Origin of the Kramer Borax Deposit, Boron, CA
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Midterm 2 Examination Key
GLY4200C Name 90 points October 26, 2011 16 took exam - Numbers to the left of the question number in red are the number of incorrect responses. Instructor comments are in blue. Florida Atlantic University MINERALOGY -- MIDTERM 2 EXAMINATION KEY True-False - Print the letter T or F in the blank to indicate if each of the following statements is true or false. Illegible answers are wrong. (1 point each) 0 T 1. All mathematical groups, including crystallographic point and space groups, must contain an identity operation. 2 F 2. All pyramidal forms are closed. 11 F 3. As nuclei grow, their surface area/volume ratio increases. 1 F 4. Growth twins are always penetration twins. 2 T 5. Low-spin Fe3+ is smaller than high-spin Fe3+. 0 T 6.As pressure increases, minerals transform to denser structures, with atoms packed more closely together 1 T 7. Although silicon normally has CN = IV, in the lower mantle the pressures are so great that the CN of silicon is VI. 2 F 8. If two ions have the same charge, the larger ion will enter a crystal structure preferentially. 2 T 9. Crystal classes are defined by the thirty-two possible point groups. 11 F 10. Possible symmetry operations include rotation axes, mirror planes, and an inversion center. What is wrong with this statement? 0 T 11. Faces composed of all anions or all cations are very high energy. They attract ions of opposite sign, grow rapidly, and may grow themselves out of existence. 1 T 12. The calculation of the zone axis is done using the same method as a vector cross- product. -
Economic Diversification Plan for East Kern County
FEBRUARY 2017 ECONOMIC DIVERSIFICATION PLAN EAST KERN COUNTY, CA KERN COUNTY ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS TIP Strategies would like to thank the many individuals who participated in the creation of this Economic Diversification Plan. We are especially grateful to the members of the East Kern Economic Alliance who contributed their time and input throughout this planning process. Their expertise helped us gain a deep understanding of the region’s range of assets and opportunities. We are also thankful for the US Department of Defense Office of Economic Adjustment for their visionary investments and support which helped make this project a reality. We also want to thank the leadership and staff of Kern County and the Kern EDC for their essential support, guidance, and feedback during the development of this plan. EAST KERN ECONOMIC ALLIANCE KEY STAKEHOLDERS Richard Chapman, President & CEO Jennifer Wood, Mayor Gary Parsons, Economic Kern Economic Development California City Development Manager Corporation City of Ridgecrest Karina Drees, CEO and General Bill Deaver, Michelle Vance, Economic Manager Edwards Community Alliance Development Coordinator Mojave Air & Spaceport City of Tehachapi Kimberly Maevers, President Kelly Bearden, Director Ryan Rush, Field Representative Greater Antelope Valley Economic CSU-Bakersfield SBDC Kern County Board of Supervisors, Alliance 2nd District KERN COUNTY PROJECT TEAM Supervisor Zach Scrivner, Chairman of the Kern County Board of Supervisors & 2nd District Supervisor Teresa Hitchcock, Assistant County Administrative -
The American Journal of Science
THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SOIENOE. EDITOR: EDWARD S. DANA. ASSOCIATE EDITORS PROFESSORS GEO. L. GOODALE, JOHN TROWBRIDGE, H. P. BOWDITCH AND W. G. FARLOW, OF CAMBRIDGE, PROFESSORS O. C. MAHSH, A. E. VERRILL AND H. S. WILLIAMS, OF NEW HAVEN, PROFESSOR GEORGE F. BARKER, OF PHILADELPHIA, PROFESSOR H. A. ROWLAND, OF BALTIMORE, MR. J. S. DILLER, OF W ASHl~GTON. FOURTH SERIES. VOL. II-[WHOLE NUMBER, CLI!.] Nos. 7-12. JULY TO DEOEMBER, 1896. WITH SIX PLATES. NEW HAVEN, CONNECTICUT. 1896'. J. B. Pratt-Northupite, PirBsonite, etc. 123 , ART. ~V.