DOCSLIB.ORG

The Grystal Structure of Hanksite

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Grystal Structure of Hanksite American Mineralogist, Volume 58,pages 799-801,1973 The GrystalStructure of Hanksite Tnrlnlnu ARAKr,l,lNn Tlson Tntrx Departmentof Geologyand Geophysics,Uniuersity of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 554 5 5 Abstract Hanksite, NaaK(COg)r(SOn)"C1, from Searles Lake, California, gave the space group P6s/m and the unit cell constants a - 10.465 and c - 21,191 A. Its structure was solved by three-dimensional Patterson synthesis and subsequent Fourier methods. The atomic co- ordinates and isotropic temperature factors were refined by full-matrix least-squares to R = 6.45 percentfor 1159reflections. The structure is characterized by chains of Na and K octahedra running parallel to the c-axis. These chains are connected by carbon and sulfur coordination groups, Introduction cell dimensionsare in good agreementwith those ( The mineralogy and the conditions of occurrence first reportedby Ramsdell 1939). of hanksite,NazsK(COe)2(SO4)ecl, at SearlesLake, Three-dimensionalintensities were collectedby a California, and the system Na-Cl-SOa-COs-H2O, generalinclination (Santoro and Zocchi, 1966) dif- which includeshanksite, have been extensivelystud- fractometerusing CuKc radiationon a crystalfrag- ied by severalauthors (Eugster and Smith, 1965; ment mountedfor a-axis rotation. All 1268 reflec- = Hardie and Eugster, l97O; Smith, Friedman, and tions were measuredup to sin 0 O.9245and were Matsuo, 1970). The possiblecrystal structure of correctedfor absorptionusing the methodintroduced hanksite, however, posed interesting questionsdue by Burnham (1966). The spacegroup of P6s/m to the unusual cation ratios in its chemicalcomposi- was concludedfrom the systematicabsences in the tion and the identity of its morphology and space 00t reflections,from the inequalities between hkl group with that of apatite. andkht intensities,and from the N(z) testdescribed Simultaneouslyand independentlyof this study, by Howellset aI (1950). Kato solved the structure of hanksite on a crystal In the Pattersonsynthesis several prominent peaks obtained from the same locality, and published a were observedat the approximatelocations of: brief summaryof his results(Kato, 1972). UV : 0l/2,l/20,l/2l/2 atW : 0,l/6 and2/6 levelsand UV : l/6 2/6,2/6 l/6, 5/6 l/6, 4/6 2/6 Experimental at W : 0 and everyl/121h level. The unit cell dimensionsof hanksite,from Searles On the basisof theseobservations sulfur atomswere Lake, California,, as obtainedfrom precessionphoto. locatedtentatively at 2/6 l/6 l/12 and l/6 2/6 3/12, graphs and refined by a least-squaresmethod from and sodiumatoms at 2/6 l/6 3/12 and l/6 2/6 l/12 carefully preparedpowder diffraction data, are: a = and at inversioncenters. The validity of this model -+ 10.465 0.021,c = 21.191r 0.043A. Theseunit was tested with a weighted B-general synthesis (Ramachandranand Srinivasan,1970, pp. 80-ll9). 