 Minerals Yearbook BORON [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. Department of the Interior July 2015 U.S. Geological Survey BORON Robert D. Crangle, Jr. Domestic survey data and tables were prepared by Christopher H. Lindsay, statistical assistant, and the world production table was prepared by Lisa D. Miller, international data coordinator. In 2013, most of the boron products consumed in the United SVM (a subsidiary of the Indian company Nirma Ltd.) States were manufactured domestically. Two companies produced borax and boric acid from brines containing potassium produced borates in the United States, U.S. Borax, Inc., in and sodium borates that were extracted from three salt layers, Boron, CA, and Searles Valley Minerals Inc., in Trona, CA. U.S. up to 100 meters (m) deep. This deposit is located at Searles consumption of minerals and compounds reported in boric oxide Lake near the town of Trona in San Bernardino County, CA. (B2O3) content increased in 2013; however, quantities were SVM’s Trona and Westend plants refined the brines, producing withheld to avoid disclosing company proprietary data (table 1). anhydrous, decahydrate, and pentahydrous borax. These brines Turkey and the United States were the world’s leading producers also supplied other commercial salts in addition to sodium of boron minerals (table 6). World production of boron minerals borates and boric acid. The Trona plant has a reported capacity increased by 7% in 2013 to an estimated 3.47 million metric of 27,500 t/yr B2O3, and the Westend plant has a reported tons (Mt) compared with 3.23 Mt in 2012 (excluding U.S. capacity of 82,300 t/yr B2O3. production). The United States exported 232,000 metric tons (t) U.S. Borax (a wholly owned subsidiary of United Kingdom- of boric acid in 2013, an increase of 22% from 190,000 in 2012. based Rio Tinto plc) mined mainly tincal and kernite at Boron, In 2013, 514,000 t of sodium borates were exported, an increase CA, by open pit methods, and the ore was transported by truck of 12% from 457,000 t in 2011 (tables 1, 4). Boron imports to a storage area. The tincal had an average grade of 25.3% consisted primarily of borax, boric acid, colemanite, and ulexite B2O3, and the kernite had an average grade of 31.9% B2O3. (tables 1, 5). Boric acid and refined sodium borates were produced at an Elemental boron is a metalloid with limited commercial onsite processing plant. Refined borate products were shipped applications. The main applications were as a doping agent in by railcar or truck to North American customers or to the the manufacture of semiconductors and as an ignition source in company’s Wilmington, CA, facility and exported from the airbags. The global rate of consumption of elemental boron was Port of Los Angeles. U.S. Borax supplied more than 30% of the estimated to be 15 metric tons per year (t/yr). Boron compounds, world’s refined borates (Rio Tinto plc, 2014, p. 31). According chiefly borates, are commercially important; boron products to a Securities and Exchange Commission report filed by Rio are priced and sold based on B2O3 content, which varies by Tinto, the company produced 495,000 t of borates in 2013, an ore and compound, and on the absence or presence of sodium increase of 7% from the 463,000 t reported in 2012 (Rio Tinto and calcium (table 2). Borax, one of the most important boron plc, 2014, p. 212). minerals for industrial use, is a white crystalline substance chemically known as sodium tetraborate decahydrate and is Consumption found in nature as the mineral tincal. Boric acid, also known as The first reported use of borax was as a flux or bonding agent orthoboric acid or boracic acid, is a white, colorless crystalline by Arabian goldsmiths and silversmiths in the eighth century, solid sold in technical, national formulary, and special quality but current research suggests that the Babylonians may have grades as granules or powder. used it 4,000 years ago. Today, borates are used in more than Production 300 end uses, but the 5 leading uses are, in order of greatest consumption, glass, ceramics, agriculture, detergents, and Four minerals make up 90% of the borates used by industry bleaches (Hamilton, 2006). worldwide: the sodium borates tincal and kernite, the calcium Agriculture.—Fertilizers represented the third-ranked borate colemanite, and the sodium-calcium borate ulexite. application of borates. Boron was the most widely used Borate deposits are associated with volcanic activity and arid micronutrient, applied primarily to promote fruit and seed climates, and the largest borate deposits are located in the production. Boron fertilizers were mostly sourced from borax, Mojave Desert of the United States, the Alpide belt in southern boric acid, and calcium borate owing to their high water Asia, and the Andean belt of South America. As a result, most solubility; thus, boron fertilizers can be delivered through sprays borates were extracted primarily in California and Turkey and or irrigation water. to a lesser extent in Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, China, and