-On Northupite; Pirs8onite, a new mineral j (}OI!flussite and IIanksite from Borax Lake, San Bernar dino County, Californi(t j by J. H. PRATT. INTRODUCTION. THE minerals to be described in this paper are from the remarkable locality of Borax Lake, San Bernardino County, California. They were broug-ht to the author's notice, in the fall of 1895, by Mr. Warren M. Foote of Philadelphia, who sent one of them, the northupite, tog-ether with some of the associ ated minerals, to the mineralogical laboratory of the Sheffield Scientific School, for chemical investigation. About the same time Mr. C. H. Northup of San Jose, CaL, sent some minerals from the same region to Prof. S. L. Penfield. Among them, gaylussite, hanksite and a third mineral, which has proved to be a new species, were identified. These same minerals were also observed among the specimens sent by Mr. Foote. Mr. Northup, in his letter of transmittal, stated that he had care fully saved all of the crystals of the new mineral, having observed that they were different from gaylnssite in habit, and that he believed they would prove to be a new and interesting species. -
Infrare D Transmission Spectra of Carbonate Minerals
Infrare d Transmission Spectra of Carbonate Mineral s THE NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Infrare d Transmission Spectra of Carbonate Mineral s G. C. Jones Department of Mineralogy The Natural History Museum London, UK and B. Jackson Department of Geology Royal Museum of Scotland Edinburgh, UK A collaborative project of The Natural History Museum and National Museums of Scotland E3 SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V. Firs t editio n 1 993 © 1993 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Chapman & Hall in 1993 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1993 Typese t at the Natura l Histor y Museu m ISBN 978-94-010-4940-5 ISBN 978-94-011-2120-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-011-2120-0 Apar t fro m any fair dealin g for the purpose s of researc h or privat e study , or criticis m or review , as permitte d unde r the UK Copyrigh t Design s and Patent s Act , 1988, thi s publicatio n may not be reproduced , stored , or transmitted , in any for m or by any means , withou t the prio r permissio n in writin g of the publishers , or in the case of reprographi c reproductio n onl y in accordanc e wit h the term s of the licence s issue d by the Copyrigh t Licensin g Agenc y in the UK, or in accordanc e wit h the term s of licence s issue d by the appropriat e Reproductio n Right s Organizatio n outsid e the UK. Enquirie s concernin g reproductio n outsid e the term s state d here shoul d be sent to the publisher s at the Londo n addres s printe d on thi s page. -
Commodities, Part 5 Strontium, Sodium Sulfate, Trona (Soda Ash), Talc, Lithium, Summary Comments Safety Reminders
ME571/GEO571 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2018 Commodities, Part 5 strontium, sodium sulfate, trona (soda ash), talc, lithium, summary comments Safety Reminders Commodity presentations—send me your powerpoints April 28 AIPG meeting and Field trip in afternoon (perlite mine or carbonatites) Research Projects presentation April 30 Finals, written Project due May 4 No class May 7 Strontium Strontium—introduction • Sr • 15th abundant element • does not occur naturally as an element, in compounds • No production in the United States since 1959 • celestite or celestine SrSO4 (same structure as barite) 56.4% Sr • strontianite SrCO3, 70.1% Sr Celesitite http://www.zeuter.com/~tburden Strontianite http://www.zeuter.com/~tburden Strontium and strontianite are named after Stronian, a village in Scotland near which the mineral was discovered in 1790 by Adair Crawford and William Cruickshank A critical mineral Strontium—uses • faceplate glass of color television picture tubes, 77% • ferrite ceramic magnets, 8% • pyrotechnics and signals, 9% – fireworks (red flame) – flares • other applications, 6% – refining zinc – optical materials Strontium—production USGS Mineral Yearbooks metric tons Strontium—geology • association with rocks deposited by the evaporation of sea water (evaporites) • igneous rocks • Brines • Barite and calcite must be removed— costly Sodium sulfate Sodium sulfate—introduction • disodium sulfate (Na2SO4), • inorganic chemical • Thenardite Na2SO4 • Hanksite Na22K(SO4)9(CO3)2Cl • Glauberite Na2Ca(SO4)2 Sodium sulfate—uses -
THE MAIN-GROUP ELEMENTS Atomic Properties