'prar-tt The test confirmedthe approximatelocation of sulfur uadress: Department of Geophysical Sciences, the University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637. and sodium atoms and revealedthe sitesof all 'The chemical composition of hanksite is assumedto be other atoms. that reported by Pratt (1896) and confirmed by Ramsell Five cycles of full-matrix least-squaresrefinement (1939), as the specimenused in this study came from the wererun for 1159reflections (that is, all but 9 strong same locality and gave identical unit cell dimensions,This a{i : obtain composition was later verified by the absenceof anomalous reflections above 0.25\ in order to temperature factors and peak-heightsin the least squares better atomic coordinatesand isotropictemperature refinement, factors.The scatteringcurves of K*, Na*, Cl-, O-, S 799 8OO MINERALOGICAL NOTES Tesr.r l. Atomic Parameters and Isotropic Temperature Teele 3. X-ray Diffraction Powder Pattern of Hanksite Factors in Hanksite, NapK(COa)p(SOn)'Cl Atom l{ x h k 1 d(obs) d(calc) Iotersity h k I d(obs) d(catc) Inretrsily u UZ ru.b0 10.60 2 4 03 2.158 2.Ls1 0 0 0 1.779(48) I 00 9.039 9.062 9 2.L46 2.L47 3 1 03 5.569 Na(1) 6 1/2 0 0 1.576(sr) 5.577 42 8 2.096 2.096 13 0 04 5.301 5.29a 53 I 2,O70 2.O70 3 Na(2) 4 2/3 .3757L (76) 1.819 (60) IO 5.229 5.236 103 2 2.Mt 2,O40 10 Na(3) 4 0 0 .326s2 (L6) (57) 1.6s5 l I 5.089 5.083 13 24 1.935 r,935 3 Na(4) 6 .34576(32) .14670(32) 714 2.174 (55) o 4 4.573 44 06 t.907 1.907 0 0 4,532 6.5 Na(5) 12 .r787C (22) (23) r 0tl r.884 1.884 2 .36173 .42s7t (rq r.889 (43) I 3 4.205 4.206 1.5 3 25 r.855 1.868 Na(6) 72 ,s2262(2r) .05337(22) .66098 (9) r.750 (4r) 0 5 3.843 3,840 54 L4 1.852 1.853 2 ct2 L/3 rl4 2.43s(s5) 3 3.8L2 3.8r4 100 318 L.423 L.824 4 O J. )JI 3.532 75 c 213 rl3 .s69s1 (3s) r.041 (109) 500 1.813 1.813 5 o 3.425 3.426 60 501 (1) L805 1.805 7 s 6 .2085r (r7) .35679 (J6) r/4 r.r75 (35) 1 3.383 3.383 t4 2Lt0 1.802 1.802 (2) 5 3.292 3.290 4 4L5 r.793 L.192 s 72 ,33869(11) .16831(rr) .40910 (s) 1.007 (31) (r) 0 L2 .59s60 (34) .40349 (3s) .s69SS(1s) L.374 (55) 2 3.259 3.260 o o 12 7,766 L.756 7 3.083 3.083 4L6 t.726 7.726 3 0(2) 6 .3ss90 (s6) .36881 (ss) 7/4 r,935 (85) 0 3.024 3.021 2.5 2 1.72I L.722 3 (3) 0 6 ,09251 (s4) .20129 (s5) Ll4 r.877 (8s) 6 2.930 2.92a 3 1.694 1.594 3 (4) 0 7 2,874 2.a7L I) L2 L,6J3 t.673 0 1-2 .19799 (42) .43019(43) .30711 (r9) 2.457 (70) (5) 0 6 2,787 2.785 0 12 .38977 (3s) .1134s (39) .3s672 (17) 2.077 (62) 72 10 1.628 1.628 2 I 5 2.665 2.665 (6) 11 ,. -^^ L.624 0 12 ,19609(37) .1ss37 (39) .39408 (17) (65) 1 7 2.621 rr'ozr 1.9s9 tz'oro r r.623 (7) 2 0 2.6ra I0 1.620 L,620 0 12 .44786 (39) ,32363(38) ,4rs7o (r7) 1.9s0 (53) 0 8 2.54t 2.543 5 L.513 1.613 2 0 (8) L2 .32292 (37) .08012(38) .46573 |f7) L.877 (62) I 0 2.5L3 2,574 9 2 1.509 1,509 2,5 FyWleg in parenthesee_ I are stmdard deui.ati.ore in tems of the I 1 2.496 2.497 11 L2 1.569 r.570 1.5 La6t decanaz plaees of dzbemined paLues. 2 3 2,452 2,455 1.541 L.542 10 I 2 2.446 2,446 10 1 3 2.367 2.369 space group: P63ln 0 6 2,295 2.296 and C arethose of Cromer 0 9 2.274 2.279 and Man (1968).The final Unlt cell: d = 10,465 t I 4 2.27r 2.27r 0,021 I c - t R value for the ll59 reflectionswas 6.45 percent. 0 1 21.191 O.O4SE The atomic coordinatesand isotropic temperature factors with their standard deviations are given in Table l. Na(2), is on the 3 axis and is surrounded by six oxygens and one chlorine to form a peculiar Description of the Structure co- ordination group. The carbon and sulfur atoms are Sodium has severalcoordinations in the hanksite in the usual triangular and tetrahedralcoordination. structure,as illustrated in Figure l. There is a chain A summary of major polyhedral interatomic dis- of four sodium,Na(3), (and two potassium)octahedra, tancesis given in Table 2, and the