Peru. Boron is essential for plant uptake of primary and secondary Boron compounds and minerals were produced by surface and nutrients, such as calcium, magnesium, manganese, phosphorus, underground mining and from brine. and zinc. It influences the transport of nutrients through plant Domestic data for boron were derived by the U.S. Geological membranes, which directly correlates into improved fruit Survey from a voluntary survey of two U.S. producers—Rio development, germination, plant reproduction, and pollen Tinto Group’s U.S. Borax and Searles Valley Minerals, Inc. production. Normal plant leaves typically contain 25 to (SVM). Data from both companies were withheld to avoid 100 parts per million of boron, with 1 kilogram per hectare disclosing company proprietary data (table 1). (1 pound per acre) of boron in soil being adequate to maintain Boron—2013 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 13.1 these levels. In the United States, crops with boron deficiencies improves quality by increasing the absorbance of infrared are often found in the Atlantic coastal plain, Great Lakes region, radiation (U.S. Borax, Inc., 2014). and the coastal Pacific Northwest, where soils tend to be acidic, Borosilicate refers to glass with boric oxide content between leached, coarse sandy, or organic in nature (Albrecht, 1967; 5% and 30%. The boron in borosilicate imparts many valuable USDA, 1998). properties to the glass, such as increased mechanical strength, Ceramics.—Ceramics constituted the second-leading low coefficient of thermal expansion, and resistance to chemical application for borates after glass, accounting for 10% of world attack and thermal shock. Applications of borosilicate range consumption. Borates play an important role in ceramic glazes from Pyrex® kitchenware to the thermal protection tiles and enamels, increasing chemical, thermal, and wear resistance. for spacecraft. Borax and colemanite are used in ceramics primarily as fluxing Other.—Various boron compounds are used in nuclear agents, with borax being used in higher temperature and powerplants to control neutrons produced during nuclear fission. colemanite in lower temperature firings. Borates also are used in The isotope boron-10, in particular, possesses a high propensity technical ceramics, an industry with applications in aerospace, for absorbing free neutrons, producing lithium and alpha ballistics, electronics, and medicine, which experienced strong particles after absorbing neutrons. Control rods composed of growth during the past decade. The amount of B2O3 used in boron carbide are lowered into a nuclear reactor to control the glazes varies between 8% and 24%, and the amount used in fission reaction by capturing neutrons. Boric acid is used in the enamels varies between 17% and 32% by weight. cooling water surrounding nuclear reactors to absorb escaping Boron carbide is a key ingredient in lightweight ceramic neutrons (Ceradyne Inc., 2011). armor, the use of which increased consumption of boron Boron nitride is used in many cosmetics owing to its low carbide in the United States and Europe during the past few coefficient of friction and lack of toxicity. Boric acid has years. Small arms protective inserts, used by the U.S. military, applications in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and toiletries. are boron carbide ceramic plates inserted into Kevlar® flak Borates are also added to brake fluids, fuel additives, lubricants, jackets to protect against high-velocity projectiles (Industrial metalworking fluids, and water-treatment chemicals. Boron Minerals, 2008b). oxide inhibits corrosion. Detergents and Soaps.—The use of borates in detergents Ferroboron (FeB) is a binary alloy of iron with a boron and soaps represented the fourth-ranked market, accounting content between 17.5% and 24% and is the lowest cost boron for 4% of world consumption. Borates were incorporated into additive for steel and other ferrous metals. On average, the steel laundry detergents, soaps, and other cleaning products because industry consumes more than 50% of the ferroboron produced they can be used as alkaline buffers, enzyme stabilizers, oxygen- annually (Eti Holding Inc., 2003, p. 8). Boron steel, a product based bleaching agents, and water softeners. Two borates, manufactured through the addition of ferroboron, possesses a sodium perborate and perborate tetrahydrate, were used as higher strength and lighter weight than average high-strength oxidizing bleaching agents. Hydrogen peroxide, a very effective steel, which makes it useful in the manufacture of safe and fuel- bleaching agent, is produced when sodium perborate undergoes efficient automobiles (Ray and others, 1966). Ferroboron is also hydrolysis while in contact with water. Because hydrogen used in the manufacture of neodymium magnets, a rare-earth peroxide cannot be effectively incorporated into detergents, permanent magnet frequently used in actuators, bearings and sodium perborate acts as its carrier (U.S. Borax, Inc., undated). couplings, computer drives, and servomotors.