THE MAIN-GROUP ELEMENTS Atomic Properties Properties of elements is based valence-shell electron configurations. Five atomic properties: 1. atomic radius 2. ionization energy 3. electron affinity 4. electronegativity 5. polarizability Atomic Size Adding more valence levels increases the distance from the electrons to the nucleus, it also decrease the effect the nucleus has on the outer electrons. decreases across a period Effective Nuclear Force increases down a group Valence levels Ionization Energy Ionization energy: the energy required to remove the most loosely held electron from an atom in the gaseous state. Size of Atom Ionization Energy Smaller size Higher ionization energy Electron Affinity The electron affinity is a release of energy to form an anion. Ionization Energy Electron Affinity Atoms with higher effective nuclear charges release more energy. Electronegativity Electronegativity is the tendency of an atom to attract electrons to itself. Ionization Energy Electronegativity Atoms with a greater effective nuclear charge have a stronger pull on bonding electrons. Large differences in electronegativity typically form ionic bonds and small differences from covalent bonds. Polarizability Polarizability is the ease an atoms electron cloud can be distorted. Size of Atom Polarizability Electron-rich, heavier atoms are easily polarized. High polarizing power atom-are small sized, highly charged atoms. Bonding Trends Elements in period 2 strictly follow the octet rule; carbon forms four bonds. Elements in Period 3 and higher periods exceed the octet. They reach higher oxidation states because they can access empty d-orbitals. Also, larger atoms can simply make more bonds to more neighbors . Group 1A: Alkali Metals The chemical properties of alkali metals are striking similar. -
Salt Crystallization Temperatures in Searles Lake, California!
Mineral. Soc. Amer. Spec. Pap. 3, 257-259 (1970). SALT CRYSTALLIZATION TEMPERATURES IN SEARLES LAKE, CALIFORNIA! GEORGE 1. SMITH, U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, California 94025 2 IRVING FRIEDMAN, AND SADAO MATSU0 , U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colorado ABSTRACT The DIH ratios in natural samples of borax, gaylussite, nahcolite and trona were compared with minerals synthesized in the laboratory to deduce temperatures of crystallization in Searles Lake. During most of the Early Holocene, trona in the Upper Salt was deposited during warm summers, average 32°C, similar to the present. Crystallization temperatures of the Middle Wisconsin Lower Salt inferred from DIH ratios are in the range _12° to +8°C; by consideration of phase rela- tions these are assigned to winter crystallization. Winter temperatures much colder than those of the present are inferred for the upper and lower thirds of this Lower Salt unit; summer temperatures for these units inferred from mineral as- semblages are also lower than those of the present. A more complete description of the method, data and results will be published elsewhere. INTRODUCTION are therefore considered to have crystallized well above Searles Lake, which is dry today, was one of a chain of 20°C, and assemblages lacking burkeite are considered to large lakes that formed in the Great Basin segment of have formed at lower temperature. Similarly, assemblages southeast California during pluvial periods of late Quater- that contain nahcolite, borax, thenardite, and mirabilite, nary time (Gale, 1914; Flint and Gale, 1958; Smith, 1968). whose solubilities are also greatly affected by temperature, The number of lakes in the chain, and the size of the last are used to estimate crystallization temperatures. -
B Clifford Frondel
CATALOGUE OF. MINERAL PSEUDOMORPHS IN THE AMERICAN MUSEUM -B CLIFFORD FRONDEL BU.LLETIN OF THEAMRICANMUSEUM' OF NA.TURAL HISTORY. VOLUME LXVII, 1935- -ARTIC-LE IX- NEW YORK Tebruary 26, 1935 4 2 <~~~~~~~~~~~~~7 - A~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~, 4~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~4 4 4 A .~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~4- -> " -~~~~~~~~~4~~. v-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~t V-~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 'W. - /7~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~7 7-r ~~~~~~~~~-A~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ -'c~ ~ ~ ' -7L~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 7 54.9:07 (74.71) Article IX.-CATALOGUE OF MINERAL PSEUDOMORPHS IN THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY' BY CLIFFORD FRONDEL CONTENTS PAGE INTRODUCTION .................. 