calculatedpowder sharing faces, which runs along the 6, axis. There are six slightly distorted sodium tNa(t) and Na(6)l octahedrathat by sharing cornersform chains along o o.1 the 2, axis. Another sodium Na(4), is coordinated to four oxygenatoms at shorter distancesand to an oxygen and a chlorine at longer distances; it is sandwiched between sulfate groupS. One sodium, Na(5), is coordinatedto four oxygensin the horizontal and two in the vertical directions.The sixth sodium. Trsrn 2, Summary of Polyhedral Interatomic Distances Atoms Dlstances (A) Distances (E) K-O 2.925(7)* c-o 1.280(4) t( Na-O 2.28 to 2.98 s-o 1.46 to 1.48 Na-C1 2,66to 2.9L n-n 2.38 to 2.42 Ox or" Qo Qcr *Figrr.s in parentheses aye standzzd. d-euiations, c-projection of the hanksite structure. (Carbon atoms not shown.) MINERALOGICAL NOTES 801 patternin Table 3. A list of observedand calculated HARDTE,L. A., lNo H. P. Euosren (1970) The evolution of structurefactors of hanksitehas been depositedat closed-basinbrines. Mineral. Soc. Amer. Spec. Pap. 3, the NationalAuxiliary PublicationsService. s 273-290. Howerts, E. R., D. C. PHrI-rrrs, rNo D. Rocrns (1950) The probability distribution of x-ray intensity, II' Ex- Acknowledgment perimental investigation and x-ray detection of center and symmetry. Acta Crystallogr. 3, 214-214. This study has been supported by a grant from the Na- Kero, K. (1972) Kristallstruktur von Hanskit' Natur',riss- tional ScienceFoundation. enschalten,59,269. Pnlrr, J. H. (1896) On northruptite; pirssonite, a new References mineral; gaylussiteand hanksite from Borax Lake, San Bernardino County, California.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The American Journal of Science
    THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SOIENOE. EDITOR: EDWARD S. DANA. ASSOCIATE EDITORS PROFESSORS GEO. L. GOODALE, JOHN TROWBRIDGE, H. P. BOWDITCH AND W. G. FARLOW, OF CAMBRIDGE, PROFESSORS O. C. MAHSH, A. E. VERRILL AND H. S. WILLIAMS, OF NEW HAVEN, PROFESSOR GEORGE F. BARKER, OF PHILADELPHIA, PROFESSOR H. A. ROWLAND, OF BALTIMORE, MR. J. S. DILLER, OF W ASHl~GTON. FOURTH SERIES. VOL. II-[WHOLE NUMBER, CLI!.] Nos. 7-12. JULY TO DEOEMBER, 1896. WITH SIX PLATES. NEW HAVEN, CONNECTICUT. 1896'. J. B. Pratt-Northupite, PirBsonite, etc. 123 , ART. ~V.-On Northupite; Pirs8onite, a new mineral j (}OI!flussite and IIanksite from Borax Lake, San Bernar­ dino County, Californi(t j by J. H. PRATT. INTRODUCTION. THE minerals to be described in this paper are from the remarkable locality of Borax Lake, San Bernardino County, California. They were broug-ht to the author's notice, in the fall of 1895, by Mr. Warren M. Foote of Philadelphia, who sent one of them, the northupite, tog-ether with some of the associ­ ated minerals, to the mineralogical laboratory of the Sheffield Scientific School, for chemical investigation. About the same time Mr. C. H. Northup of San Jose, CaL, sent some minerals from the same region to Prof. S. L. Penfield. Among them, gaylussite, hanksite and a third mineral, which has proved to be a new species, were identified. These same minerals were also observed among the specimens sent by Mr. Foote. Mr. Northup, in his letter of transmittal, stated that he had care­ fully saved all of the crystals of the new mineral, having observed that they were different from gaylnssite in habit, and that he believed they would prove to be a new and interesting species.