389 Definition.389 Literature.390 New Pseudomorphse .393 METHOD OF DESCRIPTION.393 ORIGIN OF SUBSTITUTION AND INCRUSTATION PSEUDOMORPHS.396 Colloidal Origin: Adsorption and Peptization.396 Conditions Controlling Peptization.401 Volume Relations.403 DESCRIPTION OF SPECIMENS.403 INTRODUCTION DEFINITION.-A pseudomorph is defined as a mineral which has the outward form proper to another species of mineral whose place it has taken through the action of some agency.2 This precise use of the term excludes the regular cavities left by the removal of a crystal from its matrix (molds), since these are voids and not solids,3 and would also exclude those cases in which organic material has been replaced by quartz or some other mineral because the original substance is here not a mineral. The general usage of the term is to include as pseudomorphs both petrifactions and molds, and also: (1) Any mineral change in which the outlines of the original mineral are preserved, whether this surface be a euhedral crystal form or the irregular bounding surface of an embedded grain or of an aggregate. (2) Any mineral change which has been accomplished without change of volume, as evidenced by the undistorted preservation of an original texture or structure, whether this be the equal volume replacement of a single crystal or of a rock mass on a geologic scale. -
Temperature and Relative Humidity (RH) Using Saturated Salt Solutions
THERMODYNAMICS OF 1:2 SODIUM BORATE MINERALS By LAURA SUZANNE RUHL A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2008 1 © 2008 Laura Suzanne Ruhl 2 To my family, who have kept my inquisitive spirit and thirst for knowledge alive, always encouraging me, and giving me strength. 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First and foremost, I thank the chair of my committee, Phil Neuhoff, for all of his time and all of the knowledge he has bestowed upon me throughout my time as his student. I would also like to thank my committee members, Ellen Martin and Guerry McClellan, for their time and support in my academic endeavors. I thank Jie Wang and Gökce Atalan for their help in the lab, for many scientific discussions and support. I also thank Derrick Newkirk for his unending encouragement and support. Major thanks go to my parents and siblings for always being there to help in any endeavor and their never-ending support and love. Lastly, I appreciate all of the never-ending encouragement from my friends and family. The National Science Foundation funded this project. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...............................................................................................................4 LIST OF TABLES...........................................................................................................................6 LIST OF FIGURES .........................................................................................................................7 -
SODIUM COMPOUNDS (Excluding Salt)
This document is part of a larger publication and is subject to the disclaimers and copyright of the full version from which it was extracted. Information on purchasing the book, and details of other industrial minerals, as well as updates and copyright and other legal information can be found at: http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/minerals/geological/industrial-mineral-opportunities SODIUM COMPOUNDS (excluding salt) Potential and Outlook Table 38. Main sodium carbonate minerals The main commercial sources of sodium compounds, apart from sodium chloride (common salt or halite), are Mineral Formula % Na2CO3 sodium carbonate and sodium sulphate minerals.Sodium Thermonatrite Na2CO3.H2O 85.5 chloride is discussed in the Salt Chapter of this bulletin. Sodium carbonates and sodium sulphates occur as Trona Na2CO3.NaHCO3.2H2O 70.4 a range of salts that are usually found in Tertiary or Quaternary evaporite deposits or in brines. The Nahcolite NaHCO3 63.1 greatest potential for sodium compounds in New South Natron Na2CO3.10H2O 37.1 Wales appears to be in groundwater brines, including those produced by salinity remediation schemes. Dawsonite NaAl(CO3)(OH)2 35.8 The Sydney–Gunnedah Basin (Figure 1) has widespread occurrences of sodium bicarbonate- Gaylussite Na2CO3.CaCO3.5H2O 35.8 enriched groundwater. Although there is insufficient bicarbonate-enriched water to support large-scale Shortite Na2CO3.2CaCO3 34.6 extraction, areas of potential for sodium bicarbonate Burkeite Na2CO3.2Na2SO4 27.2 extraction may occur elsewhere in the basin. There is significant potential to produce larger Hanksite 2Na2CO3.9Na2SO4.KCl 13.6 quantities of sodium compounds from Murray Basin (Figure 1) acquifers given the large quantities of saline Source: Kostick (1994) groundwater they contain (Whitehouse 2003). -