    [Show full text]
  • Infrare D Transmission Spectra of Carbonate Minerals
    Infrare d Transmission Spectra of Carbonate Mineral s THE NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Infrare d Transmission Spectra of Carbonate Mineral s G. C. Jones Department of Mineralogy The Natural History Museum London, UK and B. Jackson Department of Geology Royal Museum of Scotland Edinburgh, UK A collaborative project of The Natural History Museum and National Museums of Scotland E3 SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V. Firs t editio n 1 993 © 1993 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Chapman & Hall in 1993 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1993 Typese t at the Natura l Histor y Museu m ISBN 978-94-010-4940-5 ISBN 978-94-011-2120-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-011-2120-0 Apar t fro m any fair dealin g for the purpose s of researc h or privat e study , or criticis m or review , as permitte d unde r the UK Copyrigh t Design s and Patent s Act , 1988, thi s publicatio n may not be reproduced , stored , or transmitted , in any for m or by any means , withou t the prio r permissio n in writin g of the publishers , or in the case of reprographi c reproductio n onl y in accordanc e wit h the term s of the licence s issue d by the Copyrigh t Licensin g Agenc y in the UK, or in accordanc e wit h the term s of licence s issue d by the appropriat e Reproductio n Right s Organizatio n outsid e the UK. Enquirie s concernin g reproductio n outsid e the term s state d here shoul d be sent to the publisher s at the Londo n addres s printe d on thi s page.
    [Show full text]
  • Commodities, Part 5 Strontium, Sodium Sulfate, Trona (Soda Ash), Talc, Lithium, Summary Comments Safety Reminders
    ME571/GEO571 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2018 Commodities, Part 5 strontium, sodium sulfate, trona (soda ash), talc, lithium, summary comments Safety Reminders Commodity presentations—send me your powerpoints April 28 AIPG meeting and Field trip in afternoon (perlite mine or carbonatites) Research Projects presentation April 30 Finals, written Project due May 4 No class May 7 Strontium Strontium—introduction • Sr • 15th abundant element • does not occur naturally as an element, in compounds • No production in the United States since 1959 • celestite or celestine SrSO4 (same structure as barite) 56.4% Sr • strontianite SrCO3, 70.1% Sr Celesitite http://www.zeuter.com/~tburden Strontianite http://www.zeuter.com/~tburden Strontium and strontianite are named after Stronian, a village in Scotland near which the mineral was discovered in 1790 by Adair Crawford and William Cruickshank A critical mineral Strontium—uses • faceplate glass of color television picture tubes, 77% • ferrite ceramic magnets, 8% • pyrotechnics and signals, 9% – fireworks (red flame) – flares • other applications, 6% – refining zinc – optical materials Strontium—production USGS Mineral Yearbooks metric tons Strontium—geology • association with rocks deposited by the evaporation of sea water (evaporites) • igneous rocks • Brines • Barite and calcite must be removed— costly Sodium sulfate Sodium sulfate—introduction • disodium sulfate (Na2SO4), • inorganic chemical • Thenardite Na2SO4 • Hanksite Na22K(SO4)9(CO3)2Cl • Glauberite Na2Ca(SO4)2 Sodium sulfate—uses
    [Show full text]
  • Salt Crystallization Temperatures in Searles Lake, California!