Design Rules for Discovering 2D Materials from 3D Crystals
Design Rules for Discovering 2D Materials from 3D Crystals by Eleanor Lyons Brightbill Collaborators: Tyler W. Farnsworth, Adam H. Woomer, Patrick C. O'Brien, Kaci L. Kuntz Senior Honors Thesis Chemistry University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill April 7th, 2016 Approved: ___________________________ Dr Scott Warren, Thesis Advisor Dr Wei You, Reader Dr. Todd Austell, Reader Abstract Two-dimensional (2D) materials are championed as potential components for novel technologies due to the extreme change in properties that often accompanies a transition from the bulk to a quantum-confined state. While the incredible properties of existing 2D materials have been investigated for numerous applications, the current library of stable 2D materials is limited to a relatively small number of material systems, and attempts to identify novel 2D materials have found only a small subset of potential 2D material precursors. Here I present a rigorous, yet simple, set of criteria to identify 3D crystals that may be exfoliated into stable 2D sheets and apply these criteria to a database of naturally occurring layered minerals. These design rules harness two fundamental properties of crystals—Mohs hardness and melting point—to enable a rapid and effective approach to identify candidates for exfoliation. It is shown that, in layered systems, Mohs hardness is a predictor of inter-layer (out-of-plane) bond strength while melting point is a measure of intra-layer (in-plane) bond strength. This concept is demonstrated by using liquid exfoliation to produce novel 2D materials from layered minerals that have a Mohs hardness less than 3, with relative success of exfoliation (such as yield and flake size) dependent on melting point. -
Borates—Crystal Structures of Prospective Nonlinear Optical Materials: High Anisotropy of the Thermal Expansion Caused by Anharmonic Atomic Vibrations
Review Borates—Crystal Structures of Prospective Nonlinear Optical Materials: High Anisotropy of the Thermal Expansion Caused by Anharmonic Atomic Vibrations Rimma Bubnova 1,2,*, Sergey Volkov 1, Barbara Albert 3 and Stanislav Filatov 2 1 Institute of Silicate Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Makarov Emb. 2, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia; [email protected] 2 Department of Crystallography, Institute of Earth Sciences, St. Petersburg State University, University Emb. 7/9, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia; [email protected] 3 Eduard Zintl-Institute of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 12, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +7-981-181-3262 Academic Editors: Ning Ye and Rukang Li Received: 7 February 2017; Accepted: 16 March 2017; Published: 22 March 2017 Abstract: In the present study the thermal structure evolution is reviewed for known nonlinear optical borates such as β-BaB2O4, LiB3O5, CsLiB6O10, Li2B4O7, K2Al2B2O7, and α-BiB3O6, based on single-crystal and powder X-ray diffraction data collected over wide temperature ranges. Temperature-dependent measurements of further borates are presented for the first time: α-BaB2O4 (295–673 K), β-BaB2O4 (98–693 K), LiB3O5 (98–650 K) and K2Al2B2O7 (98–348 K). In addition to the established criteria for nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of crystals, here the role of the anisotropy and anharmonicity of the thermal vibrations of atoms is analysed as well as changes in their coordination spheres and the anisotropy of the thermal expansion of the crystal structure. Non-centrosymmetric borates, especially those that have NLO properties, often show distinct anisotropies for each cation in comparison to centrosymmetric borates.