    Mineral. Soc. Amer. Spec. Pap. 3, 257-259 (1970). SALT CRYSTALLIZATION TEMPERATURES IN SEARLES LAKE, CALIFORNIA! GEORGE 1. SMITH, U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, California 94025 2 IRVING FRIEDMAN, AND SADAO MATSU0 , U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colorado ABSTRACT The DIH ratios in natural samples of borax, gaylussite, nahcolite and trona were compared with minerals synthesized in the laboratory to deduce temperatures of crystallization in Searles Lake. During most of the Early Holocene, trona in the Upper Salt was deposited during warm summers, average 32°C, similar to the present. Crystallization temperatures of the Middle Wisconsin Lower Salt inferred from DIH ratios are in the range _12° to +8°C; by consideration of phase rela- tions these are assigned to winter crystallization. Winter temperatures much colder than those of the present are inferred for the upper and lower thirds of this Lower Salt unit; summer temperatures for these units inferred from mineral as- semblages are also lower than those of the present. A more complete description of the method, data and results will be published elsewhere. INTRODUCTION are therefore considered to have crystallized well above Searles Lake, which is dry today, was one of a chain of 20°C, and assemblages lacking burkeite are considered to large lakes that formed in the Great Basin segment of have formed at lower temperature. Similarly, assemblages southeast California during pluvial periods of late Quater- that contain nahcolite, borax, thenardite, and mirabilite, nary time (Gale, 1914; Flint and Gale, 1958; Smith, 1968). whose solubilities are also greatly affected by temperature, The number of lakes in the chain, and the size of the last are used to estimate crystallization temperatures.
    [Show full text]
  • B Clifford Frondel
    CATALOGUE OF. MINERAL PSEUDOMORPHS IN THE AMERICAN MUSEUM -B CLIFFORD FRONDEL BU.LLETIN OF THEAMRICANMUSEUM' OF NA.TURAL HISTORY. VOLUME LXVII, 1935- -ARTIC-LE IX- NEW YORK Tebruary 26, 1935 4 2 <~~~~~~~~~~~~~7 - A~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~, 4~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~4 4 4 A .~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~4- -> " -~~~~~~~~~4~~. v-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~t V-~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 'W. - /7~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~7 7-r ~~~~~~~~~-A~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ -'c~ ~ ~ ' -7L~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 7 54.9:07 (74.71) Article IX.-CATALOGUE OF MINERAL PSEUDOMORPHS IN THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY' BY CLIFFORD FRONDEL CONTENTS PAGE INTRODUCTION .................. 389 Definition.389 Literature.390 New Pseudomorphse .393 METHOD OF DESCRIPTION.393 ORIGIN OF SUBSTITUTION AND INCRUSTATION PSEUDOMORPHS.396 Colloidal Origin: Adsorption and Peptization.396 Conditions Controlling Peptization.401 Volume Relations.403 DESCRIPTION OF SPECIMENS.403 INTRODUCTION DEFINITION.-A pseudomorph is defined as a mineral which has the outward form proper to another species of mineral whose place it has taken through the action of some agency.2 This precise use of the term excludes the regular cavities left by the removal of a crystal from its matrix (molds), since these are voids and not solids,3 and would also exclude those cases in which organic material has been replaced by quartz or some other mineral because the original substance is here not a mineral. The general usage of the term is to include as pseudomorphs both petrifactions and molds, and also: (1) Any mineral change in which the outlines of the original mineral are preserved, whether this surface be a euhedral crystal form or the irregular bounding surface of an embedded grain or of an aggregate. (2) Any mineral change which has been accomplished without change of volume, as evidenced by the undistorted preservation of an original texture or structure, whether this be the equal volume replacement of a single crystal or of a rock mass on a geologic scale.
    [Show full text]
  • Origin of the Kramer Borax Deposit, Boron, CA
    A 50 year retrospective 1 OUTLINE 1. A brief history of borax 2. Kramer borax deposit a) Setting and Discovery b) Mineralogy of sedimentary borates c) Stratigraphy and Lithology d) Petrography and implications for geologic setting e) Solubility studies and modeling lake characteristics f) Comparable modern analogues 3. New evidence a) Turkish and Argentinian deposits b) Boron isotopic studies 4. Broader questions – Source water controls (thermal springs), B-As-Sb association, igneous-metamorphic controls on boron in thermal waters 2 Why give this talk? 1. Old (but rusty) material to me, new to most of you 2. Desire to see if ideas have changed in the past 50+ years. 3. Citation of my work even today suggests I did something right. 4. Wish to compare Kramer work with evidence from newer borate deposits in Turkey and South America 5. A wish to evaluate these ideas in light of new evidence using tools that weren’t available in 1964 6. A chance to ponder broader questions about boron’s geochemical cycle. 7. Work done so long ago that if you ask penetrating questions I can always plead a “senior moment” 3 What was unique about my research on the Kramer deposits? • Used a combination of geological tools (Field AND lab work – rare in 1964) • Stratigraphy, Petrography, and XRD based mineralogy • Experimental solubility studies of effects of other salts on Na-borate solubilities • Field studies of other possible borate environments (Borax Lake, Teels and Columbus Marsh, NV, Death Valley, Searles Lake) • Benefits of discussions with an all-star support team with similar interests (Mary Clark, Blair Jones, G.I.
    [Show full text]
  • SODIUM COMPOUNDS (Excluding Salt)
    This document is part of a larger publication and is subject to the disclaimers and copyright of the full version from which it was extracted. Information on purchasing the book, and details of other industrial minerals, as well as updates and copyright and other legal information can be found at: http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/minerals/geological/industrial-mineral-opportunities SODIUM COMPOUNDS (excluding salt) Potential and Outlook Table 38. Main sodium carbonate minerals The main commercial sources of sodium compounds, apart from sodium chloride (common salt or halite), are Mineral Formula % Na2CO3 sodium carbonate and sodium sulphate minerals.Sodium Thermonatrite Na2CO3.H2O 85.5 chloride is discussed in the Salt Chapter of this bulletin. Sodium carbonates and sodium sulphates occur as Trona Na2CO3.NaHCO3.2H2O 70.4 a range of salts that are usually found in Tertiary or Quaternary evaporite deposits or in brines. The Nahcolite NaHCO3 63.1 greatest potential for sodium compounds in New South Natron Na2CO3.10H2O 37.1 Wales appears to be in groundwater brines, including those produced by salinity remediation schemes. Dawsonite NaAl(CO3)(OH)2 35.8 The Sydney–Gunnedah Basin (Figure 1) has widespread occurrences of sodium bicarbonate- Gaylussite Na2CO3.CaCO3.5H2O 35.8 enriched groundwater. Although there is insufficient bicarbonate-enriched water to support large-scale Shortite Na2CO3.2CaCO3 34.6 extraction, areas of potential for sodium bicarbonate Burkeite Na2CO3.2Na2SO4 27.2 extraction may occur elsewhere in the basin. There is significant potential to produce larger Hanksite 2Na2CO3.9Na2SO4.KCl 13.6 quantities of sodium compounds from Murray Basin (Figure 1) acquifers given the large quantities of saline Source: Kostick (1994) groundwater they contain (Whitehouse 2003).
    [Show full text]
  • Potash and Borax Industry
    Registry No. 1218-8-03 NATIONAL RECOVERY ADMINISTRATION PROPOSED CODE OF FAIR COMPETITION FOR THE POTASH AND BORAX INDUSTRY AS SUBMITTED ON AUGUST 31, 1933 R MEMBER U.S. WE D0 OUR PART The Code for the Potash and Borax Industry in its present form merely reflects the proposal of the above-mentioned industry, and none of the provisions contained therein are to be regarded as having received the approval of the National Recovery Administration as applying to this industry UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON: 1933 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D.C. ---- ----- Price 5 cents SUBMITTED BY NATIONAL POTASh PROiUI CLRS ASsOCIATJON AND NATIONAL BORAX PRODUCRS ASSOCIATION PROPOSED CODE OF FAIR COMPETITION FOR THE POTASH AND BORAX INDUSTRIES To effectuate the policy of Title I of the National IndiustriAl Recovery Act, to reduce and relieve unemployment, to maintain adequate scales of wages and hours of labor consistent with American standards of living, to eliminate unfair competitive practices, to promote the fullest possible utilization of the present productive capacity of the industries, to encourage increased domestic production and consumption, to conserve natural resources, and in other respects to rehabilitate and to protect the Potash and Borax industries; the following provisions are established as a code of fair competition for the Potash and Borax industries: I This code is filed by the National Potash Producers Association, a voluntary association representing practically one hundred percent of the miners and/or manufacturers of Potash in the United States, and by the National Borax Producers Association, a voluntary asso- ciation representing miners and/or manufacturers producinig 95% of the borax in the United States.
    [Show full text]
  • Warren, J. K., 2010, Evaporites Through Time: Tectonic, Climatic And
    Earth-Science Reviews 98 (2010) 217–268 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Earth-Science Reviews journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/earscirev Evaporites through time: Tectonic, climatic and eustatic controls in marine and nonmarine deposits John K. Warren Petroleum Geoscience Program, Department of Geology, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand article info abstract Article history: Throughout geological time, evaporite sediments form by solar-driven concentration of a surface or Received 25 February 2009 nearsurface brine. Large, thick and extensive deposits dominated by rock-salt (mega-halite) or anhydrite Accepted 10 November 2009 (mega-sulfate) deposits tend to be marine evaporites and can be associated with extensive deposits of Available online 22 November 2009 potash salts (mega-potash). Ancient marine evaporite deposition required particular climatic, eustatic or tectonic juxtapositions that have occurred a number of times in the past and will so again in the future. Keywords: Ancient marine evaporites typically have poorly developed Quaternary counterparts in scale, thickness, evaporite deposition tectonics and hydrology. When mega-evaporite settings were active within appropriate arid climatic and marine hydrological settings then huge volumes of seawater were drawn into the subsealevel evaporitic nonmarine depressions. These systems were typical of regions where the evaporation rates of ocean waters were at plate tectonics their maximum, and so were centred on the past latitudinal equivalents of today's horse latitudes. But, like economic geology today's nonmarine evaporites, the location of marine Phanerozoic evaporites in zones of appropriate classification adiabatic aridity and continentality extended well into the equatorial belts. Exploited deposits of borate, sodium carbonate (soda-ash) and sodium sulfate (salt-cake) salts, along with evaporitic sediments hosting lithium-rich brines require continental–meteoric not marine-fed hydrologies.
    [Show full text]
  • A Specific Gravity Index for Minerats
    A SPECIFICGRAVITY INDEX FOR MINERATS c. A. MURSKyI ern R. M. THOMPSON, Un'fuersityof Bri.ti,sh Col,umb,in,Voncouver, Canad,a This work was undertaken in order to provide a practical, and as far as possible,a complete list of specific gravities of minerals. An accurate speciflc cravity determination can usually be made quickly and this information when combined with other physical properties commonly leads to rapid mineral identification. Early complete but now outdated specific gravity lists are those of Miers given in his mineralogy textbook (1902),and Spencer(M,i,n. Mag.,2!, pp. 382-865,I}ZZ). A more recent list by Hurlbut (Dana's Manuatr of M,i,neral,ogy,LgE2) is incomplete and others are limited to rock forming minerals,Trdger (Tabel,l,enntr-optischen Best'i,mmungd,er geste,i,nsb.ildend,en M,ineral,e, 1952) and Morey (Encycto- ped,iaof Cherni,cal,Technol,ogy, Vol. 12, 19b4). In his mineral identification tables, smith (rd,entifi,cati,onand. qual,itatioe cherai,cal,anal,ys'i,s of mineral,s,second edition, New york, 19bB) groups minerals on the basis of specificgravity but in each of the twelve groups the minerals are listed in order of decreasinghardness. The present work should not be regarded as an index of all known minerals as the specificgravities of many minerals are unknown or known only approximately and are omitted from the current list. The list, in order of increasing specific gravity, includes all minerals without regard to other physical properties or to chemical composition. The designation I or II after the name indicates that the mineral falls in the classesof minerals describedin Dana Systemof M'ineralogyEdition 7, volume I (Native elements, sulphides, oxides, etc.) or II (Halides, carbonates, etc.) (L944 and 1951).
    [Show full text]
  • 34 (Data in Thousand Metric Tons of Boric Oxide (B O ), Unless Otherwise
    34 BORON (Data in thousand metric tons of boric oxide (B2O3), unless otherwise noted) Domestic Production and Use: The estimated value of boric oxide contained in minerals and compounds produced in 1996 was $498 million. Domestic production of boron minerals primarily as sodium borates, by four companies was centered in southern California. The largest producer operated an open pit tincal and kernite mine and associated compound plants. A second firm, using Searles Lake brines as raw material at two plants, accounted for the remaining output. A third company continued to process small amounts of calcium and calcium sodium borates. A fourth company used an in-situ process. Principal consuming firms were in the North Central and Eastern States. The reported end-use distribution pattern for boron compounds consumed in the United States in 1996 was estimated as glass products, 56%; agriculture, 7%; fire retardants, 6%; soaps and detergents, 5%; and other, 26%. Salient Statistics—United States: 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996e Production1 554 574 550 495 622 Imports for consumption, gross weight: Borax 16 40 9 9 10 Boric acid 6 17 20 16 20 Colemanite 30 90 27 45 40 Ulexite 42 149 120 153 150 Exports, gross weight of boric acid and refined borates 489 481 498 588 590 Consumption: Apparent 356 481 389 312 234 Reported 345 321 296 NA NA Price, dollars per ton, granulated penta- hydrate borax in bulk, carload, works2 250 304 324 324 375 Stocks, yearend3 NA NA NA NA NA Employment, number 900 900 900 900 900 Net import reliance4 as a percent of apparent consumption E E E E E Recycling: Insignificant.
    [Show full text]
  • A Mineral Physics Perspective a Dissertation Submitted in Partial
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Carbon in the Deep Earth: A Mineral Physics Perspective A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Geochemistry by Sarah Eileen Maloney Palaich 2016 © Copyright by Sarah Eileen Maloney Palaich 2016 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Carbon in the Deep Earth: A Mineral Phyiscs Perspective by Sarah Eileen Maloney Palaich Doctor of Philosophy in Geochemistry University of California, Los Angeles, 2016 Professor Abby Kavner, Co-Chair Professor Craig E. Manning, Co-Chair Carbon is an essential component to life on Earth, and plays a role in the carbon cycle at the surface of the Earth. Beyond these surface interactions lies the deep carbon cycle. This cycle controls the flux of carbon subducting into the earth and provides clues as a possible carbon reservoir in the deep earth. The studies included in this dissertation examine various forms of carbonate under high pressure, high temperature conditions found in the deep earth. Carbon is subducted as carbonate in calcite, aragonite and dolomite, as elemental carbon or as CO2. To achieve these the high pressures experienced by subducting material, diamond anvil cells are ii used to expose milligrams of material to extremem conditions. The experiments detailed here were conducted using a wide range of diamond anvil cell techniques and the data was collected at numerous synchrotron and neutron diffraction facilities across the globe including the Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berekely National Laboratory, the Spallation Neutron Source, Oak Ridge National Laboratory and the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble France. These experiments are the result of fruitful collaborations that brought scientist from around the globe together to study the thermoelastic properties of carbonate and CO2.
    [Show full text]